tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5424979870272628312024-02-19T14:09:46.468+01:00S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus«Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Osteomielitici».Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.comBlogger256125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-68845901587737681262020-05-17T19:08:00.000+02:002020-05-17T19:08:55.153+02:00(Scheda 99 ) Sapete che cosa è la Esostosi del Femore?<h2 class="art-postheader" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0.2em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: magenta; color: yellow; font-size: x-large;">Esostosi del femore</span></h2>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">per</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "" , serif , "" , serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTmz3_IEzTnIn1-xZbl3rAPBa-Y5dcmzHd9ha8rC5HVn46qxb-EXJCBFLOmKGDdCPd0WcT-cHUZ61Sx-hE4ZbYLAREjNeA4sGPkh8uImp_VhRZYRnOzMf435sAUGUsYCePa3C8sNQYSNc/s1600/esostosi+femorale+prossimale.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTmz3_IEzTnIn1-xZbl3rAPBa-Y5dcmzHd9ha8rC5HVn46qxb-EXJCBFLOmKGDdCPd0WcT-cHUZ61Sx-hE4ZbYLAREjNeA4sGPkh8uImp_VhRZYRnOzMf435sAUGUsYCePa3C8sNQYSNc/s1600/esostosi+femorale+prossimale.jpeg" /></a></div>
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Un uomo di 26 anni giungeva in osservazione nel marzo 2000 lamentando da circa tre mesi un fastidio dopo attività sportiva appena al di sopra del ginocchio destro. </div>
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Tale sintomatologia tendeva a regredire con il riposo.</div>
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Visitando il paziente palpatoriamente era apprezzabile a livello <b><span style="color: blue;">femorale</span></b> in sede metafisaria distale una tu-mefazione di consistenza ossea, non mobile sui piani circostanti riferibile in prima ipotesi a <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi fibro-cartilaginea</span></b>.</div>
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Veniva dunque eseguito accertamento radiografico che confermava il sospetto clinico.
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<a href="http://www.orthosurgery.it/images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-1.jpg" rel="lightbox[gallery-plants]" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;" title="Esame Radiografico"><img alt="Esame Radiografico" border="0" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(121, 186, 200); margin: 10px;"></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Informato il paziente si decideva di eseguire l'intervento chirurgico di asportazione dell'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b>: la neo-formazione veniva asportata in toto a livello della base di impianto sul <b><span style="color: blue;">femore</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">L'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> veniva inviata ad una unità di </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">Isto-Citopatologia</span><span style="background-color: white;"> per un esame istologico che confermava la pre-senza di tessuto osseo di diametro di 2 cm. su cui era presente una formazione nodulare in parte cartilaginea di diametro di 2,5 cm.: tale formazione era riferibile ad <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi osteocartilaginea</span></b>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-2.jpg" rel="lightbox[gallery-plants]" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" title="Durante l'intervento chirurgico di rimozione"><img alt="Durante l'intervento chirurgico di rimozione" border="0" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-2.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(121, 186, 200); margin: 10px;"></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif , "helvetica"; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-3.jpg" rel="lightbox[gallery-plants]" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" title="Esostasi rimossa"><img alt="Esostasi rimossa" border="0" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-3.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(121, 186, 200); margin: 10px;"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif , "helvetica"; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.orthosurgery.it/images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-4.jpg" rel="lightbox[gallery-plants]" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" title="Esostasi"><img alt="Esostasi" border="0" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/images/Caso-Mese/EF/c_m_0506-4.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(121, 186, 200); margin: 10px;"></a></span></div>
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Veniva applicata a livello della base di impianto della cera per osso al fine di ridurre il sanguinamento e quindi veniva applicato un piccolo drenaggio aspirativo che veniva rimosso il giorno dopo appena prima della dimis-sione.<br />
Dopo 14 giorni venivano rimossi i punti di sutura.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">Mano - Rara </span><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span> </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">del</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"> radio</span></span></div>
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<strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: magenta;"> Osteocondroma</span><span style="color: #132a2f;"> (</span><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span><span style="color: #132a2f;">)</span></span></strong></div>
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" width="400" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
È un tumore benigno a partenza da una porzione fertile di cartilagine che si accresce progressivamente dall'osso.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
È un tumore molto frequente e che talora è totalmente asintomatico. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
È leggermente <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">più frequente nel sesso maschile</span> e può riscontrarsi in qualsiasi distretto prediligendo soprat-tutto la <b style="background-color: lime;">metafisi distale del femore</b>, <b style="background-color: orange;">prossimale e distale della tibia</b> e l'<b style="background-color: cyan;">omero</b>.</div>
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<img height="299" 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" width="400" />
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L'<b><span style="color: magenta;">osteocondroma</span></b> può aumentare di volume per tutto il periodo dell'accrescimento <b>scheletrico</b> senza per questo dar segno di sé; il dolore compare per lo sfregamento delle strutture molli circostanti o per sfrega-mento di strutture <b>muscolo-scheletriche</b> nel movimento articolare.</div>
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<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTIIvcQlkVgdtydQN_KTxuRLVTNZSngGvro2AaGjH1JQDT_tPzrbQ" /></div>
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Il dolore può assumere significato diverso se compare in età adulta a livello di un'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b>: in questo caso è bene sospettare una possibile degenerazione maligna <b>(<span style="color: #3d85c6;">condrosarcoma</span>)</b> per cui è opportuno l'intervento chi-rurgico di asportazione.</div>
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<img height="298" 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" width="400" />
</div>
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Le <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> possono avere forma differente, ma sono comunque sempre costituite da osso spugnoso all'in-terno e osso corticale, rivestito da cartilagine normale, all'esterno.</div>
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L'esame radiografico consente di visualizzare l'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> confermando così il sospetto clinico.</div>
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L'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> ha di solito andamento benigno ma è stata descritta la possibilità di trasformazione maligna.</div>
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La terapia consiste nell'asportazione dell'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> alla sua base di impianto.</div>
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<img height="376" 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<h1 style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Verdana; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 39px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #e06666;">Esostosi</span></h1>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="110"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Definizione:</strong></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></span></td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">L</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">'</span><b style="color: #797979; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b><span style="color: #797979; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">è un </span><b style="color: #797979; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d;">amartoma</span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #797979; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(malformazione)</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> di origine cartilaginea che origina a livello met<u>a</u> fisario delle <b><span style="color: blue;">ossa lunghe</span></b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Le <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> possono essere solitarie oppure multipe: in quest'ultimo caso si tratta di malat- tia delle <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi multiple</span></b> che è di origina ereditaria familiare. </span></span></div>
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<img alt="Malattia delle esostosi multiple agli arti inferiori" border="0" src="https://www.associazionepaola.it/DB_files/images/esostosi/esostosi1.jpg" height="400" style="color: #797979; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" title="Malattia delle esostosi multiple agli arti inferiori" width="360"></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; line-height: 12px;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Malattia delle <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi multiple</span></b> agli arti inferiori.</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="color: red;"><strong style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Epidemiologia:</strong></span></td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Incidenza</span><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Dopo il </span><b style="background-color: lime;">fibroma non ossificante</b><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> è il secondo tumore benigno dell'osso.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. </span><span style="color: red; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Sesso</span><span style="color: #797979; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span><span style="color: #797979; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">M > F</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Età</span><span style="color: #797979; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">oltre 5 anni di età.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Presentazione clinica:</strong></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></span></td><td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Si manifestano come delle tumefazioni para-articolari, dure, non dolenti ed a lento accresci-mento. <br />L'eventuale presenza di dolore è dovuta all'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infiammazione</span></b> della borsa mucosa che si for-ma sul cappuccio cartilagineo dell'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b>.</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="color: red;"><strong style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Localizzazioni:</strong></span></td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Le <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> si possono localizzare nelle metafisi di tutte le ossa che si sviluppano per os-sificazione encondrale. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Possono essere colpite tutte le <b><span style="color: blue;">ossa lunghe</span></b>, l'<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">ileo</span></b>, la <b><span style="color: purple;">scapola</span></b> e, più raramente le <b>ver-tebre</b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Raramente le ossa della </span><b style="background-color: lime;">mano</b><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> e del </span><b style="background-color: cyan;">piede</b><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<img alt="Distribuzione per età, sesso e sede delle Esostosi Solitarie" border="0" src="https://www.associazionepaola.it/DB_files/images/esostosi/esostosi2.jpg" height="293" style="color: #797979; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" title="Distribuzione per età, sesso e sede delle Esostosi Solitarie" width="390"></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "arial"; line-height: 12px;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Distribuzione per età, sesso e sede delle <b><span style="color: red;">Esostosi Solitarie </span></b></span>(per gentile concessione del Centro Tumori dell’Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli di Bologna).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "arial"; line-height: 12px;">
</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Sintomi:</strong></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></span></td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Asintomatica</span></span></div>
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<tr><td width="204"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><img alt="Esostosi della metafisi distale del femore posteriore" border="0" src="https://www.associazionepaola.it/DB_files/images/esostosi/esostosi3.jpg" height="288" title="Esostosi della metafisi distale del femore posteriore" width="199"></span></td><td valign="bottom"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10px; line-height: 12px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Esostosi</b> </span>della metafisi distale del femore posteriore</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="color: red;"><strong style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Istogenesi e patogenesi:</strong></span></td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Le </span><b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> crescono durante lo sviluppo dello scheletro </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(quindi fino a circa 16-18 anni di età)</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> ma non devono invece più crescere in età adulta: quando ciò avviene è probabile la de-generazione maligna dell'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b>.</span></span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">La trasformazione maligna è estremamente rara </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(< 1%)</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> e accade solo in età adulta: quan-do l'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> degenera, trasformandosi in un <b><span style="color: #990000;">condrosarcoma</span></b>, diventa sintomatica con do-lore ed aumento progressivo di volume. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">La componente che degenera è il </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">cappuccio cartilagineo</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">.</span></span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I pazienti con malattia delle <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi multiple</span></b> hanno maggiore possibilità che un'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> degeneri perché hanno moltissime <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> sparse nello scheletro: la probabilità che una di queste degeneri è pertanto più alta.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Diagnosi:</strong></span></span></td><td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Le <b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> possono essere sessili o peduncolate: si presentano come delle protuberanze formate da osso maturo che nascono dalla superficie ossea metafisaria in continuità con l'osso trasecolare ospite. <br />Spesso, specie se di piccole dimensioni, vengono occasionalmente scoperte durante esa-mi radiografici eseguiti per altri motivi.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10px; line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Trattamento:</strong></span></span></td><td valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: red; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Chirurgia</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">L'indicazione per la rimozione chirurgica dell'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> è solamente per motivi funzionali, es-tetici o per correggere eventuali deformità. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Si consiglia di non asportare l'<span style="color: red;"><b>esostosi</b></span> se non a fine sviluppo scheletrico. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">La rimozione dell'<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b> al solo scopo di prevenire un'evenuale e rara possibilità di dege-nerazione maligna non è indicata.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Prognosi:</strong></span></span></td><td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sempre favorevole.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="background-color: white;">Autore</i></span></td><td valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="background-color: white;">Dott. F. Gherlinzoni</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top"><br /></td><td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top"><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">ESOSTOSI</span></strong><span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"> B) Nello schema, l’osso esuberante dalla corticale verso l’avanti è indicato in rosso. </span></span></span><br />
<div style="color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; text-align: start;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS00Lkf9oCeTDjWua0rFbww1ef4A3V68d0B2HMmDWMDkRXj0-yy9A" style="color: #797979; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Verdana; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;" /></span></div>
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<strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">ESOSTOSI</span></strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"> - </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; text-align: start;">Tumori ossei. </b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">A) Esostosi del terzo distale della tibia. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">La produzione ossea è nata dalla cartilagine di accrescimento: col passare del tempo l’osso si è allungato e l’<b><span style="color: red;">esostosi </span></b>è quindi lontana dal punto di origine.</span>
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<img src="https://images.corriere.it/salute/dizionario/img/Salute/Volume3/Media/esostosiB_gallery.jpg">
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<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Una seconda </span><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">esostosi</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> è stata isolata attraverso piani di clivaggio muscolari</span></span>
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<img src="https://www.lodispoto.it/esostosi/large/531.JPG" height="480" width="640">
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Osteotomia</b></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> derotativa </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">del femore</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> prossimale</span></span>
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<img height="300" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRBpOxJQ-_5OSjYx1SWqfU1Kj0o2qsvRzIpkGPA7X4RJ_AeI10o" width="400" />
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Osteotomia</span></b><span style="color: #222222;"> derotativa </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">del femore</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> prossimale</span></span>
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<img height="300" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ2_WBFlRjyNtSh_I1dplhxb2oN4GoZgssSW-Tk44HJ8KFgn4MjmA" width="400" />
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<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Esostosi</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: #222222;">Multipla Ereditaria</span></span></span>
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<img height="336" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxAAZpiUWH0B50c5SB11OQ8V1OsIWL3Cc4vtNLlmA4TTsYirMi-Q" width="400" />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">taglio della testa </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">del femore</span></span>
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<img height="323" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT5LMEPfg_YIwfKnoIK4zT3oqWpLY35ehphfRRSB-sbMiyYL4w8" width="400" />
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Testa </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">del femore</span></span>
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<img height="297" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFrpHdqu43d4OT-t6PsxaD3hz1NSle0u_FBqSUgc2heuyqm_U6Cw" width="400" />
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">Distacco dell'inserzione </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">del</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"> bicipite femorale</span></span></div>
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<img height="267" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTeGSi-QdngymbKLBKQb0zE-bFkmUswkc47nEqAwKj9usXs3NGe" width="400" />
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<h2 class="art-postheader" style="background-color: #08839b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; margin: 0.2em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: magenta;">Infezione tibiale</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">P.I. uomo di 44 anni che nel 1994 riportava, a seguito di un incidente stradale, una frattura dell'</span><b style="background-color: #ffe599;">emipiatto tibiale mediale</b><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"> trattata chirurgicamente con sintesi mediante placca ad </span><b style="background-color: lime;">"L" + viti</b><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"> presso un ospedale nelle Filippine. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">L'intervento portava ad una buona riduzione della nota frattura.</span></div>
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<img alt="Esame Radiografico Laterale" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_1.jpg"> <img alt="Esame Radiografico Frontale" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_2.jpg"></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Dopo un mese circa dall'intervento il paziente notava comparsa di gemizio sieroso dal terzo distale della ferita chirur-gica e febbre. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Veniva quindi sottoposto a ciclo di antibioticoterapia e successive medicazioni.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Due anni dopo il paziente si trasferiva in Italia e nonostante la continua presenza di questo gemizio sieroso non si sottoponeva ad ulteriore controllo fino a quando, nel dicembre 1999, giungeva alla mia attenzione lamentando ricom-parsa di febbre da circa quindici giorni.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">All'ispezione era evidente la presenza di un tramite fistoloso a livello del terzo distale della ferita in un quadro di osteomielite cronica.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">La cute si presentava fortemente distrofica e non vitale nell'area immediatamente circostante il suddetto tramite fisto-loso.</span></div>
<div style="color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; text-align: left;">L'intervento portava ad una buona riduzione della nota frattura.</span></div>
<div style="color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Dopo un mese circa dall'intervento il paziente notava comparsa di gemizio sieroso dal terzo distale della ferita chirur-gica e febbre. </span></div>
<div style="color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Veniva quindi sottoposto a ciclo di antibioticoterapia e successive medicazioni.</span></div>
<div style="color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Due anni dopo il paziente si trasferiva in Italia e nonostante la continua presenza di questo gemizio sieroso non si sottoponeva ad ulteriore controllo fino a quando, nel dicembre 1999, giungeva alla mia attenzione lamentando ricom-parsa di febbre da circa quindici giorni.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px;">All'ispezione era evidente la presenza di un tramite fistoloso a livello del terzo distale della ferita in un quadro di </span><b><span style="color: red;">osteomielite cronica</span></b><span style="color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px;">.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.orthosurgery.it/images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_3.jpg" rel="lightbox[gallery-plants]" style="clear: left; color: black; float: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;" title="Esame Visivo 1"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><img alt="Esame Visivo 1" border="0" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_3.jpg" height="300" style="border: 1px solid rgb(121, 186, 200); margin: 10px;" width="400"></span></a><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px;"></span><br />
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La cute si presentava fortemente distrofica e non vitale nell'area immediatamente circostante il suddetto tramite fistoloso.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Il paziente, dopo essere stato informato sul suo stato e sulla possibilità di un eventuale e successivo intervento di chirurgia plastica qualora non fossimo riusciti ad ottenere una buona copertura cutanea, decideva di dare il suo assenso all'intervento. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">In sede di intervento chirurgico, prima di effettuare copertura antibiotica, abbiamo eseguito tre tamponi per esame col-turale ed antibiogramma, risultati successivamente negativi.</span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Abbiamo, in sede di intervento, ripreso la vecchia direttrice ed eseguito una losanga con escissione del tramite fistoloso; successivamente abbiamo rimosso i mezzi di sintesi e quindi eseguito una accuratissima pulizia dei tramiti delle viti con curette e con frequenti lavaggi intraoperatori con fisiologica più rifocin alternati a quelli con perossido d'idrogeno più fisiologica; abbiamo rimosso i becchi osteofitosici che circondavano il letto della placca con uso di una pinza ossivora ottenendo alla fine un sufficiente affrontamento cutaneo senza eccessiva tensione dei lembi.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #132a2f; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Abbiamo quindi posizionato un lavaggio continuo in-out di fisiologica con betadine al 10% per quattro giorni.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_4.jpg" rel="lightbox[gallery-plants]" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" title="Esame Visivo 2"><img alt="Esame Visivo 2" border="0" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_4.jpg" height="300" style="border: 1px solid rgb(121, 186, 200); margin: 10px;" width="400"></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Abbiamo eseguito nel post-operatorio copertura antibiotica con cefalosporina della III generazione per via e. v. per sette giorni più chinolonico per os per sette giorni.<br />A 20 giorni dall'intervento abbiamo rimosso i punti di sutura e quindi seguito il paziente settimanalmente.<br />A due mesi dall'intervento il paziente poteva considerarsi clinicamente guarito.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_5.jpg" rel="lightbox[gallery-plants]" style="background-color: #ffe599; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" title="Esame Visivo 3"><img alt="Esame Visivo 3" border="0" src="https://www.orthosurgery.it/Images/Caso-Mese/IT/c_mese_5.jpg" height="300" style="border: 1px solid rgb(121, 186, 200); margin: 10px;" width="400"></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;">da: http://www.orthosurgery.it/</span></div>
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<img src="https://glisfegatati.altervista.org/Sfegatati/Materiali_didattici_files/alunno.png"><i style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;">Fine</i></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">Pubblicato su </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">Blogger</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;"> oggi 16 settembre 2012 alle ore 22,55 da: </span></span><i style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</i></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-18127879848403497352015-03-04T21:31:00.000+01:002015-12-15T15:30:58.365+01:00(Scheda 40) Osteomielite - Alcune domande più ricorrenti sul cosa è l'Osteomielite, come si prende, come si cura!<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: #7f6000; color: #f1c232; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Alcune domande più ricorrenti sul cosa è l'</span><span style="background-color: #7f6000; color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Osteomielite</span><span style="background-color: #7f6000; color: #f1c232; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">, come si prende, come si cura</span></b><b><span style="background-color: #7f6000; color: #f1c232; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">!</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Articolo informativo di <span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span> per <span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” Onlus</span>
«Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Pazienti Osteomielitici e non»;
che addentra in un percorso storico, narrandoci che: "durante il
corso dei secoli la <span style="color: red;">medicina</span>
ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici vecchi e nuovi,
sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina
magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9oGzSoXamcZapag5z_HaNqsgxNa4O4E49z5jd7bBdFvXpYnVN-iqhqZwVGFJB5vHpOmK9Zq5tHgK-dNFaip4dm2R47SJACU9lk8Yq2EonY_f1w3prKilF7vy5oTW14aH7I9UakXGLYaw/s1600/41+-+AA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9oGzSoXamcZapag5z_HaNqsgxNa4O4E49z5jd7bBdFvXpYnVN-iqhqZwVGFJB5vHpOmK9Zq5tHgK-dNFaip4dm2R47SJACU9lk8Yq2EonY_f1w3prKilF7vy5oTW14aH7I9UakXGLYaw/s400/41+-+AA.jpg" width="397" /></a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">Dunque, l'</span><b><span style="color: blue;">OSTEOMIELITE</span></b><span style="color: red;"> (il nome deriva dal
greco osteon, che significa osso, - myelo si gnifica midollo e - itis che
significa infiammazione) è un<span style="color: magenta;">'<b>infezione</b></span> e <b>infiammazione</b> dell'apparato
<span style="color: black;"><b>osteo-articolare</b></span> che riguarda al contempo <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>osso</b></span> e relativa <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>cavità midollare</b></span>.</span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: 14pt;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: 14pt;">Può
essere utilmente sotto classificata sulla base dell'agente patogeno <i>(batteri
piogeni o mi cobatteri),</i> sul per corso, sulla durata e sulla posizione</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="line-height: 14pt;"> </span><span class="textexposedshow" style="line-height: 14pt;">anatomica
dell'infezione.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">È sostenuta da batteri, fra cui il più diffuso è lo
</span><b><span style="color: magenta;">stafilococco aureo</span></b><span style="color: red;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">Gli agenti patogeni più comuni cambiano a seconda dell'età:
nei <span style="color: black;"><b>bambini</b></span> vi è soprattutto la Escherichiacoli, mentre negli <span style="color: black;"><b>adulti</b></span> sono più
frequenti altri generi di gram negativi <i>(Klebsiel la spp., Enterobacter spp. e
Pseudo monas spp.).</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">Meno comunemente può essere causata anche da funghi, virus o
parassiti.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">Di certo, l'</span><b><span style="color: blue;">osteomielite</span></b><span style="color: red;"> è l'<b>infezione ossea</b> più grave che può verificarsi a
danno della struttura scheletrica.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">L'</span><b><span style="color: blue;">osteomielite</span></b><span style="color: red;"> può essere causata anche dalla
crescita anomala delle ossa o dall'esposizione a grave batte riemia.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">L'<b>infezione ossea</b> può derivare da diverse cause:
diffusione ematogena di un focolaio infettivo distante, lesioni traumatiche
profonde o gravi fratture esposte, interventi chirurgici ortope dici o
diffusione dei batteri da una strut tura infetta vicina.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">AMICI, sappiate che
l'</span><b><span style="color: blue;">OSTEOMIELITE</span></b><span style="color: red;"> è più giornaliera di un semplice raffreddore... (spero di non
crearvi psicosi) ...occhio quindi quando vai dal =</span><b>DENTISTA</b><span style="color: red;">=; agli =</span><b>INFORTUNI
QUOTIDIANI sia sul LAVORO</b><span style="color: red;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: lime;">o più semplice mente del TEMPO LIBERO </b><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">che </span><b>INCIDENTI STRADALI</b><span style="color: red;">=; agli =</span><b><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">INTERVENTI CHIRURGICI per la RIDUZIONE delle FRATTURE ESPOSTE</span></b><span style="color: red;"> o per </span><span style="color: magenta;"><b>INTERVENTI PROTESICI</b></span><span style="color: red;"> <i>(specialmente di ANCA, FEMORE, GINOCCHIO, OMERO)</i>=!!!</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">Ovvero trattasi di: "</span><b style="color: red;">INFEZIONE OSSEA IRREVERSIBILE</b><span style="color: red;">" prima e alle
</span><b><span style="color: #c27ba0;">PARTI MOLLI</span></b><span style="color: red;"> poi = status degenerativo;</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">con GLICEMIA ed altro, si arriva al
famoso PIEDE DIABETICO ect... e, poi alle<span style="color: black;"> </span></span><b>PARTI DURE</b><span style="color: red;"> - <b>OSSA</b>.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Così ché</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"> IL VERO PROBLEMA PERO' NON E' TANTO LA MALATTIA,
quanto il "</span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">DOVE SAPERE CHE SI PUÒ TENTARE DI CURARLA</span></b><span style="color: red;">", poiché di ciarlatani e
profani macellai, gli ospedali ne sono pieni, così come lo sono le discariche:
di PIEDI e GAMBE!!!</span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtDoUEl7nivb5N1zLqmz4K3Rbv-_jTMxAVjCmG7T30m7Z9QbdoSk_9103z9unaVnFEbcM4RBHyYfxo7NqxfQPcMWGytdBQucsnO8tM3t8m3-dlksDlNLPN4ouZm0yVLt-mdO-oxg0mkrI/s1600/Osteomyelitis+Is+A+Bitch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtDoUEl7nivb5N1zLqmz4K3Rbv-_jTMxAVjCmG7T30m7Z9QbdoSk_9103z9unaVnFEbcM4RBHyYfxo7NqxfQPcMWGytdBQucsnO8tM3t8m3-dlksDlNLPN4ouZm0yVLt-mdO-oxg0mkrI/s400/Osteomyelitis+Is+A+Bitch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sono stato ricoverato per una
frattura di </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ulna sinistra</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> poi dimesso con <span style="color: red;">osteomielite</span>. Se faccio causa ho
torto?</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">La frattura mi veniva ridotta cruentemente e
sintetizzata con <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">placca e 6 viti metalliche</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dopo un mese di medicazione il
braccio si presentava tumefatto, caldo e arrossato con viva dolorabilità ai
movimenti di rotazione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Valutato presso lo stesso ospedale dell'intervento, mi fu diagnosticata una <b><span style="color: red;">Osteomielite</span></b> a car<u>i</u> co del <b><span style="color: red;">focolaio di frattura</span>; </b>p</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">er il quale sono stato operato
ancora altre due volte. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Io considero che tutto questo sia colpa dell'ospedale, perché il <b><span style="color: magenta;">microbo</span></b> l'ho preso nella <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">sala operatoria durante il primo intervento</span></b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Credo/crediamo che debba parlarne bene con un buon Avvocato!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">-------------------------------</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ho l'<span style="color: yellow;">Osteomielite</span> corro qualche
rischio se faccio un tatuaggio?</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Come tutti i tatuaggi può portare un'<b>ulteriore infezione</b> e su un <b>arto
malato</b> non mi sembra proprio il caso! </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">----------------------------</span><br />
<b><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: white;">Osteomielite</span> <span style="color: white;">al piede</span> con
cartilagine consumata?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ciao a
tutti. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sono una Signora di circa 60 anni e da molti anni soffro di </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: red;">Osteomielite</span>.</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I Dottori mi hanno diagnosticato anche la </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">cartilagine consumata
al piede</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> e devo quindi, quan to prima, andare incontro ad un </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">intervento</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Inoltre dicono che mi devono
</span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">bloccare il piede</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> per risolvere il problema e diminuire i dolori, ma non vorrei
che con questo procedimento non potrei più muovermi come prima. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ci sono altre soluzioni o
tecniche che si posso seguire? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chi può mi indirizzi in qualche centro più competente. </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 16px;"><span style="background-color: red;">Risposta di:</span> </span><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 16px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 16px;">per </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="line-height: 16px;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="font-family: "" , serif , "" , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 16px;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Pazienti Osteomielitici e non».</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cara Signora, il mio/nostro suggerimento-consiglio </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-small;">(che non è ne professionale ne medico, ma solo derivante da esperienza diretta sulla propria pelle),</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> è quello di cominciare a prendere in seria consi derazione sia la possibilità dell'</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">intervento</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">, oppure quella di </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">soluzioni alternative</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> che possono
anche essere delle </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>iniezioni di acido ialuronico.</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Qualche tempo fa, abbiamo avuto un'amica con lo
stesso problema </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(però al ginocchio)</i> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">e ha do vuto sottoporsi anche a delle </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">terapie
riabilitative.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pertanto, prima di </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">operarsi vagli delle altre possibilità,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> provi con delle <span style="background-color: yellow;">sedute</span> di </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-size: 12pt;">Iperbarica </b><i><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-small;">(</span></i></span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-small;">almeno 15 iniziali e subito)</span> </i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">abbinate a della
</span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">fisioterapia.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Io abito in Sardegna e quindi nella sua zona non conosco i centri idonei,
ma credo che se ha fiducia nel suo medico dovrebbe affidarsi ai suoi consigli.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Le faccio/mo tanti auguri.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">-------------------------------</span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: purple; color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Come curare l'</span><span style="background-color: purple; color: #ffd966; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Osteomielite</span><span style="background-color: purple; color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">La terapia essenziale dell'</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: red;">Osteomielite</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> consiste in:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- immobilizzazione con gesso o tutori</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">- abolire il carico sulla parte affetta </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-small;">(in genere riposo a letto)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- antibiotici.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Se la cosa si risolve li bene, altrimenti si passa all'approccio chirurgico con:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- drenaggio chirurgico dell'ascesso</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- lavaggio con liquido antisettico</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">- eventuale chirurgia ricostruttiva.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Alle prime avvisaglie, rivolgetevi quindi, al </span><b style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Medico di base</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> o al </span><b style="background-color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: white;">Pronto Soccorso</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, entrambi
comunque vi indirizzeranno ad un capace Ortopedico e... mi si scusi, ma il punto è proprio questo per gli affetti da </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Osteomielite</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;">-------------------------------</span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #3d85c6; color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Aiuto... che cosa ho???</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Finalmente dopo un anno
di patimenti e dolori, mi hanno riscontrato una </span><b style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">malattia alle ossa</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> che si chiama </span><b style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: red;">Osteomielite</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">!!!!! </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cosa è? </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E, ci sono dei </span><span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">centri specifici</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> per aiutarmi, grazie.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 16px;"><span style="background-color: red;">Risposta di</span> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On-line per Pazienti Osteomielitici».....</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Si tratta di una </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">flogosi sostenuta da presenza di germi patogeni</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> o meno comunemente, da </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">miceti
in un segmento osseo costituito da una corticale ed uno spazio midollare.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Se il
</span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">segmento osseo non ha midollare,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> come il </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">calcagno</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> o una </span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">falange</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, l'</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: purple;">infezione</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> è defini ta </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Osteite</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Si distingue in </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">acuta</b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> e </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">cronica</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Si ci sono alcuni centri in Italia che dicono di curare l'</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Osteomielite</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, mentre a nostro modes to avviso è più quotidiano la cura delle </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #990000;">Infezioni Osse</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> e </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Osteoarticolari</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">: - Similissime ma con procedure e protocolli dissimili!!!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Io ad esempio mi reputo fortunato, ma questa è un'altra storia, ed è la mia!!!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">-------------------------------</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQl-tqx445qzjPxMizzfUKX09bmelSQXs0IivJDUu4TiQnD_ZB8QehwRvNE0ExEzsyuCJHhDyakZaYjihyJql6lkVBc5qiJ7G6Q4huPLUJX2nzdd2BBxowGI_g6fyzKSv0zWGQYHaqGOg/s1600/Osteomyelitis+Is+A+Bitch+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQl-tqx445qzjPxMizzfUKX09bmelSQXs0IivJDUu4TiQnD_ZB8QehwRvNE0ExEzsyuCJHhDyakZaYjihyJql6lkVBc5qiJ7G6Q4huPLUJX2nzdd2BBxowGI_g6fyzKSv0zWGQYHaqGOg/s640/Osteomyelitis+Is+A+Bitch+2.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: magenta;"> CARTA DEI SERVIZI </span>E<span style="color: magenta;"> INFORMAZIONI SANITARIE</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Lo</span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"> <i>Sportello Amico</i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">della</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><b style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">S. O. S. - Osteomielitici d’Italia Onlus</b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">«Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Pazienti Osteomielitici»</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">,</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">qui presente </b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">e su</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: blue;">Facebook</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">, EVIDENZIA che i numeri telefonici utili sono: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">Centro Unico Informazioni </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">0783 859004 </span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">dalle ore 9,30 alle ore 13,00 - dalle 17,00 alle 20. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">-------------------------------</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Attualmente in </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Italia</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> secondo la nostra conoscenza, vi sono diversi </span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Centri Sanitari</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> </b>dove le </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>complicazioni
settiche ortopediche</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> vengono trattate con la </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Medicina Iperbarica</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">L'elenco
seguente è provvisorio e quindi da completare e suscettibile di variazioni.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Centri Iperbarici operativi in Italia</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Società Italiana di Medicina Subacquea e Iperbarica </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">www.simsi.org</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Vedi elenco allegato</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Centro Cura Ferite Difficili della AUSL di Ravenna</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">è sito presso il Centro Iperbarico</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">via A. Torre, 3 – 48100 Ravenna</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">tel. 0544-500152, fax 0544-500148 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">e-mail: iperoxy@sira.it </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">www.sira.it/OTI</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">G.I.S.T.I.O. Gruppo Italiano di studio e Terapia delle Infezioni
Osteo-Articolari</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Presidente in carica: dott. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Ferdinando Lorenzo Da Rin</span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Entofyt delegazione Italiana</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tel: 02-48958688 </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">via Brunelleschi 5, 20146 Milano</span></div>
<span style="background-color: #cc0000; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">G.I.S.T.I.O.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">www.gistio.com</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gruppo Italiano di Studio e Terapia delle Infezioni Osteoartcolari.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> www.piagadadecubito.it</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">ITSB, Immunoterapia di Stimolazione Attiva Antibatterica</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Entofyt s.r.l. - Delegazione di Milano</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Responsabile: dott. Giuliano Astolfi</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tel: 02-48958688 / Fax: 02-42294217</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">via Brunelleschi 5, 20146 Milano </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">www.biotrading.net</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Altri punti di riferimento </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Centro di Medicina Iperbarica </b>presso il <b>C.T.O. Ospedale Marino </b>di <b>Cagliari. </b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"> -----------------------------------------------------</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnHSL5DzY48dlb3OEx-0StKBBwehAE-UOK62oSQ64XtFMrF7koG4Ncu32H-U7u9TbJCI2VXNd8hJnuEX54L69acKUSmMu8ocSd5Zo15fLlfzCwpalK8T8UVxjggZLlCqOs4wwk6dc4oHk/s1600/Scritta+fine+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcShc8zO9BtCnSYTjgym-cuEKgFu_tVohp9PfaM9W1R64I4fi_9I" /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnHSL5DzY48dlb3OEx-0StKBBwehAE-UOK62oSQ64XtFMrF7koG4Ncu32H-U7u9TbJCI2VXNd8hJnuEX54L69acKUSmMu8ocSd5Zo15fLlfzCwpalK8T8UVxjggZLlCqOs4wwk6dc4oHk/s1600/Scritta+fine+2.JPG" /></a><br />
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Pubblicato su <span style="background: orange;">Blogger</span><span style="background: white;"> oggi 3 Maggio 2012 alle ore 15,08 da: Giuseppe Pinna
de Marrubiu</span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-4312101384923014932014-10-21T22:06:00.000+02:002020-05-17T19:00:59.367+02:00(Scheda 96) Parlasi ancora di Infezioni nel Piede Diabetico.<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;">Alcune infezioni nel piede diabetico</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">per</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "" , serif , "" , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Pazienti Osteomielitici</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify;">»</span><span style="font-family: "" , serif , "" , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">.</span><br />
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<em style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">Quando non posso guardare il tuo volto</em></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><em style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">ecco, guardo i tuoi piedi.</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><em style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><em>I tuoi piedi d'osso inarcato,</em></span></em></span></div>
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<em style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><em>i tuoi piccoli piedi duri.</em></span></em></div>
<em style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"></span></em>
<br />
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<em style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><em>Io so che ti sostengono,</em></span></em></div>
<em style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"></span></em>
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<em style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><em>e che il tuo dolce peso</em></span></em></div>
<em style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>su di essi s'innalza.</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>La tua cintura e i tuoi seni,</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>la duplicata porpora</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>dei tuoi capezzoli,</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>la scatola dei tuoi occhi</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>che hanno appena volato,</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>la bocca ampia di frutto,</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>la tua chioma rossa,</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><em>piccola torre mia.</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>Ma non amo i tuoi piedi</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>se non perché camminarono</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>sopra la terra e sopra</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>il vento e sopra l'acqua,</em></div>
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>fino a che m'incontrarono.</em></div>
</span></em><br />
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"> Pablo Neruda</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJ2Rt0OChJU7mI5Y7Ur9yCRynWyAM9gUrUctgmQEwNcA4YZGv7bt0huhaPvilA24U6E3RfP8rtKJP-pBoerihWUm2oO9SHC8XHvrlaVLU3yIkkdS7kYiz9dAXBwrtxk2Qfdxq-nmdvoY/s1600/piede-diabetico-salute-solette-plantari-benessere.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="901" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJ2Rt0OChJU7mI5Y7Ur9yCRynWyAM9gUrUctgmQEwNcA4YZGv7bt0huhaPvilA24U6E3RfP8rtKJP-pBoerihWUm2oO9SHC8XHvrlaVLU3yIkkdS7kYiz9dAXBwrtxk2Qfdxq-nmdvoY/s320/piede-diabetico-salute-solette-plantari-benessere.jpg" width="320" /></a> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRL4XyBV2kUy12Q4vRAO2_ABav-Zx-QMr-q6zlSaUVVkVHytmmf4A" /> <img 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" 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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Orione: </span><span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 1.2em;">contro il <span style="color: purple;">piede diabetico</span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large; line-height: 1.2em;">scoperta una nuova molecola</span></h1>
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<span class="postby" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "pt sans" , "arial"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A cura di Giovanna Manna</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12px;">- </span></i></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "pt sans" , "arial"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">data pubblicazione 06 lug 2011 alle ore 7:39am</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Grazie a una nuova molecola capace di ridurre le <span style="color: magenta;"><b>infezioni</b></span>, arrivano nuove prospettive per la prevenzione e la cura del <span style="color: purple;"><b>piede diabetico</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nell’aula magna dell’Azienda ospedaliero universitaria di Careggi è stato infatti, presentato il progetto <span style="background-color: yellow;">‘Orione-T’</span>, focalizzato sulla principale complicanza connessa al <b><span style="color: blue;">diabete</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(causa nel mondo di un’amputazione del piede ogni 30 secondi)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Si tratta di una piattaforma biotech che si basa sulla terapia fotodinamica sfruttando la combi- nazione di molecole fotosensibili che mettono in azione la loro capacità di combattere i micro- bi quando sono illuminate dalla luce.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lo studio è stato realizzato dalla Molteni Therapeutics e la sua fase sperimentale terminerà en- tro il 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Il farmaco potrebbe essere in vendita già dal 2013. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Il progetto è nato grazie alla collaborazione tra la Molteni Therapeutics e la Regione Toscana, sotto la supervisione dell’Aou di Careggi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: normal;">In tutto il mondo si contano almeno 285 milioni di malati di <b><span style="color: blue;">diabete</span></b>, mentre 3 milioni sono sol- tanto in Italia.</span></div>
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ll 15% dei pazienti <b><span style="color: blue;">diabetici</span></b> sviluppano, nel corso della vita, una <span style="background-color: cyan;">ulcerazione alle estremità degli arti</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">inferiori</span>.<br />
Questa condizione, nota come <b><span style="color: purple;">piede diabetico</span></b>, riconosce varie condizioni predisponenti.<br />
<img alt="fig1.jpg" src="https://www.fondazione.it/images/stories/mios/2012/attivitacliniche/leinfezioninelpiedediabetico/fig1.jpg" height="280" style="background-color: white; border: none; margin: 5px; text-align: center;" title="fig1.jpg" width="400"></div>
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La formazione dell’<b><span style="color: red;">ulcera </span></b>avviene abitualmente perché il paziente <b><span style="color: blue;">diabetico</span></b> è affetto da una neuropatia<br />
sensitiva che riduce la sensibilità agli stimoli dolorosi a livello delle estremità.<br />
A causa di ciò possono formarsi <b><span style="color: red;">ulcere</span></b>, favorite in circa ½ dei casi da una concomiante <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">insufficienza vas-</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">co<span style="text-align: left;">lare </span><span style="text-align: left;">arteriosa</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">, che, proprio a causa della scarsa sensibilità al dolore, vengono spesso avvertite solo</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">quando sono molto vaste e profonde. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: orange;">Classificazione di WAGNER</span><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> (Wagner F.W. Foot Ankle 1981)</span></h3>
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Classe 0 = Non ulcerazioni, presenza di eventuali deformità, edema, cellulite etc.</div>
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Classe 1 = Ulcera superficiale</div>
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Classe 2 = Ulcera profonda fino al tendine, alla capsula articolare all'osso, senza infezione</div>
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Classe 3 = Ulcera profonda con ascesso, osteomielite, artrite settica</div>
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Classe 4 = Gangrena localizzata alle dita o al tallone</div>
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Classe 5 = Gangrena di tutto il piede o di una porzione significativa</div>
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Le <b><span style="color: red;">ulcere</span></b> possono essere molto superficiali o, specie se trascurate, coinvolgere i tessuti profondi <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">con </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">grave </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">compromissione di questi specie in presenza di <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b>.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">La comparsa di <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> è infatti un evento che aggrava molto l’<b><span style="color: red;">ulcera</span></b> e che, se la diagnosi non è </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">tempestiva e la terapia appropriata, conduce facilmente ad </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">amputazioni parziali</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> o </span><span style="background-color: lime; text-align: left;">totali</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">La successiva immagine illustra come la formazione dell’<b><span style="color: red;">ulcera</span></b> sia legata alle due condizioni principali,</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">la presenza di </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; text-align: left;">neuropatia periferica</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> e l’</span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; text-align: left;">insufficienza arteriosa</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">E’ tuttavia la comparsa di <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> che conduce agli esiti più drammatici.</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><img alt="fig2.jpg" src="https://www.fondazione.it/images/stories/mios/2012/attivitacliniche/leinfezioninelpiedediabetico/fig2.jpg" height="496" style="background-color: white; border: none; margin: 5px; text-align: center;" title="fig2.jpg" width="640"></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Il trattamento di questa patologia è pertanto assai impegnativo e rischiede un approccio multidiscipli-</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">nare. Esso vede infatti coinvolti, ortopedici, infettivologi, diabetologi, chirurghi vascolari, radiologi inter-</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="text-align: left;">ventisti, chirurghi plastici, microbiologi, radiologie e medici nucleari.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Solo così infatti si può ottimizzare la terapia garantendo a ciascun paziente il miglior risultato possibile.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">E’ovvio che la massima attenzione, ancor prima che alla cura, deve essere posta alla prevenzione e al</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">trattamento precoce di lesioni iniziali.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Un corretto controllo dei valori glicemici, pressori, della colesterolemia, controlli diabetologici e podolo-</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">gici, l’utilizzo di calzature adeguate, l’astensione dal fumo, sono tutti fattori che riducono considerevol-</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">mente il rischio di formazione di <b><span style="color: red;">ulcere diabetiche</span></b>.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Una attenzione massima all’igene personale, frequenti controlli presso il centro diabetologico ed una</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">auto ispezione frequente ed accurata delle estremità, possono contribuire a diagnosticare per tempo</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">una lesione iniziale, mettendo così al riparo dal sopraggiungere di</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: magenta;">infezioni</span></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">e arrestando la lesione al-</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">le classi di classificazione meno severe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"> <img alt="PIEDE DIABETICO" src="https://lnx.endocrinologiaoggi.it/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Diabetic-Foot-190x111.jpg" height="233" width="400"></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Nei casi di lesioni più avanzate, specie con <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> interessante l’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> ed i tessuti profondi, una tera-</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">pia </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">tempestiva ed aggressiva, medica e chirurgica, può garantire una soddisfacente risoluzione del pro-</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">blema. </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">In questo caso competenza, multidisciplinarietà e tempestività appaiono essenziali per garantire il mi-</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">glior </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">risultato.</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><img src="https://lnx.endocrinologiaoggi.it/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/piede-neuropatico.jpg" style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: #990000; font-size: large;">Staminali: speranze per il piede diabetico</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">L’ </span><a href="http://www.cellmedicinesociety.org/" style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">International Cell Medicine Societ</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">y, ha annunciato che un paziente con la <b>cangrena del piede </b>legate </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">al </span><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">diabete</span></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">è stato in grado di evitare l’<b><span style="color: blue;">amputazione</span></b> attraverso l’uso di </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; text-align: left;">cellule staminali</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> adulte derivate. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Un paziente, un uomo di 72 anni proveniente dalla Corea del Sud, ha avuto tra le classiche complicanze</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabete</span></b>, la <b>cangrena al piede</b>, tra cui il cambiamento di colore, tessuto necrotico, e ferite profonde.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Una società della Corea del Sud, RNL Bio, ha preso le </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; text-align: left;">cellule staminali</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> dal paziente stesso e le ha rein-</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">fuse, circa 300 milioni, in ogni <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">piede</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">I risultati sono notevoli:</span></span></div>
<span style="text-align: left;">Solo 10 giorni dopo l’iniezione di <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">cellule staminali</span> del paziente, non vi era 70-80% di miglioramento di </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">pus e<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> ferite; ma il miglioramento è stato del 90%, e dopo 20 giorni le ferite sono guarite, il dolore e il </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">formicolio non era più evidente.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: #fafcff; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "verdana" , "tahoma" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.399999618530273px; text-align: left;"><i>Pubblicato da giorgiobertin su dicembre 28, 2010 - </i></span><span style="background-color: #fafcff; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "verdana" , "tahoma" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16.399999618530273px; text-align: left;"><i>Fonte ed approfondimenti:</i> </span><a href="http://www.prlog.org/11175454-new-hope-for-saving-diabetic-foot-from-amputation.html" style="background-color: #fafcff; color: #940c0e; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16.399999618530273px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">PRLog (Press Release) </a><span style="background-color: #fafcff; color: #990000; font-family: "verdana" , "tahoma" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16.399999618530273px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://rnl.co.kr/eng/main.asp" style="line-height: 16.399999618530273px;">RNL Bio</a></span></span>
</span></div>
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #149a39; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26.700000762939453px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: #149a39; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26.700000762939453px; text-align: center;">Piede diabetico: sintomi a cui prestare attenzione</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: left;"> <img alt="piede diabetico sintomi" src="https://static.tantasalute.it/625X0/www/tantasalute/it/img/piede-diabetico-sintomi.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; max-height: 544px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"></span></div>
<span style="text-align: left;">Per quanto riguarda i sintomi del <b><span style="color: purple;">piede diabetico</span></b> bisogna specificare che ci sono dei segnali che pos-</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">sono suscitare allarme, ma non è detto che questi siano da rapportare necessariamente alla </span><span style="background-color: white;">patologia </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">in questione. </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">In ogni caso, se ci troviamo in presenza di alcuni sintomi caratteristici, è opportuno rivolgersi al proprio</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">medico di fiducia, per evitare eventuali conseguenze. </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">In ogni caso</span><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-il-significato-delle-analisi-i-sintomi-da-non-trascurare-mai/16229/" style="background-color: white;">in tema di diabete si devono tenere presenti il significato delle analisi e i sintomi da non</a></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-il-significato-delle-analisi-i-sintomi-da-non-trascurare-mai/16229/" style="background-color: white;">trascurare mai</a><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">Fra i segnali corporei da tenere in considerazione si possono ricordare:</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">dolore al piede, piedi freddi, </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">gonfiore a carico del piede o della caviglia, arrossamenti, vesciche o anche lesioni al piede o alla cavi-</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">glia, cambiamento del colore della pelle, difficoltà nella deambulazione, febbre</span><span style="background-color: white;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">Un rischio da non sottovalutare, specialmente se teniamo conto del fatto che</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-in-aumento-fra-i-giovani/23465/" style="background-color: white;">il diabete è in aumento</a></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-in-aumento-fra-i-giovani/23465/" style="background-color: white;">fra</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-in-aumento-fra-i-giovani/23465/" style="background-color: white;">i giovani</a><span style="background-color: white;">.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #149a39; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.571em; text-align: center;">Piede diabetico: cause della malattia</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"> <img alt="piede diabetico cause" src="https://static.tantasalute.it/625X0/www/tantasalute/it/img/piede-diabetico-cause.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; max-height: 544px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-quali-sono-i-fattori-di-rischio-ambientali/17161/">Per il diabete esistono anche dei fattori di rischio ambientali</a> che non vanno sottovalutati nell’ottica di</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">un’adeguata azione di prevenzione della malattia.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">In questo senso va considerata l’opportunità di badare alla salute dei piedi.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">Non bisogna infatti dimenticare che il <b><span style="color: blue;">diabete</span></b> può provocare <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">laneuropatia sensitiva</span>, una progressiva</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">perdita di sensibilità ai piedi</span>, a causa della quale il soggetto non si accorge di essersi provocato del-</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">le ferite, le quali vengono trascurate, visto che non si avverte dolore.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">Inoltre il <b><span style="color: blue;">diabete</span></b> tende a provocare danni alla <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">circolazione periferica</span> con rallentamenti nella guarigio-</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">ne delle ferite, soggette perciò ad <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezioni</span></b>.</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span class="sidebox-title-sec" style="color: #149a39; display: block; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: red;">Piede diabetico: terapia da adottare</span></span></span></div>
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Il <b><span style="color: purple;">piede diabetico</span></b> necessita di una specifica terapia da adottare.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Si tratta innanzi tutto di ricorrere a delle medicazioni che variano in base allo stato della lesione. </span></div>
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Molto utile può essere anche l’uso di appositi gambaletti o calzature per cercare di provvedere ad</div>
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una <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">benefica </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">riduzione della pressione a livello della </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; text-align: left;">pianta del piede</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">. </span></div>
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Importante è anche la terapia antibiotica da portare avanti per un periodo compreso fra le 4 e le 6</div>
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settimane, nel caso si verifichino delle <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezioni</span></b>.</div>
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Gli interventi chirurgici possono essere necessari per la conservazione dei tessuti.</div>
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Se siete interessati a saperne di più sul <b><span style="color: purple;">piede diabetico</span></b> e sulle altre conseguenze del <b><span style="color: blue;">diabete</span></b>, è</div>
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consigliabile la lettura dei seguenti articoli:</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/piede-diabetico-ruolo-chiave-della-genetica/23947/" style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Piede diabetico: ruolo chiave della genetica</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-un-calzino-per-contrastare-le-ulcere-del-piede/12931/" style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Diabete: un calzino per contrastare le ulcere del piede</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-la-papaya-per-cicatrizzare-le-ferite/12331/" style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Diabete: la papaya per cicatrizzare le ferite</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-e-rischio-cuore-relazione-pericolosa-al-femminile/21227/" style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Diabete e rischio cuore: relazione pericolosa “al femminile”</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.tantasalute.it/articolo/diabete-possibile-correlazione-con-il-morbo-di-alzheimer/8231/" style="background-color: white; color: #2266bb; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Diabete: possibile correlazione con il morbo di Alzheimer</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 1.143em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #e06666; color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: 1.75em; line-height: 1.143em;">Piede diabetico: sintomi e terapia da adottare</span></div>
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<img alt="piede diabetico" class="size-full wp-image-26717" src="https://static.tantasalute.it/625X0/www/tantasalute/it/img/piede-diabetico.jpg" height="337" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.571em; margin: 0px; max-height: 544px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" width="400"></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il </span><span style="color: purple;">piede diabetico</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> presenta sintomi particolari, per i quali è necessario adottare una specifica terapia, </span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in modo da riuscire a risolvere il problema nel migliore dei modi.</span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">È da ricordare infatti che il </span><span style="color: purple;">piede</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> di un soggetto affetto da </span><span style="color: blue;">diabete</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ha bisogno di cure più attente per </span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il fatto che alla malattia sono associate una cicatrizzazione più lenta e una perdita di sensibilità.</span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"> Centro per la Rivascolarizzazione</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">ed il Trattamento delle </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">Affezioni Vascolari Periferiche</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta;">PIEDE DIABETICO</span>: l'importanza di una Rivascolarizzazione Efficace<br />Angiografia prima del trattamento (ingrandimento). </span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Notare la scarsa presenza di arterie alla caviglia e al piede. </span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">E' solamente possibile intravedere una tenue arteria peroniera.</span></span></h1>
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<span class="h3_txt"> <img alt="PIEDE DIABETICO: l'importanza di una Rivascolarizzazione Efficace - SALVATAGGIO PIEDE DIABETICO" src="https://www.angioplastiche.com/1/images/280_0_464653_152449.jpg"></span></div>
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<span class="h3_txt"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Angiografia post trattamento.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;">Completa rivascolarizzazione di tutte le arterie di gamba e del piede. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"> </span></span><img alt=" - SALVATAGGIO PIEDE DIABETICO" src="https://www.angioplastiche.com/1/images/440_0_464655_152449.png" style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;">Prevenzione</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: magenta;">Consigli utili per il rispetto dei piedi del paziente diabetico</span></span></span></div>
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<img alt=" - SALVATAGGIO PIEDE DIABETICO" src="https://www.angioplastiche.com/1/images/140_0_1522375_152449.jpg" height="400" width="400"></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"> PIEDE DIABETICO</span></h1>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: small;"> Introduzione alla patologia del paziente diabetico con arteriopatia</span></div>
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Il <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabete mellito</span></b> rappresenta la principale causa di <b><span style="color: purple;">amputazione degli arti inferiori</span></b> costituendo uno</div>
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dei maggiori costi assistenziali nei paesi industrializzati (1-3).</div>
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Tra le complicanze della malattia diabetica, le <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">lesioni ischemiche del piede</span> interessano circa il 4-5% <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">dei </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> e a seconda degli autori e delle popolazioni esaminate le <b><span style="color: purple;">amputazioni non traumatiche</span></b> coin-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">vol</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">gono i pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> in una percentuale variabile dal 30 al 70%, con un incidenza che varia tra </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">il 5 ed il 24/1000 diabetici/anno. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">I dati epidemiologici disponibili sulle <b><span style="color: purple;">amputazioni non traumatiche</span></b> nei <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> sono riferiti principal-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">mente a casistiche americane o nord europee mentre pochi e frammentari sono i dati disponibili in </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Ita-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">lia (4-6). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">La variabilità dei dati di prevalenza e incidenza tra le varie casistiche esaminate riflette spesso differen-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ze nei modelli assistenziali, nella classificazione delle lesioni, nella frequente mancata differenziazione </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">tra </span><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: purple;">amputazioni</span></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><b style="text-align: left;">maggiori</b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> e </span><b style="text-align: left;">minori</b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Il <span style="color: magenta;"><b>piede diabetico</b></span> ha una patogenesi multifattoriale, legata alla presenza di neuropatia periferica ed </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">au</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">to</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">nomica, a vasculopatia degli arti inferiori ed <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">infezioni ricorrenti</span></b>; queste ultime rappresentano la mag</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">giore causa di</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: purple;">amputazioni degli arti inferiori</span></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">in questi pazienti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Il <b><span style="color: magenta;">piede diabetico</span></b>, infatti, è una patologia ingravescente, poco conosciuta, spesso mal trattata e pur-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">trop</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">po in costante aumento. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Nel</span><span style="background-color: lime; text-align: left;"> Documento Internazionale di Consenso e Line Guida nel Trattamento e Prevenzione del Piede Diabe</span><span style="background-color: lime; text-align: left;">tico</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; text-align: left;">(International consensus and practical guidelines on the management and the prevention of thedia</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; text-align: left;">betic foot)</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">, il </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: magenta;">piede diabetico</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> viene definito come </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">“condizione di infezione, ulcerazione e/o dis- tru</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">zione di </span></span><span style="background-color: cyan; text-align: left;">tessuti profondi, associate ad anomalie neurologiche e a vari gradi di vasculopatia periferica degli arti in</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">fe</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">riori</span> (secondo criteri stabiliti dall’OMS)</span><span style="background-color: cyan; text-align: left;">”</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: red; text-align: left;">(3)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> <img height="212" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTXjOrahaKHUYymsi8QCVz8TWVJzaQmvySVNDo88mp5vVZ-pViLNw" width="320" />
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Per estendere la definizione a tutti quei <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> che non presentano <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">ulcere</span></b>, ma corrono il rischio della </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">loro comparsa, si può descrivere il <b><span style="color: magenta;">piede diabetico</span></b> come </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">“piede con alterazioni anatomo-funzionali deter</span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">minate dall’arteriopatia occlusiva periferica e/o dalla neuropatia diabetica”</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">; per questo motivo si parla </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">anche di </span><span style="background-color: orange; text-align: left;">“piede diabetico neuropatico”</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> e di </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; text-align: left;">“piede diabetico ischemico o vasculopatico”</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">E’ frequente la coesistenza clinica delle due forme. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Tale patologia viene osservata sia nei pazienti con <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">diabete mellito di tipo I</span></b>, insulino-dipendente </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; text-align: left;">(ID DM)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">che in quelli con <b><span style="color: #990000;">diabete mellito di tipo II</span></b>, non insulino-dipendente </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: left;">(NIDDM)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">, almeno 10 o 15 anni dopo </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">l’esordio della malattia (3).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">A differenza del </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; text-align: left;">tipo I</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">, il </span><span style="background-color: #e06666; text-align: left;">tipo II</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> colpisce prevalentemente l’età adulta, in genere dopo i 40 anni, con un</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">esordio così subdolo ed insidioso che spesso l’insorgenza delle complicanze può coincidere con la diagno</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">si </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">della malattia stessa. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Le stime dell’OMS prevedono un incremento della sua incidenza, dovuto all’azione combinata di tre fat</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">to</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ri</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">: aumento dell’aspettativa di vita, cambiamenti dello stile di vita e del regime alimentare, aumen- to della </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">obesità.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Si calcola che nel 2025 la popolazione affetta da <b><span style="color: #990000;">diabete di tipo II</span></b> clinicamente evidente sarà costituita</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">da circa 300-350 milioni di soggetti (2-4)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> IMPORTANZA DELLA RIVASCOLARIZZAZIONE</span></span></div>
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Il numero di interventi del distretto periferico per la rivascolarizzazione di una arto ischemico ha mostrato un forte incremento negli ultimi anni (7-8).</div>
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I pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> con <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">ischemia critica dell’arto inferiore</span> presentano una maggiore localizzazione delle</div>
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lesioni a livello sottopopliteo <span style="background-color: lime;">(ovvero sotto il ginocchio)</span> rispetto ai <b><span style="color: #38761d;">non-diabetici</span></b> oltre che lesioni anche a livello femoro-poplite <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">(coscia e poplite)</span> (9).</div>
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Le tecniche di rivascolarizzazione chirurgica e l’angioplastica transluminale <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(PTA o in termini colloquiali</span></div>
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"<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">palloncino") sono sempre più utilizzate in Italia e all'estero (10-13). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Specificatamente, riguardo l’angioplastica, l’esecuzione di successo di questa tecnica in almeno un vaso</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">di gamba garantisce quasi sempre il salvataggio dell’arto affetto, evitando quindi un <b><span style="color: purple;">amputazione</span></b> <b><span style="color: purple;">sopra </span></b></span><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: purple;">la caviglia</span></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">(9). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Il fallimento clinico di un’angioplastica del distretto </span><span style="background-color: lime; text-align: left;">sotto al ginocchio</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> non dipende necessariamente dal</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">tipo di tecnica endovascolare utilizzata; sono infatti molteplici i fattori di tipo prettamente clinico res- pon</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">sabili di una eventuale mancata guarigione di un arto trattato con successo mediante rivasco</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">lariz- zazio</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne endovascolare. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">E’ comunque fondamentale sottolineare l’estrema importanza di una tecnica di rivascolarizzazio</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">chi-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">rurgica o endoluminale appropriata. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">In mani esperte il by pass femoro-distale e/o l’angioplastica del distretto arterioso degli arti inferiori ed in </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">particolare del distretto infrapopliteo risulta in molti pazienti evento chiave per determinare l’esito finale </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="text-align: left;">(ampu</span><span style="text-align: left;">tazione o guarigione)</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> a cui il paziente andrà incontro (10,11,14). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">In questa ottica la buona esperienza dell’operatore associata alla capacità di rivascolarizzare in ma- niera </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">efficace anche più di un vaso di gamba nello stesso arto può comportare un drastico aumento del succes</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">so clinico, particolarmente se al trattamento del segmento infrainguinale viene associata, quan- do neces</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">saria, una rivascolarizzazione efficace dei vasi di gamba e del piede (8, 9,14).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">Una Precisazione Importante</span></span></div>
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Nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> le malattie del sistema cardio -vascolare colpiscono prevalentemente learterie.</div>
<span style="background-color: white;">le arterie servono a veicolare il sangue dal cuore verso la periferia </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(quindi verso cervello, reni, milza,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">gam<span style="text-align: left;">be, piedi ecc)</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> e trasportano sangue ossigenato. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Vanno nettamente distinte dalle vene che invece raccolgono il sangue dalla periferia </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="text-align: left;">(quindi dal cer-vello, </span><span style="text-align: left;">reni, piedi ecc)</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> dopo che questo ha depositato l'ossigeno e servono a riportare il sangue ai pol-moni </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; text-align: left;">(per prendere ossigeno)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> e poi al cuore. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Le vene quindi hanno un flusso che ha una direzione opposta al flusso nelle arterie.</span></div>
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Quando parliamo di vasculopatia diabetica ci riferiamo essenzialmente a patologie delletto arterioso e non di quello venoso.</div>
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Le vene si ammalano molto meno nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b>.</div>
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Ed è proprio la riapertura delle arterie malate da parte del radiologo interventista o del chirurgo vasco- lare che permette la guarigione del'arto e/o del piede.</div>
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<img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp0VUn5QZwxy5MeffX6n37dV_ce5I_IJlclsW0-WHYAaQsJiIBDT8TxQq1FMh02kqslzg3oyBBslGov61-9KnUEvy9r_3UcYPhKyWf98XPlmiAcY646hYfSqk-udRvHhN1wVnvEBawwY6u/s400/Vasisanguigni.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp0VUn5QZwxy5MeffX6n37dV_ce5I_IJlclsW0-WHYAaQsJiIBDT8TxQq1FMh02kqslzg3oyBBslGov61-9KnUEvy9r_3UcYPhKyWf98XPlmiAcY646hYfSqk-udRvHhN1wVnvEBawwY6u/s400/Vasisanguigni.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue; font-size: large; text-align: left;">Arteriopatia Ostruttiva Periferica</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">Rappresentazione di steno-ostruzione a livello del terzo medio </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;">dell'arteria femorale superficiale.</span></div>
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Nei pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> le caratteristiche istologiche della arteriopatia ostruttiva periferica <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(AOP)</span> non diffe<span style="background-color: white;">riscono di molto rispetto a quelle dell' arteriopatia di non diabetici: placche di lipidi e altre sostanze pos</span><span style="background-color: white;">sono nel tempo restringere progressivamente il lume del vaso fino a determinarne la completa oc-clu</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">sio</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">A volte poi, placche fibro lipidiche, ma soprattutto lipidiche </span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; text-align: left;">(quidi composte in prevalenza da grasso)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">possono andare incontro ad una </span><b style="background-color: #ead1dc;">ulcerazione spontanea</b><span style="background-color: white;"> che comporta un richiamo immediato di pias-tri</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne e fattori della coagulazione nel tentativo di </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">"risolvere"</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> l'ulcerazione. </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">Tuttavia il massivo richiamo di piastrine e fattori della coagulazione può comportare una vera e pro</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">pria</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">trombosi del vaso </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; text-align: left;">(ovvero la formazione di un grosso coagulo)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> con conseguente occlusione immedia</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ta </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">dell'arteria e blocco completo del flusso di sangue a valle.</span></div>
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Le caratteristiche cliniche assumono connotazioni completamente differenti nei pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b>.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">In questa popolazione infatti, l'arteriopatia risulta più frequente e precoce </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(anche nelle donne)</span><span style="background-color: white;">, è rapi-</span></div>
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damente progressiva, colpisce ambodue i sessi ed entrambe gli arti inferiori.</div>
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E' inoltre estremamente importante sottolineare che l'arteriopatia <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetica</span></b> a differenza di quella non</div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetica</span></b> interessa nella maggioranza dei casi le arterie di gamba con in alcuni casi un evidente rispar-</div>
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mio dei vasi di coscia e del piede.</div>
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Non è tuttavia infrequente notare, soprattutto in pazienti con età inferiore ai 50 anni la presen<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">za di una </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">vascolarizzazione conservata o comunque sufficientemente conservata fino alla caviglia con tutta-via un </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">importante coinvolgimento dei vasi al piede. </span></div>
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<img height="394" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTW_JHFJeSotjbY3Eo5ati-jPeGX6IPlozhLndy8FFBxoIuZJxh" width="400" />
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Sfortunatamente, le arterie della gamba e del piede sono di calibro sensibilmente minore rispetto alle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">arterie della coscia e ciò, ai fini terapeutici, ha sicuramente rappresentato, nel passato decennio, un gros</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">so problema. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">E' tuttavia importante sottolineare che nell'ultima decade si è osservato un netto e progressivo miglio-ra</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">mento delle dimensioni </span><span style="background-color: orange; text-align: left;">(molto più ridotte)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> come pure della qualità della strumentazione medica de-dicata.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Quest'ultima oggi, consente di raggiungere sempre più agevolmente ed in totale sicurezza anche i vasi </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">più distali e di piccolo calibro. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Si sono infatti osservati negli ultimi anni risultati sempre più incoraggianti dopo trattamento minin-vasivo, </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">in particolare con angioplastica, dei vasi affetti da arteriopatia diabetica sia a breve, a medio che a lungo </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">termine. </span></div>
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Nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> le arterie presentano in un alta percentuale di casi importanticalcificazioni diffuse, <span style="background-color: white;">in prevalenza all' interno della parete.</span></div>
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Il restringimento completo del vaso <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(occlusione)</span> è evento molto spesso più comune che il semplice <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">res-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">tringimento </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; text-align: left;">(stenosi)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">; inoltre, occlusioni e stenosi sono spesso multiple lungo la medesima arteria. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Una caratteristica tipica del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> è spesso la mancanza del sintomo più precoce dell’arteriopatia</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">periferica: la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;"><b>"claudicatio"</b></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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La <b style="background-color: yellow;">claudicatio</b> è il dolore che insorge al polpaccio o alla coscia dopo un certo numero di passi.</div>
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Questo dolore dipende dal fatto che le arterie della gamba che ricevono meno sangue del necessario,</div>
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perché stenotiche o occluse, non riescono ad aumentare il flusso sanguigno necessario durante lo sfor-</div>
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zo del cammino.</div>
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<img height="314" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQV3DiYSYUeDTJzJ_Zcz4mG3B9rUpQ9ABPNY_3O2jJiGEdRWMBclg" width="400" />
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Il numero si passi che possono essere percorsi dal paziente prima che si verifichi l'insorgenza del dolore <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">è altamente variabile; può ridursi a poche unità o superare le centinaia, risultando strettamente le</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">gato </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">alla gravità dell'arteriopatia. </span></div>
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L’assenza di <b style="background-color: yellow;">claudicatio</b> si verifica nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> per la concomitante presenza di neuropatia</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">sensitiva: il dolore può risultare altamente attenuato o addirittura assente. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">L'assenza di una chiara e manifesta sintomatologia dolorosa durante la deambulazione comporta molto </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">spesso il mancato riconoscimento da parte del paziente </span><span style="background-color: #a2c4c9; text-align: left;">(ma a volte anche del suo medico)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> della prese<u>n</u></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">za di un'arteriopatia all'arto inferiore. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Questo inevitabilmente conduce alla mancanza di una pronta e precoce diagnosi di malattia, con il temi-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">bile rischio che il primo segno dell'arteriopatia periferica sia la comparsa di un <b><span style="color: magenta;">ulcera</span></b> di difficile guarigio-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne </span><span style="background-color: cyan; text-align: left;">(ma spesso ingravescente)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> o nei casi più gravi di una <b>gangrena</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">Rappresentazione di steno-ostruzione a livello del terzo medio </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">dell'arteria femorale superficiale.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><em style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-weight: normal;"> Protocollo diagnostico-terapeutico di arteriopatia periferica</span></em></span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.paginemediche.it/CORE_images/schede/Image/piedediabetico03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.paginemediche.it/CORE_images/schede/Image/piedediabetico03.jpg" height="256" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(119, 119, 119); color: #535353; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium; line-height: 19px; margin-top: 5px !important; padding: 4px;" width="437"></a></div>
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Nei pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> le caratteristiche istologiche della arteriopatia ostruttiva periferica <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(AOP)</span> non diffe<span style="background-color: white;">riscono di molto rispetto a quelle dell' arteriopatia di non diabetici: placche di lipidi e altre sostanze pos</span><span style="background-color: white;">sono nel tempo restringere progressivamente il lume del vaso fino a determinarne la completa oc-clu</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">sio</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne. A volte poi, placche fibro lipidiche, ma soprattutto lipidiche </span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; text-align: left;">(quidi composte in prevalenza da grasso)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">possono andare incontro ad una </span><b style="background-color: #ead1dc;">ulcerazione spontanea</b><span style="background-color: white;"> che comporta un richiamo immediato di pias-tri</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne e fattori della coagulazione nel tentativo di </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">"risolvere"</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> l'ulcerazione. </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">Tuttavia il massivo richiamo di piastrine e fattori della coagulazione può comportare una vera e pro</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">pria</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">trombosi del vaso (ovvero la formazione di un grosso coagulo) con conseguente occlusione immedia</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ta </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">dell'arteria e blocco completo del flusso di sangue a valle.</span></div>
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Le caratteristiche cliniche assumono connotazioni completamente differenti nei pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b>.</div>
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In questa popolazione infatti, l'arteriopatia risulta più frequente e precoce (anche nelle donne), è rapi-</div>
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damente progressiva, colpisce ambodue i sessi ed entrambe gli arti inferiori.</div>
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E' inoltre estremamente importante sottolineare che l'arteriopatia <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetica</span></b> a differenza di quella non</div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetica</span></b> interessa nella maggioranza dei casi le arterie di gamba con in alcuni casi un evidente rispar-</div>
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mio dei vasi di coscia e del piede.</div>
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Non è tuttavia infrequente notare, soprattutto in pazienti con età inferiore ai 50 anni la presen<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">za di una </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">vascolarizzazione conservata o comunque sufficientemente conservata fino alla caviglia con tut-tavia un </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">importante coinvolgimento dei vasi al piede. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Sfortunatamente, le arterie della gamba e del piede sono di calibro sensibilmente minore rispetto alle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">arterie della coscia e ciò, ai fini terapeutici, ha sicuramente rappresentato, nel passato decennio, un gros</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">so problema. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">E' tuttavia importante sottolineare che nell'ultima decade si è osservato un netto e progressivo miglio-ra</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">mento delle dimensioni </span><span style="background-color: orange; text-align: left;">(molto più ridotte)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> come pure della qualità della strumentazione medica dedicata.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> <img height="239" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRbHhk7cVJqsk7CSsZcbY-JDXJEOC6DkpWSbXXOjHFMoJUc9WnC1w" width="320" />
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Quest'ultima oggi, consente di raggiungere sempre più agevolmente ed in totale sicurezza anche i vasi </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">più distali e di piccolo calibro. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Si sono infatti osservati negli ultimi anni risultati sempre più incoraggianti dopo trattamento minin-vasivo, </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">in particolare con angioplastica, dei vasi affetti da arteriopatia diabetica sia a breve, a medio che a lungo </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">termine. </span></div>
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Nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> le arterie presentano in un alta percentuale di casi importanticalcificazioni diffuse, <span style="background-color: white;">in prevalenza all' interno della parete.</span></div>
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Il restringimento completo del vaso <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(occlusione)</span> è evento molto spesso più comune che il semplice <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">res-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">tringimento </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; text-align: left;">(stenosi)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">; inoltre, occlusioni e stenosi sono spesso multiple lungo la medesima arteria. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Una caratteristica tipica del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> è spesso la mancanza del sintomo più precoce dell’arteriopatia</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">periferica: la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;"><b>"claudicatio"</b></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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La <b style="background-color: yellow;">claudicatio</b> è il dolore che insorge al polpaccio o alla coscia dopo un certo numero di passi.</div>
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Questo dolore dipende dal fatto che le arterie della gamba che ricevono meno sangue del necessario,</div>
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perché stenotiche o occluse, non riescono ad aumentare il flusso sanguigno necessario durante lo sfor-</div>
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zo del cammino.</div>
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Il numero si passi che possono essere percorsi dal paziente prima che si verifichi l'insorgenza del dolore <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">è altamente variabile; può ridursi a poche unità o superare le centinaia, risultando strettamente le</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">gato </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">alla gravità dell'arteriopatia. </span></div>
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L’assenza di <b style="background-color: yellow;">claudicatio</b> si verifica nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> per la concomitante presenza di neuropatia</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">sensitiva: il dolore può risultare altamente attenuato o addirittura assente. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">L'assenza di una chiara e manifesta sintomatologia dolorosa durante la deambulazione comporta molto </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">spesso il mancato riconoscimento da parte del paziente </span><span style="background-color: #a2c4c9; text-align: left;">(ma a volte anche del suo medico)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> della prese<u>n</u></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">za di un'arteriopatia all'arto inferiore. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> <img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSzS9-Pdl-xUFhr3EWCjSTApV7XwbjVDvN-cZwQDGXBp2kxhvmu" width="296" />
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Questo inevitabilmente conduce alla mancanza di una pronta e precoce diagnosi di malattia, con il temi-</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">bile rischio che il primo segno dell'arteriopatia periferica sia la comparsa di un <b><span style="color: magenta;">ulcera</span></b> di difficile guarigio-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne </span><span style="background-color: cyan; text-align: left;">(ma spesso ingravescente)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> o nei casi più gravi di una <b>gangrena</b>.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">Rappresentazione di steno-ostruzione a livello del terzo medio </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">dell'arteria femorale superficiale.</span></div>
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<img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ0-UN9gmLmnRaAGasNYFv-YMPnUBgFk_-XGazozJD7p3MvETvI" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZdi60gVygPt3NWDh3gupUb7ZbsdtIq31oW7SnggtAodMUAyPN" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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Nei pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b> le caratteristiche istologiche della arteriopatia ostruttiva periferica <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(AOP)</span> non diffe<span style="background-color: white;">riscono di molto rispetto a quelle dell' arteriopatia di non diabetici: placche di lipidi e altre sostanze pos</span><span style="background-color: white;">sono nel tempo restringere progressivamente il lume del vaso fino a determinarne la completa oc-clu</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">sio</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne. A volte poi, placche fibro lipidiche, ma soprattutto lipidiche </span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; text-align: left;">(quidi composte in prevalenza da grasso)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">possono andare incontro ad una </span><b style="background-color: #ead1dc; text-align: left;">ulcerazione spontanea</b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> che comporta un richiamo immediato di piastri</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne e fattori della coagulazione nel tentativo di </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">"risolvere"</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> l'ulcerazione. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">Tuttavia il massivo richiamo di piastrine e fattori della coagulazione può comportare una vera e pro</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">pria</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">trombosi del vaso (ovvero la formazione di un grosso coagulo) con conseguente occlusione immedia</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ta </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">dell'arteria e blocco completo del flusso di sangue a valle.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Le caratteristiche cliniche assumono connotazioni completamente differenti nei pazienti <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetici</span></b>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
In questa popolazione infatti, l'arteriopatia risulta più frequente e precoce (anche nelle donne), è rapi-</div>
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damente progressiva, colpisce ambodue i sessi ed entrambe gli arti inferiori.</div>
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E' inoltre estremamente importante sottolineare che l'arteriopatia <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetica</span></b> a differenza di quella non</div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetica</span></b> interessa nella maggioranza dei casi le arterie di gamba con in alcuni casi un evidente rispar-</div>
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mio dei vasi di coscia e del piede.</div>
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<img height="248" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQibgN9juHndAjdaoJiAYGJ-YFI5QK887WdWmM4MBwiE6YOQVHR" width="400" />
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Non è tuttavia infrequente notare, soprattutto in pazienti con età inferiore ai 50 anni la presen<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">za di una </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">vascolarizzazione conservata o comunque sufficientemente conservata fino alla caviglia con tut-tavia un </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">importante coinvolgimento dei vasi al piede. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Sfortunatamente, le arterie della gamba e del piede sono di calibro sensibilmente minore rispetto alle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">arterie della coscia e ciò, ai fini terapeutici, ha sicuramente rappresentato, nel passato decennio, un gros</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">so problema. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">E' tuttavia importante sottolineare che nell'ultima decade si è osservato un netto e progressivo miglio-ra</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">mento delle dimensioni </span><span style="background-color: orange; text-align: left;">(molto più ridotte)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> come pure della qualità della strumentazione medica dedicata.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Quest'ultima oggi, consente di raggiungere sempre più agevolmente ed in totale sicurezza anche i vasi </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">più distali e di piccolo calibro. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> <img height="240" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSRLep2dEpS4c1Vymh9fVXNgVpJf5c7Oe0YXJb6Hut2O9I4_FYw" width="320" />
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Si sono infatti osservati negli ultimi anni risultati sempre più incoraggianti dopo trattamento minin-vasivo, </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">in particolare con angioplastica, dei vasi affetti da arteriopatia diabetica sia a breve, a medio che a lungo </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">termine. </span></div>
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Nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> le arterie presentano in un alta percentuale di casi importanti calcificazioni diffuse, <span style="background-color: white;">in prevalenza all' interno della parete.</span></div>
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Il restringimento completo del vaso <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(occlusione)</span> è evento molto spesso più comune che il semplice <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">res-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">tringimento </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; text-align: left;">(stenosi)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">; inoltre, occlusioni e stenosi sono spesso multiple lungo la medesima arteria. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Una caratteristica tipica del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> è spesso la mancanza del sintomo più precoce dell’arteriopatia</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">periferica: la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;"><b>"claudicatio"</b></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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La <b style="background-color: yellow;">claudicatio</b> è il dolore che insorge al polpaccio o alla coscia dopo un certo numero di passi.</div>
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Questo dolore dipende dal fatto che le arterie della gamba che ricevono meno sangue del necessario,</div>
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perché stenotiche o occluse, non riescono ad aumentare il flusso sanguigno necessario durante lo sfor-</div>
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zo del cammino.</div>
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Il numero si passi che possono essere percorsi dal paziente prima che si verifichi l'insorgenza del dolore <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">è altamente variabile; può ridursi a poche unità o superare le centinaia, risultando strettamente le</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">gato </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">alla gravità dell'arteriopatia. </span></div>
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<img height="350" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTaKXgBcrAbXZlaxktelEwBm9Od4ydlzRlma88HO4TVpZGXMc6Fqg" width="400" />
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L’assenza di <b style="background-color: yellow;">claudicatio</b> si verifica nel paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> per la concomitante presenza di neuropatia</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">sensitiva: il dolore può risultare altamente attenuato o addirittura assente. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">L'assenza di una chiara e manifesta sintomatologia dolorosa durante la deambulazione comporta molto </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">spesso il mancato riconoscimento da parte del paziente </span><span style="background-color: #a2c4c9; text-align: left;">(ma a volte anche del suo medico)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> della prese<u>n</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">za di un'arteriopatia all'arto inferiore. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Questo inevitabilmente conduce alla mancanza di una pronta e precoce diagnosi di malattia, con il temi-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">bile rischio che il primo segno dell'arteriopatia periferica sia la comparsa di un <b><span style="color: magenta;">ulcera</span></b> di difficile guarigio-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ne </span><span style="background-color: cyan; text-align: left;">(ma spesso ingravescente)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> o nei casi più gravi di una <b>gangrena</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: "courier new"; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: "courier new"; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;">Sala di radiologia interventistica</span></span></div>
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<img alt=" - SALVATAGGIO PIEDE DIABETICO" src="https://www.angioplastiche.com/1/images/440_0_1650758_152449.jpg"></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-size: large;">Terapia chirurgica</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">La terapia chirurgica tradizionale nel paziente </span><b style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> ha visto negli ultimi anni una progressiva </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">ridu-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">zione degli interventi di by-pass ed endoarterectomia per il costante e continuo avanzamento delle tec-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">niche endovascolari </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; text-align: left;">(angioplastica e affini)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Tuttavia, sebbene l'angioplatica dovrebbe essere ormai considerata la tecnica di prima scelta nel pazien</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">te</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">, in alcuni casi il confezionamento di by-pass o la rimozione di una placca/e ostruente una o </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">più arterie </span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: left;">(endoarterectomia)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> appare essere ancora la tecnica più vantaggiosa, sia come presidio unico </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">che associata ad una successiva angioplastica dell'arto affetto.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-size: large;">Casi Clinici di piede diabetico</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">ulcera del tallone</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">E' questo il caso di un paziente di 71 anni con un'<b><span style="color: purple;">ulcera ingravescente al tallone destro</span></b> da <b>ischemia critica dell'arto</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">L'<b><span style="color: purple;">ulcera</span></b> presente da circa 5 mesi non mostrava alcun segno di miglioramento verso la guarigione nonostante ripetute medicazioni della parte.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">occlusione arterie plantari</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Il paziente giunto alla nostra osservazione veniva subito sottoposto ad ossimetria transcutanea del piede (TcPO2), ad esame </span><span style="background-color: orange;">eco-color doppler</span><span style="background-color: white;"> che rivelavano un importante </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">ischemia dell'arto sotto al ginocchio</span><span style="background-color: white;">. Veniva quindi eseguita un angiografia che mostrava una scarsissima vascolarizzazione al piede, in partico-lare la completa assenza dell'</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">arcata plantare</span><span style="background-color: white;">, proprio nella zona di pertinenza del <b>tallone</b>.</span>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> <img src="https://www.angioplastiche.com/1/images/440_0_584839_152449.png" style="background-color: white;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">angioplastica arcata plantare</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">Sempre durante la stessa sessione angiografica si procedeva quindi a ricanalizzazione me</span>diante angioplasti- ca (PTA) dell'arteria tibiale posteriore e dell'arteria plantare. </div>
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Questa immagine angiografica mostra una fase dell'intervento di angioplastica subintimale a livello dell'arca- ta plantare. </div>
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L'iniezione di mezzo di contrasto infatti bene evidenzia come ancora il palloncino sia sottostante al lume ve-ro dell'arteria. </div>
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Continuando tuttavia la dissezione a livello sottointimale è stato possibile rientrare all'interno del lume vero in distalità con conseguente pieno ripristino del flusso al piede (immagine successiva). <span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"> <img src="https://www.angioplastiche.com/1/images/440_0_584855_152449.png"></span><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;">aria pertura arcata plantare</span></span></div>
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Il controllo angiografico eseguito al termine dell'intervento evidenziava il pieno ripristino del flusso a livello dell'arcata plantare. </div>
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Sebbene questo intervento così estremo sia considerato da molti ancora non eseguibile per le indubbie difficoltà tecniche che presenta, in mani molto esperte può garantire risultati del tutto insperati.</div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">guarigione dell ulcera al tallone</span></div>
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Il paziente a soli 15 giorni dalla procedura mostrava la pressochè completa guarigione del tallone. </div>
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Purtroppo, molto spesso questi pazienti in assenza di un adeguato trattamento possono, anche in breve tempo, mostrare un netto peggioramento della lesione con conseguente <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione </span><span style="color: red;">Osteomielitica</span></b>, au- mento del dolore che comporteranno la scelta di eseguire un <b><span style="color: blue;">amputazione del piede</span></b> o addirittura del- l'<b><span style="color: purple;">arto sotto al ginocchio</span></b>.
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<span style="color: #660000; font-size: large;">Caso Clinico I</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Paziente con severa ischemia del piede destro</span></div>
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Completa assenza di tutti i vasi di gamba con vascolarizzazione sostenuta da soli collaterali a tale livello.</div>
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Il paziente era stato giudicato intrattabile in tre diversi centri prima di giungere alla nostra osservazione. L'unica possibilita terapeutica offertagli era stata sempre ed unicamente l'<b><span style="color: blue;">amputazione del piede</span></b>.</div>
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Ricanalizzazione dell arteria peroniera fino al piede.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Netto miglioramento del quadro con processo di guarigione in atto a 7 giorni dall'angioplastica dopo ass</span><u style="background-color: white;">o</u><span style="background-color: white;"> ciazione di terapia chirurgica del piede </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">(amputazione dei soli 4° e 5° raggio)</span><span style="background-color: white;"> con mantenuta capacità di deambulazione.</span>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;">Caso Clinico II</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Grave </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">ischemia critica con gangrena</span><span style="background-color: white;"> dele 4 dita.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">In seguito ad angioplastica e successiva ricostruzione chirurgica, salvataggio del piede dopo amputazione dei quattro raggi distali ( foto).</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">Caso clinico III</span></div>
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Paziente <b><span style="color: #38761d;">diabetico</span></b> con<b><span style="color: #674ea7;"> ulcera</span></b> su base ischemica presente da più di 5 anni.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">L'esame angiografico evidenziava la completa occlusione di tutti i vasi arteriosi a livello della gamba </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">(vedi immagine)</span><span style="background-color: white;"> lasciando a prima vista nessuna possibilità di intervenire. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Concomitavano inoltre occlusione completa dell'arteria femorale superficiale e steno-ostruzione dell'arte- ria poplitea </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(non visualizzate)</span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></div>
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Veniva tuttavia eseguita un angioplastica subintimale che permetteva la completa ruapertura dell'asse fem<u>o</u> ro-popliteo, del tronco-tibio peroniero e dell'arteria peroniera <span style="background-color: cyan;">(notare la mancanza di collaterali a parten- za dall'arteria peroniera, quadro tipico di rivascolarizzazione per via subintimale)</span>.
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Angiografia finale a livello del piede con discreta vascolarizzazione dello stesso per presenza di anasto-mosi tra rami dell'arteria peroniera e l'arteria plantare.</div>
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Completa guarigione dell'<b><span style="color: purple;">ulcera</span></b>. </div>
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A ben 6 anni dall'intervento il paziente non ha mostrato nessun segno di recidiva o nuova malattia a livello del piede, sebbene l'eco-color doppler abbia evidenziato a circa 16 mesi dall'intervento la re-occlusione dell'arteria femorale superficiale.</div>
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<img alt=" - SALVATAGGIO PIEDE DIABETICO" src="https://www.angioplastiche.com/1/images/670_0_1528719_152449.png"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;">BIBLIOGRAFIA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">International consensus and practical guidelines on the management and the prevention of the diabetic foot. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot.Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000 Sep-Oct;16 Suppl 1:S84-92. Review.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">4) LoGerfo F.W.: Etiology, diagnosis and management of ischaemia in the diabetic foot. In Schilfgaarde R. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">Compli</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">cation of diabetes, prevention and treatment. Grune & Stratton Inc.Ed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">5) Beach K.W. et al. Progression of lower-extremity arterial occlusive disease in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">Care 11: 464-472, 1988.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">6) Vaccaro O., Bonora E., Bruno G., Garancini M.P., Muntoni S.: Il diabete in Italia. Kurtis Ed., Milano, 1996.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">7) Al-Omran M, Tu JV, Johnston KW, Mamdani MM, Kucey DS Use of interventional procedures for peripheral arterial </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">occlusive disease in Ontario between 1991 and 1998: a population-based study. J Vasc Surg. 2003.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">8) Nasr MK, McCarthy RJ, Hardman J, Chalmers A, Horrocks M. The inceasing role of percutaneous transluminal</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;"> angioplasty in the primary menagement of critical limb ischemia. Eur Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 23:23:398-403</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">9) </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term=%22Faglia+E%22%5BAuthor%5D" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;">Faglia E</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term=%22Mantero+M%22%5BAuthor%5D" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;">Mantero M</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term=%22Caminiti+M%22%5BAuthor%5D" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px;">Caminiti M</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">, et al. Extensive use of peripheral angioplasty, especially infrapopliteal, in the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">trea</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">tment of ischemic foot ulcer: clinical results of a multicentric study of 221 consecutive diabetic subjects. J </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">Intern Med. 2002; 252:225-232.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">10) Jude EB, Oyibo SO, Chalmers N, Boulton AJ. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">A comparison of severity and outcome. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:1433-1437. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">11) Soder HK, Manninen HI, Jaakkola P et al. Prospective trial of infrapopliteal artery balloon angioplasty for criti</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">cal </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">limb ischemia: angiographyc and clinical results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000; 11: 1021-1031.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">12) TASC TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC): Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Eur J </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">Vasc </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">Endovasc Surg 2000; 19 Suppl A 208-290.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">13) Pentecost MJ, Criqui MH, Dorros G et al. Guidelines for peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">abdominal aorta and lower extremity vessels. A statement for health professionals from a special writing group of </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">the Councils on Cardiovascular Radiology, Arteriosclerosis, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, clinical Cardiology, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">and Epidemiology and Prevention, the American Heart Association. Circulation 1994; 89:511-53</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">14) Papavassiliou VG, Walker SR, Bolia A, Fishwick G, London N. Techniques for the endovascular management of </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px;">complications following lower limb percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003; 25:125-130.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"> Fine</i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">Pubblicato su </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">Blogger</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;"> oggi 15 settembre 2012 alle ore 14,08 da: </span></span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</i></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-48611908592816542542013-07-13T09:42:00.000+02:002013-07-13T09:42:29.192+02:00(Scheda 33) Ancora specificazioni sulle Infezioni Osteo-Articolari ... (3ª parte)<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #674ea7; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">Le Infezioni </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #674ea7; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0pt;">Osteo-Articolari</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12pt;">Di </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a><span style="color: blue; line-height: 12pt;">,</span><span style="line-height: 12pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="font-family: '', serif, '', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 12pt;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Osteomielitici».</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e06666; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36pt;">3ª </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e06666; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">e ultima</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e06666; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36pt;"> parte</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: serif, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 32pt; text-align: center;">La gravità di questo malattia</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #38761d;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 32pt;">se la diagnosi </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt;">è</span><span style="line-height: 32pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 32pt;"> precoce e se il </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 32pt;">trattamento</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 32pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt;">è</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 32pt;"> corretto.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: purple; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: purple; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Osteomielite</span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: purple; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> acuta </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: purple; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">ematogena</span></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="FR" style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">L'osso é lasciato esposto per i
lavaggi</span></span></b><span style="color: #548dd4; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsQIt8gqcNEX_w6XQjNjkXlYABAyfJ_NWR8Zn8PVHiyiZcW0HyXzzgarxBTZZg6YzNJpH4y64AquUfx1cmFpJDU_e-P0iyg2bwZkW26cCm0covNh_w3IM90nzBXGbve6jSM4CYyNzSR8Y/s1600/L'osso+%C3%A9+lasciato+esposto+per+i+lavaggi.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: 16px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="544" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsQIt8gqcNEX_w6XQjNjkXlYABAyfJ_NWR8Zn8PVHiyiZcW0HyXzzgarxBTZZg6YzNJpH4y64AquUfx1cmFpJDU_e-P0iyg2bwZkW26cCm0covNh_w3IM90nzBXGbve6jSM4CYyNzSR8Y/s640/L'osso+%C3%A9+lasciato+esposto+per+i+lavaggi.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMGV-MU0-pxJ1DpHTfMmqCGIc_YDBfxBJ2-jAXmSahwyJUvU-0CP9-bm2Lrmyr6cX4J4W8J5xeMyM14o_YYBtkrfBbSafRqDaO_RC9DO6nE9aKYaj7Wx-TTMgYFltVE6b85wevmW4ih8/s1600/Evoluzione+dell%E2%80%99osteomielite.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMGV-MU0-pxJ1DpHTfMmqCGIc_YDBfxBJ2-jAXmSahwyJUvU-0CP9-bm2Lrmyr6cX4J4W8J5xeMyM14o_YYBtkrfBbSafRqDaO_RC9DO6nE9aKYaj7Wx-TTMgYFltVE6b85wevmW4ih8/s640/Evoluzione+dell%E2%80%99osteomielite.JPG" width="624" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #00b050; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">Osteomielite acuta ematogena</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: blue;"><span lang="FR">COMPLICAZIONI</span></b><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="color: blue;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><b><span lang="FR">Parecchie localizzazioni ossee nello stesso tempo sono possibili
</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="FR"><i>(altre metafisi ,vertebre)</i></span></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="color: blue;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><b><span lang="FR">Ascesso a distanza: cervello, polmone </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="color: blue;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="FR">Setticemia, endocardite infettiva etc.</span></b></span></span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lime; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-size: medium;">Complicazioni locali</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f4cccc; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #8e7cc3;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f4cccc; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #8e7cc3; line-height: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f4cccc; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #8e7cc3; line-height: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #8e7cc3; line-height: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><i><u><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Pandiafisite</span></u></i></b><b style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #8e7cc3; line-height: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">: diffusione a tutte le diafisi </span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Osteomielite</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> acuta </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">ematogena</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: #cc0000;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 16pt;">FORME CLINICHE</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b><i><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14pt;">La forma sub-acute</span></u></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: #cc0000;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14pt;">- Dolori violenti <i>(scambiati anche per una frattura)</i></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: #cc0000; font-size: 14pt;">- Quadro infettivo severo</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: red; color: #00b050; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">Osteomielite acuta ematogena</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 16px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: red; font-size: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><i><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-size: 18pt;">La forma cronica</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
–<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><b><span lang="FR">Il quadro
clinico è <i>«bâtard»</i> </span></b></div>
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–<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><b><span lang="FR">La
radiografia mostra una lacuna ossea</span></b><span lang="FR"> </span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR"> é l’ascesso centrale di BRODIE </span></b></div>
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–<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><b><span lang="FR">La TAC o
la RMN mostra che questa lacuna é riempita di liquido </span></b></div>
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–<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><b><span lang="FR">Queste
forme radiologiche pseudo-tumorali possono confondersi </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR"> con
altre patologie <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-color: #bf9000; color: yellow;">- in
particolare un tumore osseo: </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR"> - <i>Sarcoma osteogenico </i></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="FR">
- Granuloma eosinofilo </span></i></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;">Qual’e la localizzazione iniziale dell’infezione
nell’osso:</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;">Diafisi, metafisi, periostio, epifisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;">L’età di riscontro più frequente:</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;">Neonati, bambini, adulti, anziani<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;">Il batterio causa della malattia:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;">I tre primi esami da eseguire per la diagnosi:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 16pt;">La strategia terapeutica iniziale.</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12pt;"> Pubblicato su </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: orange; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 12pt;">Blogger</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 12pt;"> oggi 29 Aprile 2012 alle ore 11,13 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-47387236569680800282013-07-13T09:34:00.000+02:002013-07-13T09:34:28.886+02:00(Scheda 27) Spondilodisciti - parliamone ancora!<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Spondilodisciti </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">- parliamone ancora</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</a><span style="color: blue;">,</span> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S.
O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi
On-line per Osteomielitici».</span></div>
<div style="background-color: red; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;"> Le </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">Spondilodisciti</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sono un
processo infettivo che colpisce le vertebre ed i dischi intervertebrali. </span></div>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E’
sinonimo di <b style="color: red;">osteomielite vertebrale</b>.<br />
L’<b style="color: red;">infezione</b> può estendersi a tessuti vicini sia infiltrando le strutture poste
anteriormente alla colonna<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><i style="background-color: white;">(tipi- camente il muscolo psoas), </i>sia posteriormente
comprimendo il midollo o le radici dei nervi spinali.<br />
Il processo <b style="color: red;">infettivo</b> inoltre, erodendo i corpi vertebrali, può causarne il
crollo con conseguente rischio di danni neurologici.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <i style="color: blue;">3</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">D:
spondilodiscite lombare tubercolare</span> </span></i><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">↓</span></span></b><br />
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" 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" 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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">La
malattia, che ha colpito l’uomo sin dall’antichità, è stata descritta per la
prima volta dal medico inglese <i style="background-color: lime;">Percival Pott,</i> da questi il nome di <span style="background-color: lime;">"morbo di
Pott"</span>.<br />
Causata un tempo quasi invariabilmente dal <span style="background-color: cyan;">bacillo della tubercolosi</span>,
attualmente riconosce in molti casi, almeno la metà in Italia, eziologie
differenti.<br />
In particolare viene spesso causata da <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">stafilococchi </span>e <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">streptococchi</span> ma non di
rado sono in causa anche germi gram negativi. </span></div>
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" 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style="background-color: magenta;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">La
diagnosi, sia per l’insidiosità dei sintomi che per la relativa rarità della
patologia, può non essere semplice ed è comune un ritardo di diagnosi anche
cospicuo. <br />
In generale dopo che sia stato posto il dubbio diagnostico appare
raccomandabile che il paziente venga riferito a centri ove vi sia una
sufficiente esperienza nella gestione della patologia e la possibilità di un
ap proccio multidisciplinare che consenta una corretta e rapida diagnosi e
un'ottimale impostazione terapeutica.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">Risonanza magnetica di Spondilodiscite Cervicale</span> <b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">↓</span></span></b> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0zfyyGGqfVTtjpT5kDsgAMk8_NlD2ulaFYcKO5JAMxm5qV1_ean_oOYgvam47LKD-wWLa6nSobLQER4NPUWpGT07HOuBJxwvFL3kBic_nLZHAZc1Ux0J4nLw4chZ8dOTiaBTHDP8_Bs/s1600/Risonanza+magnetica+di+spondilodiscite+cervicale.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0zfyyGGqfVTtjpT5kDsgAMk8_NlD2ulaFYcKO5JAMxm5qV1_ean_oOYgvam47LKD-wWLa6nSobLQER4NPUWpGT07HOuBJxwvFL3kBic_nLZHAZc1Ux0J4nLw4chZ8dOTiaBTHDP8_Bs/s640/Risonanza+magnetica+di+spondilodiscite+cervicale.JPG" width="394" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: orange; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Il trattamento è sempre costituito
da antibiotici che vanno assunti per lunghi periodi di tempo e, in casi
se- lezionati, associati ad una terapia chirurgica. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="background-color: orange; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Il ruolo della chirurgia è riservato ai casi,
talora anche con caratteri di urgenza, in cui sono presenti segni neurologici
legati alla compressione o alla infiltrazione delle strutture nervose e
consiste nella decompressione delle strutture nervose stesse e nella
stabilizzazione della colonna.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;">Spondilodiscite vertebrale dopo intervento di stabilizzazione </span><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">↓</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Vista la necessità di affrontare
questa patologia, che per antica tradizione affluiva da sempre abbondante al
nostro Ospedale, in maniera moderna e multidisciplinare, si è costituito nel
1997, presso il nostro Centro il Gruppo di Studio sulle <span style="color: red;">Spondilodisciti</span> </span><i style="background-color: white;">(denominato GISS Santa Corona). </i><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sotto questa sigla si sono raccolti un vasto numero
di specialisti particolarmente esperti nella patologia il cui scopo è stato
quello di stabilire delle linee guida comuni che orientassero ed armonizzassero
il lavoro diagnos tico e le strategie terapeutiche. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A cura del G.I.S.S. “Santa Corona”</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Gruppo Interdisciplinare di Studio sulle
Spondilodisciti</span><!--EndFragment--> </span><br />
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Ricerca Biomedica in Ortopedia - ONLUS<br />
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Pubblicato su <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: orange; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">Blogger</span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"> oggi 21 Aprile 2012 alle ore 22,20 da: Giuseppe Pinna
de Marrubiu</span><br />
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-51033396420356847542013-07-07T14:20:00.002+02:002015-03-06T18:37:28.457+01:00(Scheda 257 - 18/ ALTO o PIENO MEDIOEVO - 1ª parte) STORIA della MEDICINA - NASCONO LE UNIVERSITA'. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;">LA MEDICINA NELL'ALTO O PIENO MEDIOEVO</span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a> <img height="260" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6dWWrpNKhmcsgev_tExHaTiZJI8QaKRfBE97htLUCr7Rp1Zb5-A" width="320" /><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Articolo informativo di <span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span> per <span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line per Pazienti Osteomielitici»; che ci addentra in un percorso storico narrandoci che: "durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifi ca".</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: blue;">Alonso de Sedano</span>: il miracolo dei santi Cosma e Damiano, 1495 - Burgos, Spagna </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 19px; line-height: 22px;">- </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">In questo affresco viene descritto il miracoloso intervento di trapianto di gamba eseguito dai santi. I mantelli rossi e i cappelli richiamano quelli utilizzati dai medici del XVI secolo.</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;"> </span></div>
<img src="http://www.lamanoedintorni.altervista.org/images/p007_1_08.jpg" height="640" width="620" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;">L'</span><span style="color: red;">astrologia</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;"><span style="color: red;"> </span>giocò un ruolo importante nella </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;">medicina medioevale</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;">, ai medici più istruiti si insegnava ad usare almeno le basi dell'astrologia nella pratica clinica.</span><br />
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anatomical_Man.jpg/300px-Anatomical_Man.jpg" height="640" width="492" /><br />
<div style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<div style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px;">
<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px;">
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Galenoghippokrates.jpg/350px-Galenoghippokrates.jpg" /></div>
Ippocrate<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> (a destra) e </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Galeno</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> in un affresco appartenente ad una cappella dell'</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ordine di San Benedetto</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> di </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Anagni</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> (</span><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Lazio">Lazio</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">), a sud di Roma. (</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolo_XII" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Secolo XII">Secolo XII</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">)</span><br />
<div style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px;">
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #3d85c6;"><span style="color: yellow;">La Medicina nell'Alto o Pieno Medioevo</span></span><span style="color: white;"> </span></i></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Non mi è semplice indicare una data più o meno precisa per denotare l’</span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">inizio di un periodo storico</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> così complesso e multivariegato come il </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: blue; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Medioevo</b></span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Così come non trovo sia corretto definire con quella data una </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">identità comune</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> a molte nazio ni e popoli che in circa un millennio hanno sì condiviso guerre o terribili epidemie, rinnova menti e retrocessioni, scoperte e misteri, grandi evoluzioni o inaspettati silenzi se non pro prio sparizioni dalla faccia della terra, ma ognuno per sé, non necessariamente allo stesso tempo, nello stesso luogo o per gli stessi motivi e meno ancora con la stessa frequenza di mutamenti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #990000;">Questo </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Medioevo</span></b><span style="color: #990000;"> <i>(secondo chi scrive)</i> ha visto, inaspettatamente forse, anche lo sviluppo delle </span><b><span style="color: #e06666;">arti mediche</span></b><span style="color: #990000;">, della </span><b><span style="color: red;">«medicina»</span></b><span style="color: #990000;">, ma, lo ripeterò ancora, non sempre con le modalità che ora ci possano apparire ben definite o ben comprensibili. </span></span></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000;">A tal scopo principalmente, se non esclusivamente, sistematico, dividerò la esposizione della </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: magenta;"><b>medicina medievale</b></span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #990000;"> in due grandi sezioni: </span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">ALTO MEDIOEVO</span></b> <i style="color: #990000;">(fino all’anno 1000 d.C.)</i><span style="color: #990000;"> e </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">BASSO MEDIOEVO</span></b><span style="color: #990000;"><i> (dall’anno 1000 d.C.).</i> </span></span></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Sono certo che questa suddivisione </span><i style="background-color: #fff2cc;">(per altro non certo mia in origine)</i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> potrebbe non trovare consenzienti buona parte degli</span><span style="background-color: cyan;"> storici</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">, e non solo </span><i style="background-color: #fff2cc;">(con l’obiezione, ad esempio, della mancan za di una seconda data per ciascun periodo, così da dimensionarlo più accuratamente),</i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> oppu re </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">uomini di scienza</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> <i>(qui comprendendo anche l’economia),</i> i quali non scorgeranno nell’<i>an no 1000 d.C.</i> un reale limite culturale che possa vedere un </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">«prima»</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> e un </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">«dopo»</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">.</span></span></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #990000;">Si potrebbe anche considerare che una questione geografica o etnica abbia più propriamente segnato l’inizio o la fine di tale età di mezzo, per singole popolazioni o aree territoriali e che quindi la </span><b><span style="color: red;">medicina</span></b><span style="color: #990000;"> abbia risentito di tali diversità c</span></span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000;">he, definirei insite nella natura dell’uo mo, quasi a dare una impronta o un suggello di identità.</span></span></div>
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</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #990000;">Starà quindi, di certo, alla nostra capacità culturale odierna, a distanza di secoli, nonché alla nostra obiettiva, quasi pertinace, modestia e sincerità di giudizio, apporre o meno, il marchio </span><b><span style="color: red;">«Medicina medievale»</span></b><span style="color: #990000;"> a ciò che potremo distinguere in divenire, in evoluzione.</span></span></span></div>
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</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000;">Si potrebbe forse concludere che </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: #990000;">«Tutto»</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #990000;"> sia quindi in </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Medioevo</span></b><span style="color: #990000;">. </span></span></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #990000;">E perché no?</span></span></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000;">Ad onor del vero, per dirla tutta, d'un sol fiato, ciò non mi coglierebbe alla sprovvista e certa-mente aumenterebbe la mia fiducia nella ricorrente rinascita dell’<b>uomo</b>.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">La <b><span style="color: red;">medicina medievale</span></b> in </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Europa Occidentale</span><span style="background-color: white;"> fu una mistura di:</span></span></div>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">idee preesistenti fin dall'antichità (Ippocrate e Galeno),</span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">un generale concetto filosofico per cui anima (immateriale) e corpo (mortale, creato e materiale) siano indissolubili,</span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">una globale rinuncia al godimento nella vita sociale e del corpo in genere</span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">influenze religiose.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questa era non esisteva ancora alcuna tradizione di scienza e le osservazioni andavano mano a mano con influenze spirituali.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell'<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Alto Medioevo</span></b>, a seguito della caduta dell'impero romano, la conoscenza medica standard era basata principalmente sui testi sopravvissuti greci e romani, preservati in monasteri.</span></div>
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Le idee circa le origini di cure e malattie non erano comunque puramente secolari ma comunque basate su una visione della vita in cui il destino, il peccato, e le influenze astrali giocavano un grande ruolo.</div>
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L'efficacia di una cura era più correlata alle credenze del paziente e del medico, piuttosto ad una evidenza empirica, cosicché i <span style="background-color: lime;"><b>remedia physicalia</b></span> (rimedi fisici) erano spesso subordinati ad interventi spirituali.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Parallelamente ho fatto in modo che ad un ordinato/cronologico susseguirsi di eventi ed in formazioni storicamente accreditabili, che avranno </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">quindi</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> tutto il valore connesso ad una ric ca e quasi inesauribile documentazione bibliografica, pertanto vorrò qui di seguito proporre specifici argomenti che, sì, si siano mostrati agli occhi sicuramente vigile di </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">storici</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> e </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">uomini di cultura</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, ma che possano anche sfuggire, per via di una trasversalità di interessi, non essendo solo cronologicamente identificabili.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ovviamente tutti questi punti saranno correlati direttamente con il tema complessivo. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">Se, a volte, a chi legge, potrà sembrare che il testo possa uscire dal tema </span><b><span style="color: red;">«Medioevo e medi cina»</span></b><span style="color: #990000;">, faccio affidamento al lettore, con l'augurio che non me ne voglia e abbia ancora più la pazienza di attendere un ritorno allo schema di seguito indicato.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Per favorire ciò, presento di seguito un Indice preliminare.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tale questo è considerato in quanto riassume gli argomenti principali che saranno trattati. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Principali, appunto, in quanto altro verrà approfondito via via che se ne presenterà l’occasio ne, la necessità o anche la curiosità.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">La </span><b><span style="color: red;">«medicina»</span></b><span style="color: #990000;">, quale attività umana e indice dell’evoluzione della scienza, sarà certamente al centro dell’attenzione, ma mi sento di escludere che verrà trattato ogni aspetto e che verrà citata ogni possibile fonte di informazione.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Posso però solamente e onestamente prevedere che verrà ampliato il mio campo di osserva zione e sarà aumentata la mia conoscenza. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ciò mi basta e mi conforta.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/premessamedioevo.htm" target="_self"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Medicina dell’Alto Medioevo</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"> è sicuramente necessario sapere a quale periodo si faccia riferimento. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">Le date contano, certamente, ma raramente sono significative a sé stanti, non tenendo con to, ad esempio, delle località e delle popolazioni a cui fanno riferimento.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Guy de Chauliac</span></b><span style="line-height: 15.828125px;">, chierico, è considerato il più importante chirurgo medievale - </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Nacque a<i> Chaulhac</i> tra il </span>1280<span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> ed il </span>1300 - <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><b><span style="color: red;">†</span><span style="color: red;"> </span></b>Lione<span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, </span>23 luglio<span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>1368 <span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">in un piccolo paese nella zona sud ovest del </span><i>Massiccio Centrale</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> nella contrada di <i>Malzieu en Lozere</i> (Fancia).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Guy_de_Chauliac.jpeg/250px-Guy_de_Chauliac.jpeg" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/GuyDeChaulhac.jpg/220px-GuyDeChaulhac.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">NASCONO LE UNIVERSITÀ </span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Medioe~3.jpg" height="640" width="568" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nelle nostre ricerche, abbiamo accertato che verso la <b style="background-color: yellow;">fine del XII</b> secolo si apre quella che potrebbe definirsi la fase <b style="background-color: lime;">pre-universitaria</b> della <b><span style="color: red;">Medicina</span></b> in <b style="background-color: cyan;">Italia</b> e in<b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> Europa</b>, la quale precede la <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">costituzione delle prime università medioevali</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalle <b><span style="color: #e06666;">scuole claustrali</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #38761d;">vescovili</span></b>, la <b><span style="color: red;">medicina</span></b> si evolve soprattutto nella <b><span style="color: purple;">Scuola di Sa lerno</span></b>, un vero ponte teso nello spazio di secoli tra il mondo classico e quello medioevale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">E' qui che la <b><span style="color: red;">medicina</span></b> si laicizza. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">E, quel che più conta, vede il riformarsi di una coscienza medica, con tutte le necessità didat tiche e culturali ad essa attinenti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Se in un primo tempo l'indirizzo della <b><span style="color: purple;">Scuola Salernitana</span></b> fu essenzialmente <b>monastico</b>, successivamente divenne <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">laico</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">L'iniziale elemento <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">medico monastico</span> fu la conseguenza dell'obbligo della <span style="background-color: lime;">carità cristiana</span> as sunto dai monaci, tra cui quello di ricoverare i poveri e i pellegrini malati. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Poi, con i <b><span style="color: #990000;">Concili della Chiesa</span></b> del <b>1130</b> e del <b>1139</b> che proibivano definitivamente a mona ci e canonici regolari di praticare la medicina, questa passò sempre più nelle mani dei laici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secondo una leggenda per molto tempo accreditata, la <b><span style="color: purple;">Scuola Salernitan</span></b>a sarebbe stata <span style="background-color: orange;"><b>fondata</b></span> da ben<b> quattro Maestri:</b> <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Helinus ebreo</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #351c75;">Pontus greco</span></b>, <b><span style="color: magenta;">Adela arabo</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Saler- nus latino</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ma c'è anche chi ne ha ascritto la fondazione a <b><span style="color: blue;">Carlo Magno</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Almeno agli inizi, però, il concetto di <b style="background-color: #ffd966;">"scuola"</b> non va inteso come un'istituzione scolastica mente organizzata, ma come la spontanea confluenza di persone desiderose di imparare dai medici che vi esercitavano, e che in seguito avrebbero scritto espressamente per loro dei libri di testo veri e propri.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>La leggenda della fondazione</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">La fondazione della scuola risale all'<b>Alto Medioevo</b> e non ci risulta nessun documento che possa certi ficare con precisione una data di riferimento. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">La tradizione tuttavia lega la nascita della scuola all'evento narrato da una leggenda.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Difatti si racconta che un pellegrino greco di nome </span><b style="background-color: yellow;">Pontus</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> si fermò nella città di </span><b style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Salerno</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> e trovò rifu gio per la notte sotto gli archi dell'antico </span><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">acquedotto dell'Arce</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">.</span> </div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Acquedotto_medievale_di_Salerno.jpg/200px-Acquedotto_medievale_di_Salerno.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;">L'acquedotto medioevale di Salerno</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Scoppiò un forte temporale e un altro viandante malandato si riparò nello stesso luogo, si trattava del latino </span><b style="background-color: lime;">Salernus</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">; costui era ferito e il greco, dapprima sospettoso, si avvicinò per osservare da vicino le medicazioni che il latino praticava alla sua ferita. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Nel frattempo erano giunti altri due viandanti, l'ebreo </span><b style="background-color: cyan;">Helinus</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> e l'arabo </span><b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Abdela</b>. </div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Anche essi si dimostrarono interessati alla ferita e alla fine si scoprì che </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">tutti e quattro</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> si occupavano di </span><b><span style="color: red;">medicina</span></b>. </div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Decisero allora di creare un sodalizio e di </span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">dare vita a una scuola</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> dove le loro conoscenze potessero es sere raccolte e divulgate.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">La<b> Scuola di Salerno</b> può essere distinta in tre grandi periodi:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;">I periodo dalle origini all'anno 1000 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;">II periodo (di massimo splendore) tra il 1100 e il 1300 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;">III periodo (di decadenza) dopo il 1300 sino al 1811 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: cyan; color: #38761d;">IL PRIMO PERIODO</span></b> </span>viene anche detto <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">"pre-costantiniano"</span>, perché precede di fat to l'arrivo a <b>Salerno</b> di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Costantino l'Africano</span></b>, massimo esponente del periodo successivo.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white;">.....</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Costantino l'Africano</span></b><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (in </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">latino</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><b style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Constantinus Africanus</b><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) (</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Cartagine</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">1020</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> circa - </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Montecassino </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">1087</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) fu un </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">medico</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">letterato</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">monaco</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">arabo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 19.18402862548828px; text-align: center;"> Constantine the African examines patients' urine</span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg/200px-Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg" height="640" width="460" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Nella sua vita <b>Costantino</b> compì numerosi viaggi che gli consentirono di apprendere diverse lingue e di acquisire le conoscenze del mondo arabo ed orientale. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Ancora giovane partì per <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Babilonia</span></b> <i>(antico nome del</i></span><i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>Cairo</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><i>),</i> quindi in</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>Persia<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, in</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>Etiopia<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">e forse in</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>India<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Ritornato in</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><b>Egitto</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">fu oggetto di persecuzioni, in ragione del suo insegnamento, ispirato alla varietà di tradizioni con le quali era venuto in contatto. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Dovette rifugiarsi in</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><b style="background-color: lime;">Italia</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><i>(ma una tradizione parla di un suo naufragio),</i> accolto presso la corte di</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span></span><b style="background-color: yellow;">Roberto il Guiscardo</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, a</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span></span><b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Salerno</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. Soggiornò nella città probabilmente tra il</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><b>1075</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">e il</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><b>1077</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">e, verosimilmente, fu maestro della celebre</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span></span><b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola Medica Salernitana</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Francobollo sulla Scuola Medica Salernitana emesso il 17/09/2007</span></span></div>
<img alt="File:FrancobolloScuolaMedicaSalernitana.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/a/ac/FrancobolloScuolaMedicaSalernitana.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Di certo è evidente la notevole influenza che le sue traduzioni ebbero nell'attività e nelle opere dei medici di <b>Salerno</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Entrò nell'ordine</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">benedettino</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">e terminò la sua vita nell'abbazia di</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Montecassino</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">ai tempi in cui era abate <b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Desiderio</span></b>, futuro papa</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Vittore III</span></b></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Dettagli della sua vita e della sua opera ci vengono dalla biografia di</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Pietro Diacono</span></b></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, un altro monaco di Montecassino, che lo descrive così:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">«</b><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">Costantino l'Africano, monaco dello stesso monastero [di Montecassino], fu dottissimo negli studi filosofici, maestro dello Oriente e dell'Occidente, un nuovo luminoso Ippocrate. </i></span></div>
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<i style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">Partito da Cartagine di cui era originario, si recò a Babilonia e qui fu istruito compiutamente in grammatica, dialettica, geometria, aritmetica, scienza magica (mathematica), astronomia, negromanzia, musica e scienza della natura (phy-sica) dei Caldei, dei Persiani, dei Saraceni.</i></div>
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<i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Partito di qui raggiunse l'India, e ivi si gettò ad apprendere il loro sapere. </span></i></div>
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<i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Padroneggiate completamente le arti degli Indi, si diresse in Etiopia, dove ancora si imbevve delle discipline etiopiche; una volta ricolmo completamente di queste scienze, raggiunse l'Egitto e si impadronì a fondo delle arti degli Egizi.</span></i></div>
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<i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Dopo aver dedicato dunque trentanove anni all'apprendimento di queste conoscenze, tornò in Africa: quando lo videro così ricolmo del sapere di tutte le genti, meditarono di ucciderlo. </span></i></div>
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<i style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">Costantino se ne accorse, balzò su una nave e arrivò a <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> dove per un po' si tenne nascosto, fingendosi povero.</i></div>
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<i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Fu poi riconosciuto dal fratello del re di Babilonia, anch'egli giunto lì, e fu tenuto in grande onore presso il duca Roberto. </span></i></div>
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<i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Di qui però Costantino se ne andò, raggiunse il monastero di Cassino e, accolto assai di buon grado dall'abate Desiderio, si fece monaco. </span></i></div>
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<i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Sistematosi nel monastero, tradusse moltissimi testi da diverse lingue. </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><i>Tra questi, rilevanti sono: </i><b style="font-style: italic;">Pantegni</b> (diviso da lui in dodici libri)<i> in cui espose ciò che il medico deve sapere; </i><b style="font-style: italic;">Practica </b>(in dodici libri),<i> dove scrisse come il medico conserva la salute e cura la malattia; </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><i>il </i><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: red;">Librum duodecim graduum</span></b><i>; </i><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: orange;">Diaeta ciborum</span></b><i>; </i><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: magenta;">Librum febrium</span></b> (tradotto dall'arabo);<i> <b>De urina</b>, <b><span style="color: purple;">De interioribus membris</span></b>; <b><span style="color: blue;">De coitu</span></b>; <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Viaticum</span></b> […], <b><span style="color: magenta;">Tegni</span></b>; <b>Megategni</b>; <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Microtegni</span></b>; <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Antidotarium</span></b>; <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Disputationes Platonis et Hippo cratis in sententiis</span></b>; <b><span style="color: #660000;">De simplici medicamine</span></b>; <b><span style="color: blue;">De Gynaecia</span></b> […]; <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">De pulsibus</span></b>; <b>Prognostica</b>; <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>De experimentis</b></span>; <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Glossae herbarum et specierum</span></b>; <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Chirurgia</span></b>; <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">De medicamine oculorum</span></b></i></span><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">». </span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></b></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px;">(</span><small style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;">Pietro Diacono, <i>De viris illustribus archimonasterii Casinensis</i></small><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px;">)</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roberto_il_Guiscardo_Costantino.jpg/270px-Roberto_il_Guiscardo_Costantino.jpg" height="481" width="640" /><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> Costantino l'Africano </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em;">sbarcato a Salerno in incognito, fu riconosciuto dal fratello del re di Babilonia che come (nel dipinto) venne </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px;">presentato alla corte di </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 19.18402862548828px;">Roberto il Guiscardo-Guiscardus.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Dopo la sua morte nel </span>1087<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, la sua opera fu proseguita dal suo allievo </span><b>Johannes Afflacius</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, probabil mente un convertito il cui nome era <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Yahyà al-Falakī</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Constantine the African lecturing to the school of Salerno - </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;">published by Christian Egenolf Erben in Frankfurt 1573</span></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Art-nf468452.fig11.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Art-nf468452.fig11.jpg/358px-Art-nf468452.fig11.jpg" height="640" width="379" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">De dietis particularibus</i><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> des </span>Isaak ben Salomon Israeli<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> in der lateinischen Übersetzung von </span>Constantinus Africanus</span></div>
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<img alt="File:De dietis particularibus.jpeg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/De_dietis_particularibus.jpeg/420px-De_dietis_particularibus.jpeg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Constantine the African examines patients' urine</span></div>
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<img alt="File:ConstantineTheAfrican examines patients urine, full size image.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/ConstantineTheAfrican_examines_patients_urine%2C_full_size_image.jpg" height="640" width="461" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tra i vari esponenti del <b style="background-color: cyan;">I periodo</b> <i>(<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Petrus</span>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Garioponto</span>),</i> figurano anche alcune donne/medi-co, come <b><span style="color: red;">Rebecca</span></b>, <b><span style="color: magenta;">Costanza</span></b> e <b><span style="color: blue;">Trotula</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><b>Trotula de Ruggiero</b>, conosciuta anche con il nome di <b>Trottula</b>, <b>Trotta</b>, <b>Trocta</b> o <b>Troctula</b> (... – ...) è stata un medico italiano che, nell'XI secolo, operò nell'ambito della scuola medica salernitana.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">A lei è attribuito, pur con qualche controversia, il trattato <i><b><span style="color: red;">De passionibus mulierum ante in et post partum</span></b></i>, edito a stampa solo nel 1544, a Strasburgo, nell'edizione tarda di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">George Krant</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><img src="http://philosophiaorg.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/trotula-curandarum.jpg?w=353&h=586" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Il </span><i style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><b><span style="color: red;">De passionibus</span></b></i><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> segna la nascita dell'</span><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">ostetricia</span></b><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> e della </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">ginecologia</span></b><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> come scienze mediche. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Tra le importanti nozioni in esso contenute, vi è la necessità di </span><b style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">suturare chirurgicamente</b><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> le </span><b style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><span style="color: blue;">lesioni perineali</span></b><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.salernomagazine.it/public/uploads/2011/09/Trotula-De-Ruggiero.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Quest'ultima, che visse nell'anno 1000 era una bellissima donna, i cui insegnamenti sono rac colti nel libro <b style="background-color: yellow;">De mulierum passionibus</b>, in cui sono esposti numerosi consigli sulla <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">gravi danza</span>, il <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">parto</span>, il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">puerperio</span>, la <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">cura e l'alimentazione del bambino</span>; ma tratta anche dell'<span style="background-color: lime;">epi lessia</span> e delle <span style="background-color: orange;">malattie dei denti e delle gengive</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Questo libro fece testo fino al secolo XV.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.iscgmedia.com/uploads/6/0/9/7/6097060/5058010_orig.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Altro libro celebre di questo periodo è l'<b><span style="color: #990000;">Antidotarium</span></b>, la fonte di tutti i ricettari e antidotari successivi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Furono queste collezioni le opere classiche per le cure mediche: erano basate sulla <span style="background-color: cyan;">"materia medica"</span> araba, con i suoi pesi e le sue misure.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Di questo periodo e sua allieva fu: </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Sichelgaita di Salerno</span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">(</span>1036<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">-</span>16 aprile<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>1090<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">)</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> una </span>principessa<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>longobarda e<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> seconda moglie di </span><b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Roberto il Guiscardo</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">che</span> s</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">i dedicò allo studio della </span><span style="background-color: lime;">medicina</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e dell'</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">erboristeria</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> presso la </span><b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola medica saler nitana</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, che all'epoca rappresentava un polo di eccellenza nel campo medico-officinale. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">Sichelgaita e </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Roberto il Guiscardo<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> alla corte di </span>Salerno</span></div>
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roberto_il_Guiscardo_Costantino.jpg/270px-Roberto_il_Guiscardo_Costantino.jpg" height="300" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://www.tropeamagazine.it/sichelgaita/sichelgaita.jpeg" height="400" width="273" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: blue;">Il SECONDO PERIODO</b></span> è quello di massimo splendore per la <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola Salerni tana</b>. </span></div>
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<table style="background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2.4em; vertical-align: top; width: 240.828125px;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">(<span style="font-size: 10px;"><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="latino">LA</abbr></span>)<br /><b>«</b>Si tibi deficiant medici,<br />medici tibi fiant</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;">haec tria:<br />mens laeta, requies, moderata diaeta<b>».</b></span></div>
</td><td style="border: none; padding: 0px 1.2em; vertical-align: top; width: 240.84375px;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">(<span style="font-size: 10px;"><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>)<br /><b>«</b>Se ti mancano i medici,<br />siano per te medici queste tre cose:<br />l'animo lieto, la quiete e la moderata dieta<b>».</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border: none; padding: 0px 1.2em 0px 2.4em;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">(<small>Scuola Medica Salernitana, <i><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimen_Sanitatis_Salernitanum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum">Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum</a></i></small>)</span></td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Già nel <b>1130</b> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Ruggero II</span></b> aveva emanato una legge che obbligava chi volesse esercitare la <b><span style="color: red;">medicina</span></b> di sostenere una <b><span style="color: blue;">prova di abilitazione</span></b> dinanzi ad una speciale commissione da lui eletta, fatta eccezione per chi proveniva dalla <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola di Salerno</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Successivamente <b>1224</b>, <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Federico II</span></b> emise una serie di leggi per regolamentare la <b><span style="color: red;">medicina </span></b>e la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">chirurgia</span></b>, prima tra le quali quella secondo cui nessuno poteva esercitare l'<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">arte medica</span> se non dietro esplicita autorizzazione di una pubblica commissione di <b style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">Maestri di Salerno</b>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Strumentazione medica (particolari)</span><br />
<img src="http://www.balestrieridelmandraccio.it/bdm/images/stories/RicStorica/med1.jpg" height="549" width="640" /></div>
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<img src="http://xoomer.virgilio.it/analfin/immagini/strumchir.jpg" /><br />
<img src="http://www.sagittabarbarica.org/foto/ferri5a.jpg" height="290" width="640" /><br />
<img src="http://www.sagittabarbarica.org/foto/ferribanchetto.jpg" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tools_for_the_operation_of_cataract_made_in_bronze,_ivory_and_bone.jpg/220px-Tools_for_the_operation_of_cataract_made_in_bronze,_ivory_and_bone.jpg" height="280" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://www.balestrieridelmandraccio.it/bdm/images/stories/RicStorica/med3.jpg" height="474" width="640" /><br />
<img src="http://www.jw.org/assets/m/g12/201209/g12_201209_X/102012330_univ_cnt_2_xs.jpg" height="640" width="428" /><br />
<img src="http://www.imss.fi.it/milleanni/cronologia/1280b.gif" height="400" width="291" /><br />
<img src="http://www.imagoromae.com/public/ftp/fotoDiServizio/images/Sommer,_Giorgio_(1834-1914)_-_n__11141_-_Museo_di_Napoli_-_Strumenti_di_chirurgia.jpg" /><br />
<img src="http://www.silverflower.org/forum/ricerche/surgery.jpg" /><br />
<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTEzNlgxNjAw/$(KGrHqZ,!lQE6CImlldfBOiyEQTRgw~~60_35.JPG" height="454" width="640" /><br />
<img src="http://vitruvio.imss.fi.it/foto/isd/icona/icona20987_300.jpg" height="503" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Come <b style="background-color: yellow;">"ricaduta"</b> di queste leggi, la <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola Salernitana</b> in breve acquisì sempre maggiore importanza, che rispecchiava la fama dei suoi insegnanti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Primi tra questi come già detto fu <b><span style="color: blue;">Costantino l'Africano</span></b>, così chiamato perché proveniente da <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Cartagine</span>, dove aveva rischiato di essere ucciso dietro l'accusa di magia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Costantino</span></b> aveva una vastissima cultura in musica, grammatica, dialettica, fisica, geometria e medicina; conosceva bene alcune lingue orientali; divenne uno dei medici più qualificati e degli insegnanti più celebri della <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola di Salerno</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Morì nel 1087 </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nell'<span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Abbazia di Montecassino</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">La </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Scuola Medica Salernitana</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> così come appare in una miniatura del Canone di Avicenna.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">L'immagine rappresenta la storia leggendaria di Roberto, duca di Normandia. Ferito mortalmente da una freccia, fu salvato eroicamente dalla moglie che ne succhiò il veleno come era stato prescritto dai medici di Salerno.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="File:ScuolaMedicaMiniatura.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ScuolaMedicaMiniatura.jpg/705px-ScuolaMedicaMiniatura.jpg" height="542" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Costantino l'Africano</span></b> dedicò gran parte della sua vita alla traduzione dei testi originali di <span style="color: purple;"><b>medicina araba</b></span>, oltre che delle versioni arabe degli <span style="background-color: #93c47d;"><b>Aforismi di Ippocrate</b></span>, dell'<b style="background-color: orange;">Articella</b> e dei <b style="background-color: #e06666;">Commenti di Galeno</b>, contribuendo così in modo determinante all'inserimento e all'affer mazione della <b><span style="color: purple;">medicina araba</span></b> in Italia, accanto a quella di derivazione greca, romana e bi zantina.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nel 1537 venne pubblicata a Basilea, in sette volumi, l'intera opera di questo Autore, chiama to sin nel <b>tardo Medioevo</b> con l'appellativo di <b>Magister orientis et occidentis</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nonostante tanta influenza della <b><span style="color: purple;">medicina araba</span></b>, tuttavia, la <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola medica di Salerno</b> non si abbandonò <b>-come altre Scuole-</b> completamente all'arabismo, ma mantenne sempre una sua caratteristica neutralità, originalità e indipendenza.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Un altro aspetto meritevole della Scuola fu quello di dare nuovo impulso a discipline che erano completamente dimenticate o che erano cadute nelle mani di praticoni o mestieranti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Per quanto riguarda l'anatomia, quasi completamente abbandonata dopo <b><span style="color: #990000;">Galeno</span></b>, si ricomin ciò con le dissezioni anatomiche, anche se non ancora sul cadavere umano. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anche la chirurgia venne nuovamente valorizzata e nobilizzata, con la rivisitazione dei testi sin'allora pubblicati, la compilazione di nuovi trattati e l'insegnamento nelle aule scolastiche.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I <b>medici salernitani</b> si occuparono a fondo anche dell'esame dell'<b style="background-color: lime;">urina</b> <i>(uroscopia),</i> che di venne così un utile strumento di indagine diagnostica; è di questo periodo i<span style="background-color: white;">l </span><b><span style="background-color: cyan; color: magenta;">De urinis di Mauro</span></b>, rimasto sino al '500 un classico di questa disciplina.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.lacasadelcollezionista.it/data/vetrina/09/0001916_img0.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anche l'oculistica fece buoni progressi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ma il maggiore lo compì la terapia: non v'è chi, anche profano, non abbia almeno sentito par lare del <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d;">Regimen sanitatis salernitanum</span></b> <i>(detto anche Flos Medicinae Salerni),</i> che ha for se conferito il maggior lustro alla Scuola. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ne furono pubblicate circa 300 edizioni, molte delle quali con correzioni ed aggiunte. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Il testo ha carattere prevalentemente igienico-curativo, e detta norme per la conservazione della salute, distinte a seconda delle età e le stagioni dell'anno: <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">dietetica, salasso, bevande, condizioni ambientali, vestiario, rapporti sessuali</span>, ecc. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Migliaia di medici di varie generazioni hanno studiato a memoria quei versi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tra i medici di questo periodo ricordiamo:</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Rebecca Guarna</span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (... – ...) è stata un </span>medico<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>italiano<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> del </span>XIV secolo<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Operò nell'ambito della </span><b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola Medica Salernitana</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">e fu autrice di opere sulle </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">febbr</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">i</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, sulle </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">orine</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e sull'</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">embrione</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Viene spesso menzionata nel gruppo delle</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Mulieres Salernitanae</span></b></i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, ovvero tra quelle</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">medichesse</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">che resero celebre la</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola Medica Salernitana</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Scrisse</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ulle</span> <span style="background-color: yellow;">febbri</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">e</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> s</span>ull'</span><span style="background-color: lime;">embrione</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">.</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;">Abella di Castellomata</span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> detta </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;">Abella Salernitana</span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (</span>Salerno<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, ... – ...) è stata un </span>medico<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>italiano<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> attivo nel </span>XIV secolo<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, che insegnò nella </span><b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola Medica Salernitana</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Abella</span></b> pubblicò due trattati:</span></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">De atrabile</i><span style="background-color: white;"> (Sulla bile nera),</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i style="background-color: #ffd966;">De natura seminis humani</i><span style="background-color: white;"> (Sulla natura del seme umano).</span></li>
</ul>
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Di queste opere si è perso traccia e il contenuto non è sopravvissuto fino ai nostri giorni.<br />
<b style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><span style="color: blue;">Abella</span></b><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> figurava tra le donne medico appartenenti al gruppo delle</span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Mulieres Salernitanae</span></b></i><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></div>
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<img src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Medioe~4.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nei secoli XII e XIII il termine <b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Universitas</b> equivaleva a corporazione o arte: un aggregato di persone legate dalla stessa condizione professionale e dagli stessi interessi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Il termine sopravvisse solo per la consorteria studentesca, e sta ad indicare la riunione di stu denti che eleggevano tra loro i Priori e il Rettore. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nel senso moderno, la parola <b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Università</b> sarebbe stata impiegata per la prima volta a <b style="background-color: cyan;">Peru gia</b> soltanto nel <b>1316</b>, come <b><span style="color: blue;">Universitas Studii</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Le prime <b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Università</b> sorsero per lo più in sordina, senza alcuna ufficialità, spesso come tras formazione di vecchie scuole di maestri privati, i quali, per assicurare alla città ospite conti nuità di insegnamento, richiedevano alti compensi e particolari privilegi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Avevano spesso sedi quantomai modeste, come ad esempio a <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Parigi</b>, dove l'<b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Università</b> fu dapprima ospitata in una serie di case malfamate, e poi nel <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Vico degli Strami</span></b>, dove <b><span style="color: magenta;">Dante Alighieri</span></b> riferisce di aver visto gli studenti seduti su covoni di paglia e il maestro far lezione da quello più alto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ancora nel <b>1376</b> a <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Parigi</b> era consigliato agli studenti di sedere non sugli scanni, ma in terra a che non avessero <b style="background-color: yellow;">"ragione di insuperbire"</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In molte <b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Università</b>, specie non italiane, le lezioni si tenevano a casa dei professori, ai quali gli studenti pagavano una tassa oltre che per l'insegnamento anche per gli scanni che occu pavano; in taluni casi gli studenti rimanevano a pensione dai professori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Da questa usanza nacquero <span style="background-color: lime;">-ampliandosi-</span> i collegi, specie in Inghilterra, in cui v'erano veri e propri ostelli per gli studenti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A <b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #674ea7;">Bologna</span></b>, invece, gli studenti abitavano negli ospizi, specie di locande per mangiare e dor mire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ben presto le <b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Università</b> si moltiplicarono, come indicano qui di seguito le date di inizio e le varie sedi: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Francia</span></b> <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Spagna</span></b> <b><span style="color: magenta;">Italia</span></b> <b>Inghilterra</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">738 Montpellier 980 Cordova 1110 Bologna 1167 Oxford 1347 Praga</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1110 Parigi 1209 Valencia 1213 Salerno 1229 Cambridge</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1145 Reims 1243 Salamanca 1214 Vicenza</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1231 Orleans 1250 Valladolid 1222 Padova</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1233 Tolosa 1254 Siviglia 1225 Napoli</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1241 Siena</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1248 Piacenza</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1226 Perugia</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1320 Firenze</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1338 Pisa</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1361 Pavia</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Tra i numerosi esponenti di queste <b style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: black;">Università</b> ci limitiamo a citare -per ragioni di spazio- <b><span style="color: purple;">Pietro d'Abano</span></b>, medico del '200 dell'<b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Università di Pavia</b>, rimasto celebre per il suo libro <b>Conciliator</b>, nel quale cerca di conciliare la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina araba</span></b> con quella <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greca</span></b>, tentando di raggiungere una specie di compromesso tra i punti di contrasto anche a rischio di far preva lere il ragionamento sulle prove concrete.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;">Trattato di chirurgia di Charaf ed-Din, 1465</span> </span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Per quanto riguarda il numero degli studenti che nel <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Medioevo</span></b> frequentavano queste <b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Uni versità</b>, alla fine del <b>XII</b> secolo <b style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Bologna</span></b> aveva circa 10.000 studenti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">A <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #a64d79;">Oxford</span></b> ve n'erano tra i 30.000 e i 60.000, a <b style="background-color: cyan;">Parigi</b> e a <b><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #674ea7;">Bologna</span></b> non oltre 6000-7000, a <b><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #990000;">Cambridge</span></b> un massimo di 3.000. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="background-color: lime; color: purple;">Vercelli</span></b> avrebbe ospitato anche fino a tremila studenti, transfughi dall'<b style="background-color: #f1c232;">Università di Pado va</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>* * *</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Una figura che domina in quest'epoca, e che continuerà a primeggiare anche nei secoli suc cessivi, è quella del barbiere-chirurgo. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Una figura che nasce in pratica intorno all'anno 1000, quando nei monasteri v'era anche bi sogno di qualcuno <i>(generalmente il barbiere)</i> in grado di depilare le parti da operare, e, alla bisogna, di mettere un clistere o applicare sanguisughe, tutte pratiche profondamente disde gnate dai medici. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Con l'andar del tempo, questi aiutanti acquisirono una tale specializzazione anche in altre pratiche più complesse come il taglio della vena <i>(flebotomia)</i> per il salasso e l'estrazione di denti o corpi estranei, da divenire in breve tempo gli esecutori esclusivi.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #888888; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: #888888; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;">Medicina - Chirurgia - 1779 - Operazione Chirurgica - Oftalmologia - Cataratta</span><br />
<img src="http://www.french-engravings.com/images/artworks/ART-16802/HQ.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Si ebbero in tal modo veri specialisti nell'<span style="background-color: lime;">asportazione dei calcoli</span>, nel trattamento delle <span style="background-color: yellow;">frattu re</span> e delle <span style="background-color: orange;">lussazioni</span>, nella riduzione delle <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">ernie</span> e nell'<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">ostetricia</span>, alcuni dei quali anche capaci di effettuare <span style="background-color: cyan;">interventi chirurgici</span> di una certa portata.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Era quindi inevitabile che i barbieri-chirurghi assumessero via via sempre maggiore dignità e considerazione sociale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">A <b style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: black;">Parigi</b> fondarono nel <b style="color: black;">1210</b> il <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Collegio di S. Cosma</span></b>, i cui membri indossavano una veste lunga o corta a seconda che fossero o meno autorizzati ad operare, in base alla loro prepa razione pratica e teorica.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">I <b>medici parigini</b> strinsero un patto di non aggressione con i barbieri-chirurghi che porta-vano la veste corta, sostenendoli nella loro contestazione verso quelli dalla veste lunga, che accusavano di monopolio della chirurgia.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">In segreto, i medici cominciarono a tenere lezioni di <span style="background-color: magenta;">anatomia</span> e di <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">tecnica dissettoria</span> a quelli dalla veste corta, i quali accettarono come contropartita di sottomettersi a loro e di sostenerli in qualsiasi rivendicazione. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Non passò così molto tempo che questi barbieri-chirurghi divennero molto più bravi e nume- rosi di quelli dalla veste lunga, e formarono una corporazione molto unita e compatta. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Nel <b>1499</b> riuscirono finalmente ad ottenere cadaveri tutti per sé per le loro dimostrazioni ana tomiche. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Ma questo eccessivo atto di indipendenza non fece che indispettire i medici, che ne recisero l'antico patto di collaborazione.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">La lotta tra chirurghi e medici si fece sempre più aspra, continuando sino al <b>1600</b>, quando i primi riconobbero ufficialmente la superiorità dei secondi. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">I barbieri-chirurghi cominciarono allora a perdere di valore e di prestigio.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Uno di essi, <b><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: blue;">C. F. Felix</span></b>, divenne oggetto di alta considerazione per aver felicemente operato re <b><span style="color: magenta;">Luigi XIV</span></b>, il <span style="background-color: yellow;">Re Sole</span>, di una fastidiosissima <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">fistola anale</span>, ideando per l'occasione un bistu ri tutto speciale <i style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(Bistouri à la Royale)</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">In <b style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: black;">Inghilterra</b> i chirurghi si organizzarono in corporazione nel <b style="color: black;">1368</b>; si unirono ai medici nel <b style="color: black;">1421</b>, ed ebbero il riconoscimento ufficiale di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Edoardo IV</span></b> nel <b>1462</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Nel <b>1540</b> la <span style="background-color: #bf9000;"><b>Corporazione dei Chirurghi</b></span> si fuse con la <b style="background-color: #e69138;">Compagnia dei barbieri</b>, costi-tuendo la <b style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">United Barber-Surgeons Company</b>, che sarebbe durata sino al <b>1745</b>, quando le due categorie si scissero nuovamente: e mentre i chirurghi, ormai educati nelle <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Università</b>, acquisirono dignità professionale e sociale sempre maggiore, i barbieri persero gradualmen te ogni prerogativa <span style="background-color: #f1c232;"><b>"medica"</b></span>, e a molti di essi non rimase che fare i cavadenti girando per le fiere. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Del ruolo <b style="background-color: lime;">"medico"</b> da loro svolto nei secoli non resta oggi che un'insegna rossa e blu fuori dal negozio dei barbieri, a significare il colore del sangue arterioso e venoso che sgorgava dagli abbondanti salassi che essi sapevano praticare con indubbia perizia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: magenta; color: yellow; font-size: large;"><b>Nel TERZO PERIODO</b></span> la <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Scuola Salernitan</b><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>a</b></span> perde via via di prestigio e di im portanza, causa anche il fiorire un po' dovunque delle prime Università. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pian piano di essa non resterà che l'antica fama, poi solo il ricordo. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sinché nel 1811 un editto di <b>Napoleone Bonaparte</b> non l'abolisce del tutto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Essa ha comunque rappresentato il primo esempio di una <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">scuola laica</span> nella quale era possi bile studiare <b><span style="color: red;">medicina</span></b> indipendentemente dalla religione e dal Paese di origine. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fu a <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Salerno</b> che convennero arabi ed ebrei, che fu probabilmente introdotto per la prima volta il termine di <b style="background-color: lime;">magister</b> e istituita una cerimonia ufficiale per la <b style="background-color: cyan;">"laurea"</b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fu a <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Salerno</b> che si concentrò l'attività degli studiosi che interpretavano gli antichi testi; e fu infine a <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Salerno</b> che venne codificato l'insegnamento clinico dal quale doveva poi nascere la nuova <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #660000;">Medicina del Rinascimento</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 64.44444274902344px;"> </span><a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" height="200" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 07 luglio 2013 alle ore 14,20 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-2261631273507637232013-06-22T18:45:00.000+02:002013-06-22T18:45:19.574+02:00(Scheda 256 - 17) STORIA della MEDICINA ARABA.<br />
<h2 class="storytitle" id="post-257" style="margin: 15px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA ARABA</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">percorso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">gli </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">storici,</span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Visita medica</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Raffigurazione di una Tavola Anatomica Araba</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">LA MEDICINA ARABA</span></div>
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"> (dal 600 d.C.)</span> <br />
<a href="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Araba1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" height="519" src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Araba1.jpg" width="408" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">primo medico arabo</span></b> del quale abbiamo qualche notizia è stato <b><span style="color: red;">al-Harith ibn Kalada al-Thakesi</span></b>, nato vicino alla <b style="background-color: orange;">Mecca</b> nel <b>670 d.C.</b> e che aveva studiato medicina a <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Jundishapur</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo aver esercitato la professione per molti anni in <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Persia</span> ove tra i suoi pazienti poté anno-verare il grande re persiano <b><span style="color: blue;">Cosroe II</span></b>, ritornò nell'<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Arabia natale</span>, dove divenne medico e am<u>i</u> co del <span style="background-color: yellow;">profeta</span> <b><span style="color: purple;">Maometto</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dalla sua culla in <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Arabia</span>, l'I<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">slam</span> si diffuse verso l'<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Oriente</span> e ciò determinò un cambiamento ne<u>l</u> la posizione del Califfato, cioè la sede del potere.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">Moneta d'oro di Cosroe II </span><span style="line-height: 15.828125px;">Cosroe II mentre viene ucciso da </span>Eraclio I<span style="line-height: 15.828125px;">, in una placca francese del </span>XII secolo</span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gold_coin_with_the_image_of_Khosrau_II.jpg/220px-Gold_coin_with_the_image_of_Khosrau_II.jpg" /> <img height="280" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg/220px-Cherub_plaque_Louvre_MRR245_n2.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">L'</span>arcangelo Gabriele<span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> porta la Rivelazione di Dio a Maometto, ancora una volta velato (antica miniatura)</span></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Miniatura Maometto.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/7/76/Miniatura_Maometto.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un evento storico di grande portata come l'occupazione semi millenaria della <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Spagna</span> da par- te degli <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Arabi</span> ebbe un fall-out positivo non indifferente non solo sul progresso di tutta la me- dicina ma anche sulla conservazione di quella occidentale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In realtà, se <b><span style="color: #0b5394;">"i Mori"</span></b> imposero le proprie leggi nei Paesi che, a partire dal <b>VIII secolo</b>, sotto- posero al dominio, nondimeno sentirono il bisogno di appropriarsi della loro cultura scientifica e filosofica, fondando o potenziando Scuole di altissimo livello come quelle di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Bagdad</span>, di <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Sa-marcanda</span> e di <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Damasco</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Almeno nei primi tempi, i testi per l'insegnamento della medicina furono rappresentati quasi esclusivamente dalle traduzioni dal <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">greco</span>, in lingua <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">siriaca</span> e <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">araba</span>, specialmente dei testi di <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> e <b><span style="color: magenta;">Galeno</span></b>. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Ippocrate</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-11.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: red;">Galeno</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/galeno3.jpg?w=470" width="497" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche in <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Spagna</span>, a <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Siviglia</span>, <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Toledo</span> e <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Murcia</span> vennero fondate nuove Scuole; <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Cordova</span> si arric-chì di una biblioteca di 300.000 volumi, e divenne il centro del sapere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina araba</span></b> la si può suddividere in<span style="background-color: lime;"> tre grandi periodi</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>1)</b> - <span style="background-color: white;">Il </span><span style="background-color: orange;">primo periodo</span>, compreso tra il <b>750</b> e il <b>900</b>, può definirsi <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">"di preparazione"</span>: la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medi-cina tradizionale araba</span></b> si amalgama gradualmente con quella <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">greco-latina</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">2)</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-Nel <span style="background-color: cyan;">secondo periodo</span>, compreso tra il <b>900</b> e il <b>1100</b>, molti studiosi si distaccano dai loro Maestri per assumere una personalità sempre più spiccata e indipendente, tutta protesa ve<u>r</u> so nuove ricerche ed acquisizioni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' il periodo di massimo splendore; vi emergono figure come <b><span style="color: blue;">Razi</span></b>, <b><span style="color: magenta;">Avicenna</span></b>, <b><span style="color: red;">Albucasis</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small;">noto anche come Rhazes),</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small;"> - Nato a </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Ray, Persia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small;"> c. 865 d.C. - morto 27 ott.</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small;">925 d.C. a Ray, Persia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Famoso medico persiano, filosofo e alchimista Al Razi, fu l'autore di Al-Hawi , il compendio più completo delle cono-scenze mediche nella sua epoca.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.nndb.com/people/594/000114252/al-razi-1.jpg" width="498" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-size: x-small;">Avicenna, <i>alias</i> Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, era un erudito persiano, medico, filosofo e scienziato che ha scritto quasi 450 trattati su una vasta gamma di argomenti, di cui circa 240 sono sopravvissuti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-size: x-small;">Molti dei suoi woorks concentrata sulla filosofia e medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-size: x-small;">E 'considerato da molti come "il padre della medicina moderna". </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-size: x-small;">In particolare, 150 dei suoi trattati superstiti concentrarsi sulla filosofia e 40 di loro si concentrano sulla medicina.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.crystalinks.com/avicenna2.jpg" width="488" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi <i>(conosciuto come Albucasis)</i> è nato vicino a Cordoba (936-1013), in Spa-gna, quando era parte dell'impero islamico. Era un, medico chirurgo e chimico.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli è ricordato soprattutto per la sua enciclopedia della medicina, la Al-Tasrif li man AJAZ un-il-talif <i>(un aiuto per coloro che non hanno la capacità di leggere Grandi libri ),</i> nota come al-Tasrif.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/hommedia.ashx?id=11042&size=Small" width="435" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">3)</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-Infine, il <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">terzo periodo</span>, compreso tra il <b>XII</b> e il <b>XVII secolo</b>, può essere definito <b><span style="color: blue;">"della d<u>e</u> cadenza"</span></b>, contemporanea a quella del <span style="background-color: yellow;">Califfato</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In esso emersero tuttavia ugualmente figure di primissimo piano, del calibro di <b><span style="color: #990000;">Avenzoar</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Averroè</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Maimonide</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">AVENZOAR (Ibn Zuhr). - Famoso medico arabo musulmano di Spagna, nato a Siviglia fra il 484 ed il 487 èg. (1091-1094 d. C.) <i>e c</i></span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>ome confermato da George Sarton, non era un Ebreo, ma un musulmano ortodosso</i></span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>,</i> vissuto ora in Spagna ed ora nel Marocco e colmato di onori dalla dinastia degli Almohadi (v.); morì a Siviglia nel 557 èg., 1162 d. C. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Scrisse parecchie opere mediche, fra le quali le più notevoli sono l'at-Taisīr fī 'l-mudāwāh wa 't-tadbīr "La facilitazione nel-la cura <i>(delle malattie)</i> e nel regime", composta a domanda del suo illustre amico il filosofo Averroè (v.), e l'al-Iqtiṣād fī işlāḥ al-anfus wa 'l-aǵsād "Il giusto mezzo nel migliorare le anime ed i corpi", scritto per ordine d'un principe almohade. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il Colin così riassume i suoi meriti: "Nella teoria medica egli accoglie la dottrina degli umori come Galeno e, per quanto con-cerne l'applicazione, pone come principio che l'esperienza è la vera guida e la base migliore della pratica medica; ha non sol- tanto vedute originali sui fatti già noti, ma anche vere novità, quali la descrizione dei tumori del mediastino e dell'ascesso del pericardio, non menzionati prima di lui. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu il primo degli Arabi ad ammettere la tracheotomia; conosce l'alimentazione artificiale tanto per la via dell'esofago quanto per via rettale e ne spiega abbastanza bene il meccanismo".</span></div>
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<img alt="Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr - Marwan Abu Abd al-Malik Ibn Zuhr è nato a Siviglia nel 1091 / c. 1094 CE Dopo aver completato la sua formazione e la specializzazione in medicina." height="640" src="http://www.webgaza.net/images/scientists-scholars/Zuhr.jpg" width="466" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Averroè, il cui nome arabo era Abū l-Walīd Muhammad ibn Ahmad Muhammad ibn Rushd, diventato nel Medioevo Aven Roshd e infine Averroes (Cordova, 1126 – Marrakesh, 10 dicembre 1198), fu un filosofo, medico, matematico e giurispe- rito arabo.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Averroes_closeup.jpg/200px-Averroes_closeup.jpg" width="356" /></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BAE09705.jpg/200px-BAE09705.jpg" width="280" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Moshe ben Maimon, detto anche Rambam <i>(dall'abbreviazione del suo titolo e nome in ebraico),</i> più noto in Italia come Mosè Maimonide, <i>(Cordova, 1138 – Il Cairo, 13 dicembre 1204),</i> è stato un filosofo, rabbino e medico spagnolo.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://gesustorico.altervista.org/immagini/Maimonides-2.jpg" width="460" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <span style="background-color: orange;">medici arabi</span> o assimilati cominciarono anche a scrivere in arabo: ma si trattò all'inizio, in ge-nere, di compendi o rifacimenti di scritti antichi, come fece ad esempio <b><span style="color: blue;">Mesuè il Vecchio</span></b>, me-glio noto -per la sua città di origine- come <b><span style="color: purple;">Giovanni Damasceno</span></b>, il quale scrisse di dietetica e di ginecologia e commentò numerosi testi di <b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Serapione</b></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span class="" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000;"><b> il Vecchio</b></span> e/o </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Serapione il Giovane</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> <i>(</i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><i>Yuhanna Ibn Sarabiyun) </i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scrisse invece num<u>e</u> rosi Aforismi, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Isacco Ebreo</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> testi di igiene, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Ali-ibn el Abbas</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> un pregevole libro di anatomia, e </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Mesuè il Giovane</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> un trattato di farmacologia.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Yuhanna ibn Masawayh<i> (arabo: يوحنا بن ماسويه, Yuḥannā b. Māsawayh),</i> altrimenti scritto Ibn Masawayh, Masawaiyh, e in lingua latina <i>Mesue, Masuya, Mesue Major, Msuya e Mesuè il Vecchio, </i>fu un <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medico">medico</a> assiro dell'Accademia di Jun-dishapur.</span></div>
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<img alt="File:Hunayn ibn-Ishaq al-'Ibadi Isagoge.jpg" height="566" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Hunayn_ibn-Ishaq_al-%27Ibadi_Isagoge.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">San Giovanni Damasceno<i> (arabo: يوحنا ابن ﺳﺮﺟﻮﻥ , Yuḥannā ibn Sarjūn; latino Iohannes Damascenus; Damasco, 676 circa – Laura di San Saba, 749 circa)</i> è stato un presbitero eteologo siriano.</span></div>
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<img alt="San Giovanni Damasceno" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/SanGiovanniDamasceno.jpg" width="473" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Serapione il Vecchio citato da Aldrovandi nel II volume di Ornitologia (1600), dovrebbe essere il medico siriano vissuto nel IX-X secolo, il cui nome era Yuhanna Ibn Sarabiyun also said. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Serapione il Vecchio i cui Scritti Furono Tradotti da Gherardo da Cremona con il titolo di <i>Breviarium medicinae.</i></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red;"> Practica Joannis Serapionis aliter brevarium nuncupata - 1525</span></b></div>
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<img src="http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/s/Serapione%20Brevarium%20medicinae%201525.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ead1dc; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell'XI-XII Secolo visse invece Serapione il Giovane - anch'egli Yuhanna Ibn Sarabiyun - i cui scritti furono tradotti da Simone da Genova (morto Nel 1303) con il titolo di <i>De simplici medicina</i> o <i>Liber Serapionis</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b><span class=""> De simplici medicina o Liber Serapionis di Serapione il Giovane - 1473 </span></b></span><b style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span class="">tradotto da Simone da Genova. </span><br /><span class=""><i> La gallina e il gallo</i> in latino qui suonano <i>Galina et Galus</i>.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/s/Serapione%20il%20Giovane%20Liber%20aggregatus%201473%20galina%20et%20%20galus.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Parliamo anche di Serapione di Alessandria, u</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">n attimo e uscendo dal seminato; ma per completezza Onomastica e profes- sionale, citiamo also Serapione di Alessandria, medico greco vissuto nella prima metà del sec. II a.C. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Ricordato, con Filino di Coo, tra gli iniziatori della scuola empirica, sostenne la necessità del ricorso all'osservazione diretta del malato e dei suoi sintomi negando qualsiasi validità alle teorie scientifiche. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Ha lasciato vari scritti di argomenti di diagnosi e terapia.</span></div>
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<b style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;"><span class="">Dictionnaire historique </span><br /><span class="">de la médecine ancienne et moderne </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><span class="">par Nicolas François Joseph Eloy </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="">Mons - 1778</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Il medico di Papa Onorio IV era Taddeo Alderotti (Firenze 1215 o 1223 - Bologna 1295), che era famoso come insegnante di medicina e uno scrittore su argomenti medici circa questo tempo. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Alderotti rappresenta ciò che è meglio in medicina nel corso di questo secolo. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Successore di Alderotti come medico presso la corte papale era appena, se del caso, meno distinto.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;"> Questo è stato Simon Januensis, Simon di Genova (m. 1303), medico curante di papa Niccolò IV (1288-1292). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Simon ha fatto molto per rendere l'uso di oppio più scientifico di quanto non fosse e lavorato le regole per la sua ammi-nistrazione. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Simon è più noto nella storia della medicina per quello che fu probabilmente il primo dizionario importante della medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Questa era la sua <i>Synonyma medicinae</i> o <i>Clavis sanationis,</i> "La chiave della salute". </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Steinschneider dichiara che si tratta di una delle opere più importanti nel campo della synonymics. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red; font-size: x-small;">(La Chiesa cattolica e la guarigione da James J. Walsh, 1928 - Parte 3 capitolo VIII I medici Papali).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; color: red;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Prima del 1542 i lavori principalmente utilizzati dai farmacisti erano i trattati di semplici da Avicenna e Serapione, </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">il </span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">De synonymis</i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"> e <i>Quid pro quo</i> di Simone Januensis, la <i>servitoris Liber di Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim</i>, che descriveva i prodotti a base di piante, animali e minerali, e era il tipo della parte chimica della farmacopea moderna, e la <i>Antidotarium</i> di Nicolaus de Salerno, contenenti composti galeniche disposti in ordine alfabetico. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">Di questo, ultimo lavoro c'erano due edizioni in uso - <i>Nicolaus magnus</i> e <i>Nicolaus Parvus</i>: in seguito alcuni dei composti descritti nella grande edizione sono stati omessi e formule di cui su una scala più piccola. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #6fa8dc;">Simonis Januensis Opusculum, CUI nomen clavis sanationis simplicia medicinalia latina greca [et] arabica Ordine alpha-betico mirifice elucidans recognitum ac Mendis purgatum ecc - Venetiis, 1514.</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Isacco il Patriarca (יִצְחָק, "figlio del riso"; Bersabea - Mamre) è un personaggio della Bibbia, uno dei grandi patriarchi; è il figlio di Abramo e Sara. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua vita è narrata in Genesi 15-35. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell'Islam è chiamato Ishāq, e la sua vita è narrata nel Corano. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il suo nome <i>("figlio del riso"),</i> proviene dalla reazione di sua madre Sara all'udire la profezia della sua nascita: ella era assai anziana. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">È venerato come santo da tutte le chiese cristiane, dalla religione ebraica e dalla religione islamica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Andrea Mantegna<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">, </span><i style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">Sacrificio di Isacco</i><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">, dettaglio del </span>Trittico degli Uffizi<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> (1460 circa)</span></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Andrea Mantegna 010.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Andrea_Mantegna_010.jpg/486px-Andrea_Mantegna_010.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">'Alī ibn ʿAbbās al-Majūsī arabo: علي بن العباس المجوسي, noto in Occidente come Haly Abbas, (... – tra il 982 e il 994) è stato un medico, psicologo e scrittore persiano zorastriano, grandemente apprezzato come autore del Kitab al-Maliki ossia "Libro Regio" <i>(il cui reale titolo era Kitāb kāmil al-sināʿa al-ṭibbiyya, ossia "Il libro completo dell'arte medica")</i>, capola-voro della medicina islamica e antesignano degli studi relativi alla psicologia umana.</span></span></div>
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<img height="544" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpuS3s_HxHrVPvl6qcM-rsUSDvUok1GUEAhuNQ0tN3Qw0iKQ_NggvgE5d9c4-zbk8wRBJsJnIqrO00j6Ssavt88yjAuVOks5nsytTQTmgTLMMLzxdIy8g33uaBFDWK8qu6Ov0G1ajkH4w/s640/al-Abbas+%2528Abu+Fadl+Abbas%2529+4.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Libro reggio</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Mesuè il Giovane</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Pseudo Mesuè</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Si è fatta parecchia confusione tra due Mesuè:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">a) -</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Mesuè il Vecchio, il vero Mesuè, detto anche Giovanni da Damasco, Yuhanna ibn Masawaih, medico arabo-siro (777-857) di origine cristiana poi convertito all’islamismo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">b) -</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Mesuè il Giovane, medico cristiano giacobita morto al Cairo nel 1015. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">I giacobiti erano gli appartenenti alla Chiesa monofisita di Siria, costituita nel sec. VI da Jacob Baradeo, vescovo di Edessa.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Si diffusero in diverse regioni dell'Oriente: nel 1442 si unirono alla Chiesa romana i giacobiti di Egitto e di Etiopia e nel 1444 quelli di Mesopotamia, mentre attualmente ne sopravvive un modesto numero in Siria e in Turchia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Come si può agevolmente dedurre, gironzolando un po' nella Storia, <i>Mesuè il Giovane altri non era che un medico italiano che aveva assunto il nome Mesuè, ma senza farlo sapere e generando così grande confusione, u</i></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">n medico che aveva as-sunto uno pseudonimo, non di propria volontà, e di cui tutti erano a conoscenza; f</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">u Brasavola Antonio</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"> (Ferrara 1500-1555): che venne denominato Musa Antonio, <i>da non confondere con l’omonimo Musa Antonio, illustre medico romano che guarì Augusto,</i></span><i><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"> da una grave malattia reumatica ricevendone in compenso ricchezze e onori, e del cui cognome il nostro Brasavola fu paludato da Francesco I di Francia,</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"> in quanto la sua opera di medico fu richiesta oltre che da lui, anche da Carlo V, da Enrico VIII d’Inghilterra e da tre Papi.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">Insomma, Mesuè </span><i>l'italiano</i><span style="color: red;"> era un gran furbacchione. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red;">Ecco due note esplicative personali a proposito del suo Antidotarium.</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> <span style="background-color: lime; color: red;">Mesuè il Giovane</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma ci furono anche coloro che tradussero in <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">lingua araba</span></b> i testi più famosi della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina classica</span></b>, sottraendoli in tal modo alla sicura distruzione e tramandandoli alle nuove genera-zioni. Certo, non sempre queste traduzioni furono fedelissime, anzi spesso falsarono e stra-volsero i significati originari: ma nella loro sostanza quei testi hanno potuto sopravvivere, sotto questa veste, alle vicende, spesso oscure, dei <span style="background-color: yellow;">secoli bui del Medioevo</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A partire dal <b>XII secolo</b> si verificò poi un fenomeno inverso: alcuni testi già tradotti in arabo furono tradotti in latino o in lingue romanze; e nello stesso modo furono tradotti alcuni testi scritti originalmente in arabo, che per la difficoltà della lingua erano sin'allora rimasti scono-sciuti e incomprensibili ai medici occidentali.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Verso la <b>metà del 1100</b> l'Arcivescovo di Toledo istituì addirittura una Scuola di traduttori per la versione di testi scientifici dall'arabo in altre lingue. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche in questo caso, però, essendo difficile trovare chi conoscesse bene sia l'arabo che il latino, molte di queste traduzioni furono affidate a mercanti ebrei catalani che per i loro com- merci conoscevano abbastanza bene anche l'arabo; dalla loro voce, i traduttori veri e propri stendevano poi il testo in latino corretto. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma tutto ciò comportò, naturalmente, errori di traduzione talvolta clamorosi, che sono giunti sino a noi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Uno dei traduttori più noti specializzati in opere mediche fu <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Gherardo da Cremona</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Gerardo da Cremona (Cremona, 1114 – Toledo, 1187) fu un famoso traduttore in latino di lavori scientifici.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">È conosciuto anche come Gherardo da Cremona e con il nome latino di Gerardus Cremonensis.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Gerardo da Cremona v</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">erso il 1187 iniziò a circolare Aristotele, grazie alla singolare figura di Gerardo da Cremona, che ave-va imparato l'arabo a Toledo per poter tradurre trattati là presenti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">I testi latini e greci, filtrati dal mondo arabo, contenevano anche cognizioni provenienti da Persia, India e perfino <i>(in manie-ra mediata)</i> Cina, soprattutto riguardo alla medicina, all'astronomia ed alla matematica. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Gerardo da Cremona <i>(Cremona, 1114-Toledo, 1187)</i> è stato un famoso traduttore italiano di lavori scientifici. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Viene chiamato anche Gherardo da Cremona e con il nome latino di Gerardus Cremonensis. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra le altre opere tradusse di Abu Nasr Muhammad Farabi, persiano <i>(Wasij, 874–Damasco, 950), </i>De scientiis<i> (Sulla scie<u>n</u> za),</i> discute la classificazione e i principi fondamentali delle scienze.</span></div>
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<img height="378" src="http://www.scricciolo.com/nuovo_neornithes/Gerardo.picc.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Del suo lungo e difficilissimo nome <i><span style="background-color: lime;">(Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakarrya al-Razi)</span> </i>è rimasta solo l'ultima parte, <b><span style="color: red;">Razi</span></b>, che vuol dire <span style="background-color: cyan;">"natìo di Raj"</span>, una cittadina vicino a <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Teheran</span>.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zakariya_Razi_001.JPG/220px-Zakariya_Razi_001.JPG" width="461" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Razi</span></b>, che visse tra l'<b>850</b> e il <b>903</b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(?923)</span>, è una delle figure più eminenti e più note della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina cosidetta araba</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(più proprio sarebbe dire "di lingua araba")</span>, anche se fu come pe<u>r</u> siano -e non come arabo- che scrisse in questa lingua. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se fino a quarant'anni si occupò soltanto di musica, di fisica e di alchimia, dopo quell'età si m<u>i</u> se a studiare medicina; e ben presto divenne così famoso da essere chiamato a dirigere l'os-pedale di <span style="background-color: orange;">Raj</span> prima, e di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Bagdad</span> dopo: si racconta che, per scegliere la sede più salubre do-ve costruire questo ospedale appese vari pezzi di carne in vari punti della città, e scelse il luogo dove dopo vari giorni di esposizione la carne si era meno putrefatta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mostrando sempre grande originalità e intraprendenza, <b><span style="color: red;">Razi</span></b> scrisse non meno di 237 opere, delle quali circa la metà di medicina. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il suo libro più noto è il <b><span style="color: blue;">Liber medicinalis Almansoris</span></b>, contenente dieci capitoli sulle cose più importanti della medicina: di essi sono particolarmente degni di nota il settimo che tratta del-la chirurgia generale, e il nono sulla cura delle malattie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A lui si deve la distinzione tra il vaiolo e la varicella.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Razi</span></b> può essere considerato un <b><span style="color: magenta;">ippocratico</span></b> nel senso pieno del termine, libero tuttavia da pregiudizi. Si oppose energicamente a coloro che davano la massima importanza all'esame dell'urina, in base al quale pretendevano di fare qualsiasi diagnosi senza nemmeno vedere il malato.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nonostante i lauti guadagni assicuratigli dalla brillante professione, <b><span style="color: red;">Razi</span></b> non amava le ric-chezze e aborriva la povertà: distribuì praticamente ogni suo avere ai poveri, e morì lui stes- so completamente in miseria dopo aver trascorso cieco gli ultimi due anni della sua vita.</span></div>
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<img src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Araba2.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli stessi contemporanei lo chiamavano il <b><span style="color: purple;">"Principe dei medici"</span></b>, e pronunciavano per intero il suo lungo nome di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdallah ibn Sina</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I medioevali preferirono chiamarlo più brevemente <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Avicenna</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Avicenna (in Latino), "Ibn Sina (in Arabo), Abu Ali Sina (in Persiano), muore. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">[alias Abu Ali al-usayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina o Pur-Sina] nato a Afshana, presso Buhara (Balkh) nel 980, morto a Hama-dan nel 1037, è stato un medico, filosofo, matematico e fisico persiano. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Autore del “Abbreviatio de animalibus” un omaggio ad Aristotele. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Scrisse circa 450 libri su una grande varietà di soggetti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Molti di questi libri trattano di temi filosofici e medici. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">È considerato da molti come "il padre della medicina moderna".</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: cyan;">Ibn-Sina (Avicenna)</span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Bukari-Ibn%20Sina.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> <span style="background-color: lime;"> Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) </span></span><span style="background-color: lime; text-align: -webkit-center;">Art raffigurante Ibn Sina ottenere saggezza la musa di Medicina</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Ibn%20Sina%20and%20the%20Muse.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Ibn%20Sina%20Cover.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Ibn%20Sina%20treating%20Zubida.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Ibn%20Sina%20Stamp.jpg" /></div>
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<b style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" colspan="2" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" width="480"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Garamond; font-size: small;">Ibn Sina di celebri pagine anteriori Canon del codice miniato.</span></td></tr>
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<img height="486" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Ibn%20Sina-Canon.jpg" width="640" /></div>
<b style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" colspan="2" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" width="480"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Ibn Sina presentato su un francobollo dalla Libia.</span></td></tr>
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<img height="320" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/aviceena-libya.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<b style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" colspan="2" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: justify;" valign="bottom" width="480"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Canon Ibn Sina di pagina traduzione latina della medicina copertina che fu stampata a Venezia nel 1544.</span></td></tr>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Latin%20Canon.jpg" width="367" /></div>
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<b style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" colspan="2" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: justify;" valign="bottom" width="480"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">La filosofia di Ibn Sina (Kitab al-Najat-Book of Safety) in latino (una traduzione), copertina che è stato stampato a Roma nel 1594.</span></td></tr>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Latin%20Trans-front%20piece.jpg" width="381" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #c9d7f1;">Il busto di Ibn Sina presso la Biblioteca Nazionale di Egitto.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Garamond; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Ibn Sina su </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Garamond; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">un francobollo da Dubai degli Emirati Arabi Uniti.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/ibn-sina-egypt-national-library.bmp" /> <img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna-stamp-dubi.bmp" /><b style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" colspan="2" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" width="480"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Ibn Sina è una delle tre figure importanti della Medicina.</span></td></tr>
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<img height="521" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/School%20of%20Medicine.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Ibn Sina è una delle tre figure importanti della Medicina. </span></span> <img height="640" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Three%20fathers%20of%20Medicine.jpg" width="483" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Ibn Sina </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">p</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;">resentato su un francobollo dal Pakistan.</span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/sina-pakistan.bmp" /></div>
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<b style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" colspan="2" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;" valign="bottom" width="480"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Ibn Sina presentato su un francobollo dalla Polonia, dal famoso incisore, Slania.</span></td></tr>
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</b><span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Ibn Sina</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="background-color: lime;"> presentato su di un francobollo della Polonia, dal famoso incisore. SLANIA.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Busto di Ibn Sina dall'Azerbaigian.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Pl_5217.jpg" /> <img height="200" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/aviscenni-azeri.jpg" width="150" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Ibn Sina</span><span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> su di un francobollo da Deutsche Demokratische Republick <i>(Repubblica democratica tedesca, la Germania Est, 1952). </i></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Hans Danke!</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicen-stamp-germany.jpg" /></div>
<b style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" colspan="2" style="width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" width="480"><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il terzo libro di Canon Ibn Sina di Medicina.</span></td></tr>
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</b></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/pics/qanun.gif" width="390" /></div>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Un francobollo commemorativo Ibn Sina da URSS / Russia (?) Con Amore.</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="320" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/pics/isstmp2.gif" width="232" /> </div>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Un ritratto impressionante di Ibn Sina da Kari Ali intorno al 1331 AH. </span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna-01.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: orange;">Altro bel ritratto di Ibn Sina.</span> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Un francobollo</span></span></span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> di Ibn Sina.</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna.jpg" width="288" /> <img height="320" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna-stamp.jpg" width="224" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Tomba di Ibn Sina in Hamadan </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">che è in Iran.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicen-tomb.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">Altri ritratti di Ibn Sina.</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="320" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avic.gif" width="212" /> <img height="320" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicen.jpg" width="273" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Ibn Sina, storia di un medico ebreo: Manuel.</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avcen-hbr.jpg" width="420" /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Ancora due bei ritratti di Ibn Sina.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Ibin Sina, busto in bronzo.</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="200" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Avicenna_01.jpg" width="153" /> <img height="200" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Wallpaper-Ibn-Sina.jpg" width="143" /> <img height="183" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna1-statue.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Ibn Sina busto in bronzo Redux. </span></span></div>
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<img height="511" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Avicenna222.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">Ibn Sina </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; text-align: -webkit-center;">presentato su un francobollo da Republique Federale islamiques Des Comore (Isole Comore).</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna-stamp-commores.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #c9d7f1; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Un altro bel ritratto di Ibn Sina sul posto di lavoro. </span></span></div>
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<img height="479" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/Avicenna22.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #c9d7f1; color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">ritratti raffinata serie di Ibn Sina in bianco e nero.</span></div>
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<img height="200" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna-blkwht.gif" width="133" /> <img height="200" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicennaxx.jpg" width="141" /> <img height="200" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenne1.jpg" width="131" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Un manoscritto miniato latina di una traduzione del Canone.</span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna-med.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Altro bel ritratto di Ibn Sina.</span> </div>
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<img height="358" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/sto_f_avicen.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Statua di Ibn Sina, da qualche parte a Bukhara.</span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/avicenna-st.jpg" /></div>
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<img height="320" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/ibn_sino.jpg" width="199" /> <img height="320" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/ibn_sino1.jpg" width="181" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="background-color: lime;">Un francobollo di Ibn Sina dalla Repubblica islamica dell'Iran.</span> </span></span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/ibnsina-stamp.jpg" width="454" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Una rappresentazione artistica di Ibn Sina sul posto di lavoro.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4f2626; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span></div>
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<img height="460" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/ibn-sinax.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: cyan;">Ibn Sina, due pagine di celebri Canon da un manoscritto.</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/The_Canon_of_Medicine_by_ibn_Sina2.jpg" width="289" /><img height="400" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/The_Canon_of_Medicine_by_ibn_Sina.jpg" width="300" /><span style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: #4f2626;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Il primo libro di Canon Ibn Sina di Medicina.</span></span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/qanunfpg.jpg" width="507" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #c9d7f1; color: #4f2626; font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;">La copertina di Canon Ibn Sina di Medicina, una edizione moderna.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4f2626; font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: #4f2626; font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;">Ibn Sina, incisione.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/qanon.jpg" width="266" /> <img alt="Avicenna" height="320" src="http://www.scricciolo.com/nuovo_neornithes/Avicenna.pbn.jpg" width="283" /></div>
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<span class="" style="color: #4f2626; font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: red;"><span class="" style="font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;"> Ibn Sina presenti in valuta del Tagikistan. </span><span class="" style="font-family: Garamond; text-align: -webkit-center;">Si tratta di soldi veri!</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/gal/sina-20-somoni.jpg" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Persiano anche lui come <b><span style="color: red;">Razi</span></b>, era nato ad <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Afchana</span>, vicino a <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Bukhara</span>, nell'<b>anno 980</b>: un vero <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>énfant prodige</b></span>, che a dieci anni conosceva a memoria uno per uno i versetti del Corano, e apprese subito dopo la matematica, la fisica, l'astrologia e la filosofia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A diciotto anni era già un apprezzato medico, visir del principe di <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Hamadahn</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A 21 anni scrisse il primo libro, una vera enciclopedia di tutte le scienze ad eccezione della matematica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E nella sua così attivissima vita trovò il tempo di scrivere una ventina di libri di teologia, met<u>a</u> fisica, astronomia, filologia e poesia, e un'altra ventina di medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'opera che però riscosse maggior successo, e che tenne banco per oltre mezzo millennio fu il <b><span style="color: blue;">Canone</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(al Qanum)</span>, in <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">cinque libri</span>, contenente oltre un milione di parole. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu poi tradotto in <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">latino</span> da <b><span style="color: purple;">Gherardo da Cremona</span></b> nel <b>1100</b>; solo negli <b>ultimi trent'anni del '400</b> fu stampato 16 volte, con quindici edizioni in latino. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel <b>XVII secolo</b> le Università di <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Vienna</span> e di <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Montpellier</span> lo prescrivevano ancora tra i libri di testo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: blue;">Canone</span></b> può essere considerato il tentativo di ordinare sistematicamente tutte le dottrine mediche da <span style="color: magenta;"><b>Ippocrate</b></span> a <b><span style="color: #990000;">Galeno</span></b>, e insieme le concezioni di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Aristotele</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia, specie l'anatomia risente di gravi pecche e imprecisioni, in quanto anche <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Avicenna</span></b> non praticò mai una dissezione sul cadavere, proibita dalla sua religione, e le sue cognizioni anatomiche ricalcavano quindi quelle dei classici greci e romani.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: blue;">Canone</span></b> è suddiviso in <span style="background-color: lime;">cinque libri</span>, dei quali il primo tratta essenzialmente di medicina teo-rica, il secondo dei medicamenti <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">"semplici"</span></b>, il terzo delle malattie e della terapia a <span style="background-color: cyan;">capite ad calcem</span>, cioè sistematicamente dalla testa ai piedi, il quarto delle malattie generalizzate, me<u>n</u> tre il quinto è praticamente un trattato di farmacologia che prende in considerazione la scel- ta, la preparazione e l'indicazione dei vari medicamenti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel <b><span style="color: blue;">Canone</span></b> sono anche diffusamente trattati i veleni di origine minerale, animale e vegetale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Durante una lunga malattia <span style="background-color: yellow;">(una cirrosi epatica dovuta alla sua passione per l'alcool?)</span>, che doveva condurlo a morte a 57 anni, <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Avicenna</span></b> leggeva il <span style="background-color: orange;">Corano</span> ogni tre giorni; liberò i propri schiavi e regalò ai poveri ogni suo avere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fortunatamente gli storici hanno dimensionato, abbreviandolo in <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Albucasis</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(o Abulcasis)</span> il suo vero nome, altrimenti sarebbe stato un vero problema pronunciarlo per intero: <b>Al-Zahr<u>a</u> wi Abul-Qasim Kalaf ibn Abbas</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Al-Zahrawi</b> è un aggettivo, e vuol dire <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">"abitante di al-Zahra"</span>, un centro che formava al tem-po un'unica immensa area metropolitana con <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Cordova</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In realtà questo <span style="background-color: #ffd966;"><b>medico-chirurgo-farmacista</b></span> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">ispano-arabo</span> trascorse praticamente tutta la sua vita in quella città.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua nascita viene datata intorno all'anno 936 della nostra Era. La fama di Abulcasis deriva principalmente dalla sua monumentale opera dal titolo altrettanto difficile di Kitab al Tasrif li-man an al-Talif, che gli storici, per comodità, chiamano semplicemente il Tasrif. In sostanza, un'enciclopedia medica in trenta capitoli (o "trattati") per complessive 1500 pagine, completata intorno all'anno 1000, frutto di circa cinquant'anni di pratica e di insegnamento medico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Albucasis vi tratta non solo di medicina e di chirurgia (il 30° trattato, il più celebrato, riguarda esclusivamente quest'ultima disciplina. con la descrizione dettagliata dei vari interventi), ma di ostetricia, oculistica, preparati farmaceutici e cosmetica, farmacologia, dietetica, pesi e misure, terminologia, chimica medica, psicoterapia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quasi un millennio prima di noi Albucasis sostiene la necessità di specializzarsi in questa o in quella materia, perché "il cimentarsi in troppe discipline provoca frustrazione e stanca la mente".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Uno dei maggiori motivi di interesse del Tasrif è rappresentato dalle oltre 200 illustrazioni, molte delle quali eseguite dallo stesso Abulcasis: si tratta dello strumentario chirurgico in uso al suo tempo, la prima documentazione di questo genere. Questi mostra tra l'altro una particolare simpatia per il cauterio, ma ne proscrive l'uso ogni volta che "altri metodi sono falliti". Consiglia di applicare le formiche sui vasi sanguinanti, sì che esse -serrando le mascelle- fermino l'emorragia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quella di Albucasis sarà la forma più avanzata di chirurgia sino al XII secolo, e continuerà ad influenzare questa disciplina sino al XVIII. Egli può considerarsi il più grande dei chirurghi dell'Islam medioevale, oltre che un grande insegnante e psichiatra. Per quanto riguarda la psichiatria, inventa un composto per indurre allucinazioni e benessere, a base di oppio, che definisce "apportatore di gioia in quanto rilascia l'anima, scaccia i cattivi pensieri e l'ira, modera i temperamenti e riesce utile contro la malinconia".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Introduce in medicina numerosissime sostanze, come il litargirio, la biacca di piombo, la ferropirite, il vetriolo e il verderame, consigliando nello stesso tempo l'uso di minerali, di elementi e di pietre preziose in terapia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un medico ispano-moresco, appartenente al terzo periodo della medicina araba è Ali Marwan ibn Zuhr, medievalizzato in Avenzoar, anche noto come "il celebre saggio". Appartenente ad una famiglia spagnola di origine araba, visse tra il 1094 e il 1162, risentendo profondamente degli insegnamenti del padre medico, che teneva in sì scarsa considerazione il Canone di Avicenna da rifiutargli un posto nella biblioteca: ne strappò le pagine, adoperandone poi il retro come carta per gli appunti. Avenzoar giunse anche ad opporsi a Galeno; fu il più ippocratico dei medici arabi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dalla sua opera principale al Taysir (Assistenza) traspare chiaramente la sua concezione della medicina, che dev'essere essenzialmente pratica, non speculativa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Avenzoar sostenne che per il medico "non è confacente il preparare medicinali", accentuando in tal modo quella separazione, così diffusa nel mondo arabo e che si protrarrà per tutto il Medioevo e il Rinascimento, che diede origine alle note aspre dispute tra medici, chirurghi e farmacisti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Avenzoar si occupò anche dettagliatamente delle malattie dell'occhio, per le quali descrisse un'operazione per l'asportazione della cataratta, e l'impiego della mandragora.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'influenza da lui esercitata sulla medicina in Europa è stata notevole, per la sua energica opposizione all'astrologia e al misticismo in medicina, come anche alla pratica da parte di ciarlatani e impostori.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per il semplice fatto di essere figlio di Maimun (uomo di alta cultura, talmudista, astronomo e matematico) lo hanno chiamato Maimonide.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Era nato a Cordova, in Spagna, il 30 marzo 1135 da genitori ebrei. Giovanissimo Maimonide parla oltre che l'ebraico, anche l'arabo e il greco; conosce a menadito la matematica, la medicina, le scienze naturali, l'astronomia, e per lui la filosofia non ha segreti. A 23 anni ha già pubblicato, in lingua ebraica, un breve trattato sul calendario degli ebrei e, in arabo, un trattato di logica. A 26, il suo primo trattato di medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In breve Maimonide diventa famoso, ed è nominato medico personale del Gran Visir Malek el-Afdhal, molto influente sul Saladino. La sua reputazione si estende rapidamente nel dominio islamico, tanto che riceve da Riccardo I, il "sovrano franco" meglio noto come Riccardo Cuor di Leone, l'invito a divenire suo medico personale. Ma oppone un netto, sdegnato rifiuto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Maimonide non è soltanto un ottimo medico pratico. E' sempre occupatissimo a scrivere di medicina, testi che influenzeranno profondamente per secoli questa disciplina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una delle sue opere meglio conosciute è il Libro sui veleni e sugli antidoti, che manterrà la sua validità per molti secoli.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il libro dei consigli o Regimen sanitatis è il primo di una lunga serie di libri del genere che compariranno nei decenni e nei secoli successivi. Maimonide lo scrive per il melanconico figlio maggiore del Gran Visir che era tormentato da ardui problemi digestivi. Egli si mostra antesignano della moderna psicosomatica, mettendo in risalto gli indissolubili rapporti esistenti tra psiche e soma. Inoltre, consiglia di trattare le emorroidi regolando l'intestino, seguendo una dieta adatta, facendo frequenti abluzioni e applicando sull'ano unguenti a base di oppio. Sconsiglia i purganti "drastici", concedendo il vino agli adulti, ma non ai giovani.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Detta buone norme generali di igiene come l'alzarsi presto al mattino, gli esercizi ginnici regolari, un breve periodo di riposo postprandiale, l'ascoltare musica prima di andare a letto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I suoi Aforismi (Fasul Musa) contengono 1.500 aforismi medici tutti basati sugli insegnamenti di Ippocrate, di Galeno e di Avicenna, tranne una quarantina tratti dalla propria esperienza personale. Ma egli non si limitò a riportare pedissequamente le enunciazioni: anzi si mostra estremamente critico specie nei riguardi di Galeno, di cui sottolinea apertamente le contraddizioni.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come filosofo, Maimonide rivolge particolare attenzione ai rapporti tra scienza e fede. Egli mostra un'avida ammirazione verso Aristotele, nel cui pensiero riconosce gran parte della verità, ammettendo tuttavia che questa verità dev'essere messa d'accordo con la rivelazione biblica e le derivazioni talmudiche. In termini più vicini a noi, Maimonide ritiene che quanto risulta vero ai nostri sensi e alla nostra esperienza dev'essere tenuto nel giusto conto nell'interpretazione dei libri sacri e delle tradizioni, tanto più che le affermazioni e le narrazioni dei sacri testi non vanno prese alla lettera. Dio ha dovuto adattare il suo pensiero all'umile intelligenza degli uomini: tocca a coloro che sono maggiormente dotati di intelletto ritrovare sotto il velame della lettera discordante con la realtà viva i significati profondi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Maimonide, l'ultima grande figura della cultura ispano-araba, è ancora tra gli uomini più celebrati del suo tempo quando a settant'anni, il 13 dicembre 1204, si spegne dopo varie malattie. La sua morte è un lutto per molti popoli: le esequie, al Cairo sono parimenti onorate da ebrei e musulmani. A Gerusalemme si ordina il digiuno generale. Il suo corpo viene sepolto a Tiberiade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 64.44444274902344px;"> </span><a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 11 gennaio 2013 alle ore 20,10 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-90464390572357075512013-01-27T14:28:00.001+01:002013-06-22T18:44:42.922+02:00(Scheda 255 - 16) STORIA della MEDICINA MONASTICA e BIZANTINA dopo GALENO.<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-size: 32.22222137451172px;">LA </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">MEDICINA M</span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">ONASTICA E BIZANTINA</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> <img height="260" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6dWWrpNKhmcsgev_tExHaTiZJI8QaKRfBE97htLUCr7Rp1Zb5-A" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span></div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a> <img height="400" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/altom0115.jpg" width="341" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; text-align: center;"> LA </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">MEDICINA M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">ONASTICA E BIZANTINA</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A un secolo dalla morte di <b><span style="color: purple;">Galeno</span></b>, la <b><span style="color: red;">"setta"</span></b> dei <span style="background-color: yellow;">Cristiani</span> era ormai così potente da impensi<u>e</u> rire non poco gli imperatori e minacciare di detronizzare divinità millenarie. </span></div>
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<img src="http://thedynamicspine.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/claude-galien.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quando nell'<b>anno 326</b> <b><span style="color: blue;">Costantino</span></b> dichiarò il <span style="background-color: lime;">Cristianesimo</span> religione ufficiale, lo accusarono di voler minare le fondamenta dell'<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">impero Romano</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Avuta via libera, i <span style="background-color: yellow;">Cristiani</span> trasformarono in breve i templi in chiese, ed elessero <b><span style="color: magenta;">Gesù Cristo</span></b> guaritore dell'umanità. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Prima vicino agli altari poi nelle case private, i malati guarivano - si diceva- per intercessione dei santi. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Flavio Valerio Aurelio Costantino</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, conosciuto anche come </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Costantino il Grande</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Costantino I</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></div>
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<img alt="Costantino" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/250px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pullularono immediatamente presso il popolino i santi protettori, anch'essi specialisti -come gli dèi- in specifiche patologie: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #990000;"><b>S. Rocco</b></span></i> e <b><span style="color: #38761d;">S. Sebastiano</span></b> erano invocati contro la lebbra, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">S. Apollonia</span></b> contro le malattie dei denti, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Santa Lucia</span></b> contro quelle degli occhi, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #bf9000;">S. Antonio l'Eremita</span></b> contro il fuoco sacro. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E i due fratelli medici <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">SS. Cosma </span><i>e</i> <span style="color: #e06666;">Damiano</span></b> effettuarono quello che -secondo la leggenda- fu il primo trapianto della storia: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la gamba prelevata ad un uomo appena morto, trapiantata al posto di una gangrenosa.</span></div>
<img height="297" src="http://www.webalice.it/paolorodelli/deposizione.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma fu in questo periodo che nella pace dei chiostri si verificò un evento nuovo, rivoluzionario, destinato a sconvolgere radicalmente le usanze ormai millenarie dell'assistenza e della cura dei malati.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Era stato un santo -che pochi conoscono- a fondare il <span style="background-color: orange;">Monachesimo in Oriente</span>, <b><span style="color: purple;">S. Pacomio</span></b> <b>(292-348)</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px;">S</span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">an Pacomio (Tebe, 292 – Pbow, 9 maggio 348) fu un ex militare, divenuto monaco; è considerato il fondatore del mona-chesimo cenobitico. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">I cenobiti (dal latino cenòbium, a sua volta dal greco κοινός, "comune", e βίος, "vita") sono monaci cristiani le cui prime c<u>o</u> munità risalgono al IV secolo.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il cenobitismo è una forma comunitaria di monachesimo, praticata in monasteri (cenobi) sotto la guida di un'autorità spiri-tuale, secondo una disciplina fissata da una regola. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Si contrappone alle forme individuali di isolamento monastico.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">I cenobiti si differenziano dagli eremiti in quanto praticavano una vita comunitaria anziché solitaria.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fondatore del cenobitismo è considerato San Pacomio, monaco egiziano, vissuto a cavallo fra III e IV secolo.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il cenobitismo fu diffuso in occidente da San Benedetto da Norcia dopo l'incontro con l'abate Servando, e su quei principi istituì l'Ordine di San Benedetto.</span></div>
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<img alt="San Pacomio" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/StPakhom.jpg/225px-StPakhom.jpg" width="272" /><br />
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San Pacomio il grande</h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Aveva riunito nella <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Tebaide</span> circa 5000 cristiani dando loro una <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Regola</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Monastero pacomiano</span> era in origine costituito da un complesso di capanne circondate da un muro, nel quale erano contenuti i vari servizi tra cui l'<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">infermiera</span>, severamente separata dal resto della comunità. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per accedervi occorreva un permesso speciale da presentare ai <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">"ministri degli infermi"</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ai malati era proibito entrare nei refettori, una specie di isolamento: in compenso potevano fare il bagno <span style="background-color: lime;">"ogni volta che se ne presenti l'occasione"</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In Occidente, il fondatore della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina monastica</span></b> fu invece <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">S. Benedetto da Norcia</span></b> <b>(480-547)</b>. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">San</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Benedetto da Norcia</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (</span>Norcia<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>480<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> circa – </span>Montecassino<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>21 marzo<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>547<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) è stato un monaco, fondatore dell'</span>ordine dei Benedettini</span><br />
<img height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Andrea_Mantegna_Saint_Benedict.jpg/220px-Andrea_Mantegna_Saint_Benedict.jpg" width="232" /> <br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua regola <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Ora et labora</span></b> contemplava anche l'<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">assistenza agli infermi</span>, che aveva anzi la precedenza <span style="background-color: orange;">"avanti tutto e sopra tutto"</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Prima di recarsi a <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Montecassino</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">S. Benedetto</span></b> aveva fondato a <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Subiaco</span> il primo dei suoi mo-nasteri dedicandolo proprio ai <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">SS. Cosma</span> e <span style="color: #e06666;">Damiano</span></b>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Cosma</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (o </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Cosimo</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">e Damiano</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, noti anche come </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">santi medici</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (... - </span>Cirro<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>Siria<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>303<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) sono ritenuti dalla tradizione due gemelli di origine </span>araba<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, medici in </span>Siria<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e </span>martiri<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> sotto l'impero di </span>Diocleziano</span><br />
<img alt="Santi Cosma e Damiano" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cosmas_and_Damian.jpg/225px-Cosmas_and_Damian.jpg" width="292" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Montecassino</span></b>, per l'assistenza medica esistevano le infermerie. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma curare un malato non voleva dire solo assicurargli un giaciglio, dargli da mangiare e da b<u>e</u> re: significava anche saper lenire i suoi dolori, medicargli le piaghe, curare le malattie <b><span style="color: #e69138;">"inter- ne"</span></b>, le più difficili da capire. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per tutto ciò occorreva una conoscenza medica che non si può improvvisare: e occorreva so-prattutto una <b><span style="color: #e06666;">"continuità"</span></b> in questa assistenza, anche per quanto riguardava la disponibili-tà di medicamenti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nacque allora la figura del <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Monacus infirmarius</span></b>, cui sarebbe presto seguita quella del <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Medi-cus</span></b>, il quale aveva tra l'altro l'incombenza di istruire i novizi che avrebbero dovuto prosegui-re la sua opera: un principio di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola per l'insegnamento della medicina</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E nel monastero nacquero anche gli <span style="background-color: lime;">"orti dei semplici"</span> per coltivare le piante medicamentose, da essiccare poi e conservare nei massicci armadi dell'</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">armamentarium pigmentariorum</span>, prot<u>o</u> tipo della futura <b><span style="color: magenta;">farmacia monastica</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'assistenza fu in primo tempo limitata entro le mura del monastero, ma in seguito il monaco infirmario uscì all'aperto per curare anche i malati non monaci.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra i tanti meriti di coloro che animarono i conventi -non solo benedettini- v'è anche quello di aver raccolto, conservato e copiato antichi codici. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nelle celle e nelle biblioteche gli amanuensi copiarono sulle pergamene con pazienza e peri-zia i testi di <b><span style="color: #990000;">Galeno</span></b>, di <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Celio Aureliano</span></b>, di <b><span style="color: purple;">Rufo d'Efeso</span></b>, di <b><span style="color: red;">Plinio</span></b>. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Celio Aureliano</span></div>
<img height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1950_Aureliano_Lima,_Gesso_patinado.jpg/481px-1950_Aureliano_Lima,_Gesso_patinado.jpg" width="347" /><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Rufo d'Efeso</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://www.xtimeline.com/__UserPic_Large/97945/evt110222214100834.jpg" width="312" /><br />
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<span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Gaio Plinio Secondo</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, conosciuto come </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Plinio il Vecchio</span></span></div>
<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Plinyelder.jpg" width="298" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In breve <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Montecassino</span> divenne un centro importantissimo di studio, specie verso la <b>fine del IX secolo</b>, dove accorrevano studiosi da ogni parte d'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Italia</span></b> e d'<b><span style="color: #76a5af;">Europa</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo stesso si verificò per altri monasteri, come quello di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">S. Gallo</span>, di <span style="background-color: yellow;">Bobbio</span>, di <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Fulda</span>, di <span style="background-color: cyan;">Char-tres</span>, della <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Germania</span></b> e dell'<b><span style="color: purple;">Irlanda</span></b>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">L'</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Abbazia di San Gallo</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (in </span>tedesco<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Fürstabtei Sankt Gallen</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) fu per molti secoli una delle principali </span>abbazie<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>benedettine<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> d'</span>Europa<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">. È situata nella città di </span>San Gallo<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> nell'odierna </span>Svizzera</span><br />
<img height="320" src="http://www.bak.admin.ch/kulturerbe/04307/04308/04309/index.html?lang=it&image=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ah2oZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDd4N7gmym162bpYbqjKbXpJ6eiKShm4yf4w--" width="251" /> <img alt="Convent of St Gall.jpg" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Convent_of_St_Gall.jpg/172px-Convent_of_St_Gall.jpg" width="264" /><br />
<img height="425" src="http://www.bak.admin.ch/kulturerbe/04307/04308/04309/index.html?lang=it&image=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ah2oZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDd4N7g2ym162bpYbqjKbNpKCVm67p" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Biblioteca dell’Abbazia di San Gallo</span></span></div>
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<img height="452" src="http://www.bak.admin.ch/kulturerbe/04307/04308/04309/index.html?lang=it&image=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ah2oZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDd4N3hGym162bpYbqjKbNpKCVm67p" width="640" /></div>
<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Facciata della Basilica di San Colombano nel monastero di Bobbio</span></span></span><br />
<img alt="File:Basilica di San Colombano - Bobbio.jpg" height="461" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Basilica_di_San_Colombano_-_Bobbio.jpg/800px-Basilica_di_San_Colombano_-_Bobbio.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f1c232; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Immagine di San Colombano della vetrata della cripta dell'Abbazia di Bobbio</span></span></div>
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/San_Colombano.jpg/240px-San_Colombano.jpg" /><img height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-faD7bT2ftuQ/T0fZjsUSrwI/AAAAAAAAA9Y/zjRVJIF0k5k/s320/bobbio.png" width="320" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> L'erezione del monastero e la chiesa </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">di Fulda, </span><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_marzo" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial;" title="12 marzo">12 marzo</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> 747, </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">venne fondata</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> da </span>San Sturmio <span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">discepolo di </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bonifacio_(Wynfrith)" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial;" title="San Bonifacio (Wynfrith)">San Bonifacio</a> e <span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">avvennero sotto la sua personale direzione e vennero dedicati al Redentore</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span></span><br />
<img height="381" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fulda_kir.jpg/300px-Fulda_kir.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<img height="478" src="http://www.camperlife.it/uploads/images/DIARI-VIAGGIO/4-nazioni/Fulda.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Facciata e in terno del monastero e chiesa di Chartres</span></div>
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<img height="298" src="http://www.disabili.com/images/stories/import/chartres_cattedrale.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/20050921CathChartresB.jpg/195px-20050921CathChartresB.jpg" width="300" /> <img src="http://www.giudittadembech.it/images/labyrinth_chartres.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A questo punto fece la sua comparsa nel linguaggio comune un neologismo d'ispirazione cla<u>s</u> sica: <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">xenodochio</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Significa semplicemente ospizio; e a questo termine fecero presto corona altri termini più co-muni come le case di Dio, gli ospizi per Crociati, quelli di confraternite e corporazioni, gli osp<u>e</u> dali, i lebbrosari. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sono l'espressione più viva ed eloquente dello spirito delle prime comunità cristiane, che tra-ducono il concetto che il malato -accettato in nome di Dio- dev'essere <span style="background-color: lime;">"servito"</span> in ogni modo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli è il vero signore dell'Istituto di ricovero.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per merito del <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Cristianesimo il Medioevo</span> diviene quindi l'espressione massima della carità ve<u>r</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">so il prossimo. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le grandi epidemie, le malattie, la povertà, sono rese più tollerabili proprio dall'opera delle confraternite e delle congregazioni, degli ospizi, delle infermerie, degli ospedali, degli ordini cavallereschi creatori di xenodochi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra questi ultimi l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Ordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(divenuto successivamente Ordine dei Cavalieri di Malta)</span>, che gestiva in origine ad <b><span style="color: magenta;">Amalfi</span></b> un ospizio per ricovero dei pellegrini.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo che nel <b>1099</b> i crociati conquistarono <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Gerusalemme</span></b>, l'ospizio fu ingrandito nell'ospe-dale di <b><span style="color: #990000;">S. Giovanni Battista</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Successivamente, sempre per merito di quest'Ordine, sorsero altri ospedali e ospizi in altri luoghi. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Numerosi altri ordini si occuparono degli infermi: <span style="background-color: cyan;">S. Maurizio e Lazzaro</span>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">S. Antonio</span>, <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">S. Giacomo</span>, <span style="background-color: lime;">S. Maria della Mercede</span>, <span style="background-color: yellow;">Crociferi della Stella Rossa</span>, <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Altopascio</span>, l’<span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Ordine Ospedaliero di S. Spirito</span>, fondato a <b><span style="color: blue;">Montepellier</span></b> alla <b>fine del XII secolo</b>.</span></div>
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<img alt="" border="0" height="378" src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Medioe~7.jpg" width="640" /></center>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell'<b>anno 326</b> <b><span style="color: magenta;">Costantino</span></b> aveva annunciato che la nuova capitale dell'<span style="background-color: yellow;">Impero Romano d'Ori- ente</span> -a lui rivelatasi in sogno- doveva essere la città di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Bisanzio</span></b>, un'<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">antica città greca</span> fonda- ta nel <b>657 a.C.</b>, e il <b>12 maggio del 330</b> fondò sulla <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">vecchia</span> <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Bisanzio</span></b> la <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Nuova</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Roma</span></b>, che avrebbe poi preso il nome di <b><span style="color: purple;">Costantinopoli</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una <span style="background-color: orange;">civiltà</span>, la <span style="background-color: cyan;">bizantina</span>, che sarebbe durata <b>mille anni</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma il suo ruolo nella <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">cultura europea</span> fu <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">"quasi esclusivamente di imbalsamazione e di con-servazione"</span>. L'organizzazione medica ricalcava la <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">romana</span>: v'erano anche a <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Bisanzio</span> gli ar-chiatri di palazzo e quelli popolari, i quali ultimi erano anche incaricati dell'insegnamento.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia, seguendo le usanze fastose della corte, i medici che ne facevano parte ricoprivano anche alte cariche onorifiche, portavano insegne fastose e indossavano vesti sontuose.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra i <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici bizantini</span></b> si distinse in particolare <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Oribasio</span></b>, nato a <span style="background-color: cyan;">Pergamo</span> intorno all'<b>anno 325</b>, che divenne medico personale di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Giuliano l'Apostata</span></b> e tramandò -con la sua monume<u>n</u> tale opera Sinagoghe mediche- le opere dei maggiori medici del passato.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">Oribasio </span></span></div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmLZEmitY2rV44dPLePpLyvRoNdLreUZ4YcOWgtAyGV21lI2TInLGalWIj_RGb83dnRlTi2xd0-faqJdKEOP2LK8YuYWDSwEsplqwug9-SobW6CcqoZBYTWpS5HBxannWspBOeX9mSazo0/s400/Nueva+imagen+(7).png" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Flavio Claudio Giuliano</span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (in </span>latino<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">: </span><i style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Flavius Claudius Iulianus</i><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">), </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">fu chiamato anche </span><i style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Giuliano II</i><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> o </span><i style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Giuliano il Filosofo</i><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (per distinguerlo da </span>Didio Giuliano<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> o da </span>Giuliano di Pannonia<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, usurpatore dell'epoca di </span>Carino<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) o </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Giuliano l'<i>Apostata </i></span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">è stato un </span>imperatore<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e </span>filosofo<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>romano<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, l'ultimo </span>sovrano <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">di chiaratamente </span>pagano<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, che tentò senza successo di restaurare la </span>religione romana<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> dopo che essa era stata abbandonata a favore del </span>cristianesimo<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> da suo zio </span>Costantino I<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e dal figlio </span>Costanzo II</span></div>
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<img alt="Giuliano" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg/250px-JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">primo medico cristiano</span> di un certo rilievo fu <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Ezio di Amida</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">(Aezio di Amida</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> o </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Ezio</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> è stato un </span><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisico" style="background-color: yellow; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: initial;" title="Fisico">fisico</a><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> e </span><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medico" style="background-color: yellow; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: initial;" title="Medico">medico</a><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_bizantino" style="background-color: yellow; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: initial;" title="Impero bizantino">bizantino</a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> dell'Impero romano)</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(502-575)</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, impregnato tuttavia non solo del misticismo cristiano ma anche della superstizione pagana, delle formule magiche e degli in-cantesimi, pur dichiarandosi egli fedele seguace di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu il primo a fare menzione -in terapia- della canfora, dei chiodi di garofano e di altre droghe orientali, più tardi introdotte abbondantemente dagli <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Arabi</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma si avvaleva anche di formule magiche e di incantesimi sia nella preparazione dei rimedi che in alcuni procedimenti terapeutici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un altro grande medico di questo periodo, <b><span style="color: #990000;">Alessandro di Tralles</span></b> <b>(525-605)</b>, viene ricorda- to specialmente per i suoi <b><span style="color: purple;">Dodici Libri di Medicina</span></b>, nei quali mostra di essere abbastanza d'accordo con <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b> e <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> sulla <span style="background-color: lime;">dottrina degli umori</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si serviva in modo oculato dei rimedi di cui poteva disporre; ma quando questi fallivano non esitava anche lui a ricorrere a quelli magici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">Paolo d'Egina</span></b> <b>(625-690)</b> fu l'ultimo dei grandi medici cristiani, interessato in particolare alla chirurgia, cui dedicò <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">sei dei sette libri della sua Enciclopedia</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La celebre Opera chirurgica di <b><span style="color: red;">Fabrizio d'Acquapendente</span></b> pubblicata nel <b>1592</b> è in gran par-te un estratto di questa Enciclopedia, in cui sono descritte dettagliatamente la flebotomia, la coppettazione, la cauterizzazione, la legatura dei vasi, la tracheotomia, la paracentesi, la resezione delle costole nell'empiema, l'emorroidectomia, l'asportazione di cataratta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">Paolo d'Egina</span></b> si occupò a fondo anche di pediatria e di ginecologia, dei significati del polso <b>(ne descrisse 62 varietà)</b> e della dieta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non va infine dimenticato <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #674ea7;">Giovanni Attuario</span></b>, medico di corte a <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Costantinopoli</span> nell'<b>ultima pa<u>r</u> te del III secolo</b>: è passato alla storia come autore del miglior Trattato di uroscopia dell'anti-chità a noi pervenuto, il <span style="background-color: orange;">De Urinis</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molto onestamente ritiene che l'esame dell'urina deve costituire soltanto un momento della diagnosi, diversamente da quanto sosterranno gli uroscopisti dei secoli successivi, per i quali la diagnosi va basata esclusivamente sull'osservazione delle urine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel suo Funzioni e alterazioni dello spirito, <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #674ea7;">Attuario</span></b> sostiene che i disturbi mentali possono dipendere direttamente da cause organiche, da errori dietetici o da affaticamento, consiglia<u>n</u> do per trattarli diete, bagni ed esercizi fisici. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma non fu assolutamente capito dai contemporanei: in un'epoca infarcita di possessioni de-moniache, di influssi magici e di stregonerie, agli occhi dei più le malattie mentali non pote-vano che essere esclusiva opera degli spiriti maligni.</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 27 gennaio 2013 alle ore 14,28 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-2747786652184651002013-01-24T21:55:00.001+01:002013-06-22T18:45:41.357+02:00(Scheda 254 - 15 Galeno) STORIA della MEDICINA - Le principali opere di GALENO/ epoca post- GALENICA (III sec. d.C.).<img alt="Claudio Galeno" height="79" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/maestri/name_galeno.gif" style="color: gold; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold;" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">Pergamo (129 d.C.) - Roma (199 d.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;">LA MEDICINA POST-ROMANA E GALENICA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">percorso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">gli </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">storici,</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-size: 14.44444465637207px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18.17708396911621px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span><br />
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<span style="color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #660000;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Claudio Galeno</span></b> nacque nel 129 d.C. a Pergamo <span style="background-color: lime;">(Asia Minore)</span> durante l'impero di Adriano.</span></div>
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<img alt="Galeno di Pergamo" height="640" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/maestri/galenus1.jpg" width="435" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Dai fasti imperiali alla decadenza" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/story_romadecadenza.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 30px;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">LA MEDICINA GALENICA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Galeno e Ippocrate</span></span></div>
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<img height="320" src="http://www.angiologista.com/english/historia/images/Galeno_e_Hipocrates.jpg" width="256" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Suo padre <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: purple;">Nicone</span></b>, ricco architetto, lo spinse ad intraprendere gli studi di medicina in seguito ad un sogno premonitore. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> studiò dapprima filosofia, presso scuole diverse <span style="background-color: cyan;">(platonica, peripatetica, stoica, epi-curea, aristotelica)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo la morte del padre, <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> completò i suoi studi a <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Smirne</span>, a <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Corinto</span> e poi ad <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Alessan- dria</span>, dove studiò l'anatomia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Soggiornò in <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">Egitto</span> e nel <b>157</b> tornò a <span style="background-color: lime;">Pergamo</span> dove ebbe l'incarico di medico dei gladiatori.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu questa un'esperienza senza eguali ed estremamente formativa dal punto di vista pratico, dal momento che gli consentì di studiare da vicino le problematiche cliniche che un simile re-gime di vita comportava.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu a <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Roma</span> nel <b>161</b> dove fu ben accolto alla corte di <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Marco Aurelio</span></b> e dove si mise in luce per il suo metodo empirico e per le sue dissertazioni pubbliche. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fuggito da <span style="background-color: yellow;">Roma</span> a <span style="background-color: lime;">Pergamo</span>, timoroso delle leggi imperiali che proibivano la dissezione dei cadaveri, vi tornò richiamato dallo stesso <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Marco Aurelio</span></b>, che lo volle presso di sé durante la campagna bellica contro i <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Germani</span> e che gli affidò il figlio <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Commodo</span></b>, divenuto poi, nel <b>192</b>, alla morte di <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Marco Aurelio</span></b>, un feroce tiranno.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Busto dell'imperatore </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Cesare Marco Aurelio Antonino Augusto</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Busto di </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Lucio Elio Aurelio Commodo </span></span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">con gli attributi di Ercole</span></div>
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<img alt="Marco Aurelio" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/224px-Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" /> <img alt="Commodo" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120.jpg/229px-Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> fu, senza dubbio, il più famoso e studiato medico dell'antichità, secondo solo ad <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ipp<u>o</u> crate</span></b>. I suoi studi fecero testo per centinaia di anni e bisogna arrivare al <b>XVI secolo</b>, ad <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Andrea Vesalio</span></b>, per averne la confutazione. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">[vedi anche in</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><img border="0" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/icone/right_arrow_sugar.gif" />Storia della Neurochirurgia<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">].</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: left;">Medico fiammingo nato a Bruxelles nel 1515 - </span>- Zante (1564)</span></span></div>
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<img alt="Andrea Vesalio in una antica stampa" height="400" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/maestri/vesaliusc.jpg" width="299" /> <img alt="Frontespizio del DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA" height="320" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/maestri/vesalio_fspizioc.jpg" width="231" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">È da tener presente, tuttavia, a parziale discolpa di <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b>, che i suoi studi anatomici sono basati necessariamente su dissezioni animali in quanto, come già riportato, le leggi imperiali proibivano qualsivoglia tipo di studio su cadaveri umani.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Scrittore prolifico, fu autore di numerosissime opere: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">in <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greco</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">in <b><span style="color: #38761d;">arabo</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">in <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">ebraico</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">in <b><span style="color: #990000;">siriaco,</span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">in <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">latino</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">oltre quattrocento scritti suddivisibili in <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">sette gruppi</span>: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">anatomia, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">patologia, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">terapia, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">diagnostica e prognostica, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">commentari agli scritti ippocratici, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">filosofia e grammatica</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel <b>192</b>, a causa dell'incendio del tempio e della <span style="background-color: lime;">biblioteca della Pace</span>, alcuni suoi libri andar<u>o</u> no persi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A noi ne sono pervenuti 108.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra essi ricordiamo: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l'Ars medica, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">i Commenti alle opere di Ippocrate, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il De temperamentis, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">il Methodus medendi</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">che riassume il metodo galenico e per lungo tempo costituì il testo fondamentale dell'inse-gnamento medico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dissezionando gli animali, <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> confutò la precedente convinzione che i vasi sanguigni co<u>n</u> tenessero aria, dimostrando che essi in realtà contenevano sangue. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Descrisse le valvole cardiache e notò che esistono differenze strutturali tra le arterie e le ve-ne. Gli mancò la comprensione della circolazione ematica ma ritenne, invece, che il fegato fo<u>s</u> se l'organo centrale del sistema vascolare e che il sangue fluisse in periferia per formare car- ne.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In fisiologia, <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> collegò il rene alla produzione di urina <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(legando gli ureteri di cani o mai<u>a</u> li vivi)</span> anche se non ne comprese appieno il funzionamento ed intuì che lo sbocco obliquo de-gli ureteri nella vescica aveva la funzione di evitare il reflusso di urina dalla vescica ai reni.</span></div>
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<img height="222" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzmQrPv6QpDx0F441QIDGfJPyWU04hV82Sy6pOVv7rNLcBRweHDw" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nelle malattie, a differenza di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b>, <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> valorizzò la perturbazione locale, cioè quel- la dei singoli organi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per il resto, assimilò e ripropose le tesi ippocratiche, compresa quella degli umori e del pneu-ma o essenza o spirito della vita, ma ne distinse tre parti: animale, con sede nel cervello, vi-tale con sede nel cuore, naturale con sede nel fegato e nelle vene.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsftEJFc5gihXJD5vryG5y8rWLHhhBjzctgZ1PAjAMSezatdH7" width="253" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Morì a <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Roma</span> nel <b>199</b>, anche se, secondo la <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">tradizione araba</span>, sarebbe morto dopo il <b>210</b>, du-rante un viaggio, probabilmente per tornare in patria.</span></div>
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<h1 style="line-height: 1.2; margin: 2px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #660000; color: lime; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">LA TEORIA UMORALE DI IPPOCRATE E GALENO</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> estese l’interpretazione ontologica <span style="background-color: lime;">(gli umori sono sostanze)</span> dei <b><span style="color: red;">4 umori</span></b> anche alla personalità dell’individuo con la teoria dei <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">4 temperamenti</span></b> che ha dominato la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina occ<u>i</u> dentale</span></b> fino ai nostri giorni.</span></div>
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<img alt="La teoria umorale di Ippocrate e Galeno" height="400" src="http://www.oroscopo-astrologia.it/site/image/article_show/1575-la-teoria-umorale-di-ippocrate-e-galeno" width="294" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La dottrina basata sui <b><span style="color: red;">quattro umori</span></b> è il primo tentativo nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">storia della medicina occide<u>n</u> tale</span></b>, di spiegare l’insorgenza delle malattie e i diversi tipi di temperamento umano mediante l’osservazione di fenomeni naturali.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">I </span><b style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Quattro Umori</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I <span style="color: blue;">quattro elementi</span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">e i <span style="color: red;">corrispettivi umori</span> nel corpo umano</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fondata da <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b> <b><span style="color: magenta;">di Coo</span></b> <b>(V-IV sec a. C)</b>, la <b><span style="color: #38761d;">teoria umorale</span></b> unificava la concezione fisi-ca dei <b><span style="color: blue;">quattro elementi</span></b> fondamentali <span style="background-color: yellow;">(aria, acqua, terra, fuoco)</span>, con una nuova visione me-dica, in grado di spiegare le cause delle malattie, non più secondo <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">concezioni superstiziose</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">magiche</span> o <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">religiose</span>, ma sulla base di fenomeni osservabili in natura. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo le<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> teorie fisiche</span> del tempo, i <span style="color: blue;"><b>quattro elementi</b></span> che costituiscono tutta la <b>realtà</b> si mescolano e si trasformano dando origine a tutte le cose esistenti, grazie alla presenza di <b><span style="color: #990000;">quattro qualità</span></b>: il <span style="background-color: red;">caldo</span> e il <span style="background-color: cyan;">freddo</span>, il <span style="background-color: lime;">secco</span> e l’<span style="background-color: yellow;">umido</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">La dottrina dei </span><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">quattro umori</span></span></div>
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<img height="396" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTixgXF6qH-1omPspkcMar8ZwM3sgIwTpeR4mkqVRIEqAmLthTwAA" width="400" /></div>
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" 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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ogni elemento possiede una coppia di attributi, per cui il <span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: red;">fuoco</span></b></span> è <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">caldo</span> e <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">secco</span>; l'<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #3d85c6;">acqua</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">fred-da</span> e <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">umida</span>; la <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #990000;">terra</span></b> è <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">fredda</span> e <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">secca</span>; l'<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">aria</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange;">calda</span> e <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">umida</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">I quattro elementi fondamentali della filosofia antica, che funsero da base per lo sviluppo della teoria umorale</span></span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/thumb/d/d0/QuattroElementi.png/250px-QuattroElementi.png" width="424" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b> applicò tale teoria alla <span style="background-color: lime;">natura umana</span>, individuando nel nostro organismo, <b><span style="color: red;">quattro umori</span></b>, associati a questi elementi, elaborando successivamente una classificazione per i tipi psicologici e somatici. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">I quattro umori,</span><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> la teoria umorale</span></span></div>
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<img alt="I quattro umori" height="400" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/i-4-umori.jpg?w=180" width="360" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il buon funzionamento dell'organismo dipenderebbe dall'<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">equilibrio degli elementi</span>, definito eu-crasia o <span style="background-color: cyan;">(“buona mescolanza”)</span> mentre il prevalere dell'uno o dell'altro causerebbe la malat-tia, chiamato discrasia <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(o squilibrio degli elementi)</span>. </span></div>
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<img height="363" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS2XczQ98bjGkx9dnfFbEUNKHWBIkm2-UAu66N7_Z8qwZg7Ba5-" width="400" /></div>
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" 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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo questa dottrina perciò la <span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">terra</span></b></span> corrisponderebbe alla <span style="background-color: cyan;">bile nera</span> o <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">atrabile</span>, in greco <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: cyan;">Melàine Choleo</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(da cui melanconia)</span> che ha sede nella milza; l'<b><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">aria</span></b> è associata alla <b><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000;">bile gial-la</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(detta anche collera)</span> che si trova nel fegato; l'<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">acqua</span></b> al <span style="background-color: #e06666;">flemma</span> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(o linfa)</span> prodotta dalla testa, il <b><span style="color: red;">fuoco</span></b> al <span style="background-color: #e06666;">sangue</span> originato dal cuore.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Melancolía, el autor es Alberto Durero (Siglo XVII). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Un ángel apoya su cara en la mano, pensativo. Está rodeado por herramientas y otros objetos de significado alegórico</span></div>
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<img alt="File:Melancolía 001.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Melancol%C3%ADa_001.JPG/472px-Melancol%C3%ADa_001.JPG" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Schemaumori</span></span></div>
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<img height="588" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbiFc_5W5RZIi3ohBkgx1TB7Sb-Q2KULNumbKygaYAkYrOZsv7" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #0c343d; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">I quattro umori </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #0c343d; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">e i corrispettivi temperamenti caratteriali</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="color: blue;"><b>Teoria Umorale</b></span> divenne anche una sorta di <span style="background-color: yellow;">teoria della personalità</span>, quando <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b> stabilì una relazione tra l’eccesso di uno dei <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">quattro umori</span></b> e la predisposizione a un tipo di costituzione fisica da un lato, e a un certo temperamento o carattere dall’altro: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #38761d;">malinconico</span></b>, con eccesso di bile nera, è magro, debole, pallido nel fisico, avaro, triste nel temperamento; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #990000;">collerico</span></b>, con eccesso di bile gialla, è magro, asciutto, di bel colore, irascibile, permaloso, furbo, generoso e superbo; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #38761d;">flemmatico</span></b>, con eccesso di flemma, è beato, lento, pigro, sereno e talentuoso; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il tipo <b><span style="color: red;">sanguigno</span></b>, con eccesso di sangue, è rubicondo, gioviale, allegro, goloso e dedito a una sessualità giocosa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'infinita possibilità che gli <b><span style="color: purple;">elementi</span></b> hanno di combinarsi fra loro è all'origine di tutti i possibili caratteri riscontrabili nella <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">natura umana</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">I quattro</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> elementi in alchimia sono ritratti in Philosophia reformata </span></span></div>
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<img height="402" src="http://www.magia.it/pillole/Quattro_Elementi.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">umori</span></b>, inoltre, sono soggetti a prevalere o a diminuire, secondo i momenti della giornata, delle stagioni e delle età della vita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: red;">sangue</span></b>, ad esempio, prevale in primavera, la <b><span style="color: purple;">collera</span></b> in estate, la <b><span style="color: magenta;">flemma</span></b> in autunno e la <b>bile nera</b> in inverno.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ancora oggi nel linguaggio comune il <span style="background-color: orange;">cuore</span> è indicato come la sede dei sentimenti e in par-ticolare dell'<span style="background-color: lime;">amore</span> che, poeticamente, è <span style="background-color: cyan;">"soffio di vita"</span>; la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">malinconia</span></b> è un sentimento di tri<u>s</u> tezza, ma anche una grave forma di depressione; il collerico <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">"si rode il fegato"</span> oppure <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">"è gia<u>l</u> lo dalla rabbia"</span>; mentre si usa il termine flemmatico per indicare una persona pigra o lenta.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">L’apporto astrologico di Galeno</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">alla Teoria degli Umori</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella Roma dell’imperatore-filosofo <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Marco Aurelio</span></b>, il medico di corte <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b>, riprese nuova-mente la <span style="background-color: magenta;">dottrina ippocratica</span> dei <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">quattro umori</span></b>, approfondendone alcuni aspetti e comple-tandola dal punto di vista astrologico, associando <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">quattro pianeti</span></b> alle precedenti corrispon-denze. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Busto dell'imperatore </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.1875px;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Cesare Marco Aurelio Antonino Augusto</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Galeno </span></span></div>
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<img alt="Marco Aurelio" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/224px-Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" /> <img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQg6adtYHMmvzZFfc8aYmMC4poWA1HymJEufgJ3lka6T4_Zv10k" width="242" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dati i suoi studi in astronomia, astrologia e filosofia, <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> sosteneva che <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Saturno</span> gover-nasse la <span style="background-color: cyan;"><b>melanconia</b></span> perché associato alla <b><span style="color: #660000;">terra</span></b>; la <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Luna</span> alla linfa perché corrispondente al-l’elemento <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">acqua</span></b>, <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Marte</span> alla bile gialla perché associato al <b><span style="color: red;">fuoco</span></b>, <span style="background-color: lime;">Giove</span> all’aria, corrispon- dente al <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">sangue</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sebbene la scienza moderna abbia tentato di smentire le teorie di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b> e dei suoi se-guaci, esse furono dominanti fino al <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Rinascimento</span>, rimanendo oggetto di studi della<b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> Medicina Tradizionale Mediterranea</span></b>, e contribuirono a fondare l’<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">astrologia medica</span></b>.</span></div>
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<img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnBjDQ6ej2AQIuFPPCI7w0lcDDncm_kuDsOpJTKkEpVh08Ubjf" /> <img alt="I pianeti e la salute in astrologia medica" src="http://www.oroscopo-astrologia.it/site/image/article_show/37-i-pianeti-e-la-salute-in-astrologia-medica" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: purple; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">I Temperamenti di Galeno</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">Miniatura rappresenta </span><b style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">i quattro</b><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"> temperamenti</span></span><br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlnudx1wCTTTsclOrAiEbhS5W_X_NYxC1o-J7r2e2AHs6WaE4vCVutmqUbfkNzl4pnH3YNYFNBgXM4EjGFCH26KVVhMO4x6fgs-vpEsVqXEDsEdFqVfNx0-sNFRV8pnjutxfXPmfQH2_8d/s1600/colored.jpg" style="text-align: justify;" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">La miniatura rappresenta i </span><span style="color: lime;">quattro temperamenti</span><span style="color: white;"> in cui, secondo il medico greco </span><span style="color: yellow;">Ippocrate di Kos</span><span style="color: white;"> (460 - 377 a.C.), si sud-dividono le tipologie umane.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">Da sinistra verso destra possiamo trovare il </span><span style="color: cyan;">collerico</span><span style="color: white;">, il </span><span style="color: #f1c232;">sanguigno</span><span style="color: white;">, il </span><span style="color: magenta;">flemmatico</span><span style="color: white;"> e il </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">malinconico</span><span style="color: white;">; nell'immagine si notano sotto i loro piedi gli elementi naturali ad essi associati, il fuoco e a seguire aria acqua e terra, oltre agli animali, mentre gli oggetti che hanno nelle mani ne caratterizzano l'indole, per esempio il collerico sempre pronto a sguainare la spada...</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>La teoria umorale fu alla base della medicina per tutto il Medioevo: </i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">si pensava infatti che le malattie fossero causate dallo squilibrio nell'organismo di uno di questi </span><span style="color: yellow;">quattro umori</span><span style="color: white;"> a cui erano legati altrettanti fluidi: </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">il sangue con sede nel cuore (sanguigno), </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">la flemma con sede nella testa (flemmatico), </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">la bile gialla con sede nel fegato (collerico), </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">la bile nera con sede nella milza (malinconico).</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">Essi si riteneva determinassero, inoltre, il carattere vero e proprio della persona che così risultava predisposto ad un atteggiamento piuttosto che ad un altro </span><span style="color: cyan;">(infatti gli aggettivi sono rimasti nel linguaggio comune)</span><span style="color: white;"> e addirittura i tratti fisici...</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">In seguito la teoria fu ripresa dal medico </span><span style="color: lime;">Galeno</span><span style="color: white;"> (vissuto nel II sec. d.C.) che l'ampliò dal punto di vista astrologico associandovi i pianeti che </span><span style="color: magenta;">"governerebbero"</span><span style="color: white;"> gli umori corporei: </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">Marte il Sole e Urano presiedono al bilioso, </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">Saturno e Mercurio al malinconico, </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">la Luna e Nettuno al flemmatico, </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">Giove e Venere al sanguigno.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;">Questa branca dell'astrologia viene conosciuta come </span><span style="color: yellow;">"astrologia medica"</span><span style="color: white;">.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNWGlg0aL-aETx8-cML6ZCSdf0I1S2MHvItIJYPYzfTY8ffQOrPTM_X20_obAuDRSGZVvg8RJFHWroX5KnMy3UbJG27dXhk0hNPWpRX4dezNeuCgmKeS7DkXl4vz7FZ_KIg16ha_qI0aYo/s1600/zodiac-symbols-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 20.798612594604492px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; text-indent: 40px;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNWGlg0aL-aETx8-cML6ZCSdf0I1S2MHvItIJYPYzfTY8ffQOrPTM_X20_obAuDRSGZVvg8RJFHWroX5KnMy3UbJG27dXhk0hNPWpRX4dezNeuCgmKeS7DkXl4vz7FZ_KIg16ha_qI0aYo/s1600/zodiac-symbols-2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #351c75; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">Segni zodiacali e parti del corpo</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'astrologia vuole che ad ogni segno zodiacale corrispondano una o più parti anatomiche.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dunque, a seconda del segno, quelle dovrebbero essere le parti del nostro corpo a maggior rischio patologico.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #990000; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di rimando, per curare più efficacemente una di esse bisogna farlo nel periodo in cui la luna </span><span style="background-color: #990000; color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(le cui fasi influenzano, tra le altre cose, la cura della bellezza)</span><span style="background-color: #990000; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> transita nel segno associato.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: magenta;">grande commande</span></b> fu una commissione di statue ordinata da </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Luigi XIV di Francia</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> per </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">d<u>e</u> corare il <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">parterre d’eau</span> dei </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Giardini di Versailles</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> come erano stati inizialmente concepiti </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nel 1672</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: center;">Ritratto di Luigi XIV</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: center;">, di </span>Hyacinthe Rigaud<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: center;"> (1701)</span></span></div>
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<img alt="Luigi XIV di Francia" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/246px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" width="448" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La commessa, che includeva <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">24 statue</span> in <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">quattro gruppi</span>,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> venne ordinata nel </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1674</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Disegnate da </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Charles Le Brun</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> dall'Iconologia di </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Cesare Ripa</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, le statue vennero eseguite dai migliori scultori d'epoca</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span class="reference-text" style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17.265625px; text-align: left;">Le statue vennero completate tutte ad eccezione delle 4 riferite al</span><span class="reference-text" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17.265625px; text-align: left;"> "Rapimento di Coronide ad opera di Nettuno".</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-size: x-small;">Charles Le Brun</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Le_brun.jpg/220px-Le_brun.jpg" width="314" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mantenendo il concetto di accentuare le linee verticali delle statue in relazione alla facciata del giardino verso il castello, le statue della <b><span style="color: magenta;">grande commande</span></b> vennero trasferite in altra collocazione nei giardini dal 1684.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Charles Le Brun, </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Le quattro parti del giorno</i></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Charles Le Brun-Grande Commande-Les Quatre parties du jour.jpg" height="401" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Charles_Le_Brun-Grande_Commande-Les_Quatre_parties_du_jour.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: orange;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Le Brun, </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Le quattro stagioni</i></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Charles Le Brun-Grande Commande-Les Quatre saisons.jpg" height="370" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Charles_Le_Brun-Grande_Commande-Les_Quatre_saisons.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Le Brun, </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">I quattro elementi</i></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Charles Le Brun-Grande Commande-Les Quatre elements.jpg" height="437" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Charles_Le_Brun-Grande_Commande-Les_Quatre_elements.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Le Brun, '</span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">I quattro umori dell'uomo</i></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Charles Le Brun-Grande Commande-Les Quatre temperaments.jpg" height="431" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Charles_Le_Brun-Grande_Commande-Les_Quatre_temperaments.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Le Brun, '</span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: left;">Le quattro forme di poesia</i></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Charles Le Brun-Grande Commande-Les Quatre poemes.jpg" height="420" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Charles_Le_Brun-Grande_Commande-Les_Quatre_poemes.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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Le 24 statue erano personificazioni delle quaterne classiche:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>I quattro umori dell'uomo</b></li>
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<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Melanconico</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Flemmatico</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Collerico</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sanguigno</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Le quattro parti del giorno</b></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mattina</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mezzogiorno</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sera</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Notte</li>
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<tr valign="top"><td style="border: 0px;"><div style="margin-right: 20px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>çLe quattro parti del mondo</b></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Europa</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Africa</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Asia</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">America</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Le quattro forme di poesia</b></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lirica</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pastorale</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Satirica</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Epica</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a class="new" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Multicol-end&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: initial;" title="Template:Multicol-end (pagina inesistente)">Template:Multicol-end</a></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13px; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td style="border: 0px;"><div style="margin-right: 20px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Le quattro stagioni</b></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Primavera</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Estate</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Autunno</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Inverno</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>I quattro elementi</b></li>
</ul>
<dl style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fuoco</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Airia</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Terra</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Acqua</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: start;">
In aggiunta vi era un gruppo rappresentante quattro rapimenti del mondo classico:</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: start;">
</div>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>I quattro rapimenti</b>:</li>
</ul>
<dl style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persefonoe&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: initial;" title="Persefonoe (pagina inesistente)">Persefonoe</a> ad opera di <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutone_(divinit%C3%A0)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: initial;" title="Plutone (divinità)">Plutone</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibele" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: initial;" title="Cibele">Cibele</a> ad opera di <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(divinit%C3%A0)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: initial;" title="Saturno (divinità)">Saturno</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orizia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: initial;" title="Orizia">Orizia</a> ad opera di <a class="new" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boreas&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: initial;" title="Boreas (pagina inesistente)">Boreas</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: initial;" title="Coronis (pagina inesistente)">Coronis</a> ad opera di <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettuno_(divinit%C3%A0)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: initial;" title="Nettuno (divinità)">Nettuno</a></li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #38761d; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span style="color: lime;">...ancora sui Temperamenti di Galeno</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table id="t8" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><thead>
<tr style="background-color: whitesmoke;"><th class="t8" id="n1" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #eeeeee; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px;">Galeno</th><th class="t8" id="n2" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #eeeeee; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px;">Umori (Polibo)</th><th class="t8" id="n3" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #eeeeee; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px;">Temperamenti</th><th class="t8" id="n4" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #eeeeee; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px;"></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr class="table-alternate row1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 110px;"><img src="http://www.globalhealth.it/xwp1/wp-content/uploads/collerico.gif" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); height: auto; max-width: 97%; padding: 3px;" width="100px" /></td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 83px;">Bile gialla<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
(Polibo)</div>
</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 98px;">Collerico</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 294px;">Energia<br />
Passione<br />
Carisma</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 110px;"><img src="http://www.globalhealth.it/xwp1/wp-content/uploads/malinconico.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); height: auto; max-width: 97%; padding: 3px;" width="100px" /></td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 83px;"><strong>Bile nera</strong><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
(Ippocrate)</div>
</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 98px;">Melanconico</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 294px;">Tenace<br />
Persistente<br />
Gentile<br />
Morigerato</td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row3" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 110px;"><img src="http://www.globalhealth.it/xwp1/wp-content/uploads/sanguigno.gif" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); height: auto; max-width: 97%; padding: 3px;" width="100px" /></td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 83px;">Sangue<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
(Alcmeone di Crotone)</div>
</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 98px;">Sanguigno</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 294px;">Grande attenzione alle persone<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Socievole</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row4" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 110px;"><img src="http://www.globalhealth.it/xwp1/wp-content/uploads/flemmatico.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); height: auto; max-width: 97%; padding: 3px;" width="100px" /></td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 83px;"><strong>Flegma</strong><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
(Ippocrate)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
Catarro<br />
(processi infiammatori)</div>
</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 98px;">Flemmatico</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 294px;">Affidabile<br />
Gentile<br />
Affezionato<br />
Affettuoso</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b> e le altre opere del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Corpus Ippocratico</span></b> delineano e attribuiscono un ruolo patog<u>e</u> netico chiave a <b><span style="color: blue;">2</span></b> dei <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">4 umori</span></b>:Il gruppo di ricerca <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Global Health – Medicina Moderna</span> sta lavo- rando a una interpretazione indiziaria e <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">ippocratica</span> della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">teoria dei 4 umori</span></b> inizialmente svi-luppata da <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Polibo</span></b>, genero e successore di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b> nell’ambito della <b><span style="color: lime;">Medicina Ippocratica</span></b> in <b><span style="color: #990000;">La Natura dell’Uomo</span></b>.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="dropshadowboxes-container " style="clear: both; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; text-align: start; width: 400px; z-index: 1;">
<div class="dropshadowboxes-drop-shadow dropshadowboxes-rounded-corners dropshadowboxes-outside-shadow dropshadowboxes-lifted-both dropshadowboxes-effect-default" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039) 0px 1px 4px; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039) 0px 1px 4px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 10px; position: relative;">
<ul style="list-style-type: none; margin-left: 20px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/themes/wp-davinci-20/images/bullet.png); background-position: 0px 1px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Bile nera (<strong>Tipo 2</strong>: Prolonged response)</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/themes/wp-davinci-20/images/bullet.png); background-position: 0px 1px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px;"><span style="background-color: orange;">Flegma (catarro infiammatorio): (<strong>Tipo 4</strong>: Inadequate response)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’esperienza clinica sembra confermare l’<span style="background-color: yellow;">intuizione ippocratica</span> d'un ruolo chiave di questi due processi patogenetici anche nelle malattie croniche attuali.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La distinzione tra <span style="background-color: cyan;">bile nera</span> e <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">bile gialla</span> fu suggerita da <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Polibo</span></b>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: red;">sangue</span></b> aveva un ruolo chiave per <b><span style="color: purple;">Empedocle di Agrigento</span></b>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">(Pólybos: "ricco di buoi"; latino Pòlybus) riferito al personaggio storico: </span><em style="background-color: cyan; font-style: normal; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Polibo</em><span style="background-color: cyan; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> (medico), genero e discepolo di Ippocrate</span><span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: cyan;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Empedocle di Agrigento</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="320" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="text-align: center;" width="257" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Empedokles.jpeg/220px-Empedokles.jpeg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli enormi limiti della prescrizione basata sulla <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Teoria delle Somiglianze dell’omeopatia</span></b>, ma in un ambito che a molti medici è più famigliare, gli enormi limiti e lo scarso fondamento scien-tifico di sistemi di classificazione come il <span style="background-color: orange;">DSM</span> o le <span style="background-color: lime;">classificazioni della reumatologia</span> interamen- te basate su analogie/ differenze tra gruppi di manifestazioni cliniche sono ben note a tutti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tornerò più avanti sul problema dei limiti e del fallimento delle classificazioni ontologiche em-piriste.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: red;">La teoria dei 4 umori nel corso della storia ispirò molte Teorie del Tutto</span></span></span></div>
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<img alt="La teoria dei 4 umori nel corso della storia ispirò molte Teorie del Tutto" class="" height="518" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/xwp1/wp-content/uploads/humor.gif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; height: auto; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; margin: 0px; max-width: 97%; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" width="551" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con esse si scontrò Ippocrate (Empedocle è l’unico medico citato nel corpus ippocratico) nel suo sforzo di andare oltre le conseguenze inevitabili e il fallimento dell’empirismo dogmatico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non si può capire l’emergere del modello di sapere indiziario della Medicina Ippocratica e della Medicina Moderna, se non si capiscono i limiti dell’empirismo sia nella sua versione unicista, sia nei modelli pluralisti, che oggi chiamiamo modelli multivariati.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia a seminare lo sgomento nella squadra dei medici empiristi non fu un detective, ma il primo neuroscienziato!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Teoria dei 4 umori interpretati dai medici indiziari come qualità.</span></div>
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<img alt="Teoria dei 4 umori interpretati dai medici indiziari come qualità" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/umori-300x300.png" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 17.98611068725586px; text-align: start;" /></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: #000066; font-family: Arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">1. Medici antichi, teorie moderne</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #000066; font-family: Arial; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Figura 1</span></span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.siaecm.org/medici_famosi/medicina_galenica/images/Fig._7.jpg" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;" width="417" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il merito storico di aver impostato i rapporti tra la mente, il pensiero astratto o comunque la parte raziocinante dell’<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b>, e la fisiologia, intesa come studio delle funzioni e qualità del cervello nel suo complesso, è da attribuirsi con ogni probabilità al grande medico <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greco</span></b> <b><span style="color: purple;">Ga-leno di Pergamo</span></b>, vissuto tra il <b>129/130</b> ed il <b>200 d. C.</b>, durante il dominio dell’impero roma- no. Sebbene poco noto, infatti, è proprio <b><span style="color: purple;">Galeno</span></b> che in uno scritto intitolato <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Quod animi mores corporis temperamenta sequantur</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(“Che le passioni dell’anima seguono i tempera-menti dei corpi”)</span> imposta un metodo conosciuto, dall’Ottocento ad oggi, con il nome di organ<u>i</u> cismo, metodo che ritiene non solo teoricamente possibile ma anche scientificamente valida una riduzione delle proprietà cosiddette <span style="background-color: lime;">‘mentali’</span> al sostrato organico da cui derivano.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Galeno</span></b>, inoltre, è stato il primo a corroborare questa sua visione organicista con una serie di esperimenti anatomici che un grande fisiologo e scienziato come <b><span style="color: blue;">Claude Bernard</span></b> ha chiama- to esperimenti <span style="background-color: lime;">“con distruzione”</span> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(BERNARD, 1865, pp. 17, 174; GRMEK, 1996, p. 121)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tali esperimenti consistono, in altre parole, nella mutilazione progressiva di parti dell’encefa- lo e/o della colonna vertebrale per studiare gli effetti sull’animale vivo <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(GRMEK, 1996, p. 109)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Galeno</span></b>, in effetti, ricorreva volentieri alla vivisezione, essendogli preclusa, a differenza dei suoi precursori <b><span style="color: #990000;">Erofilo</span></b> ed <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Erasistrato</span></b>, la <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">dissezione del cadavere umano</span> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(Fig. 2)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In compenso, però, egli dichiara di aver sezionato feti abortiti e grandi scimmie, oltre a racco- mandare la <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">dissezione umana</span> ogniqualvolta ciò fosse stato possibile.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Benché <b><span style="color: purple;">Galeno</span></b> ritenesse l’anatomia l’unico criterio realmente scientifico in questioni di medi-cina – disdegnando le dispute filosofiche – egli era tuttavia consapevole del fatto che non tu<u>t</u> to l’animale, e men che meno l’uomo, poteva essere descritto col semplice ausilio della disse-zione anatomica, occorreva per ciò una teoria fisica di supporto che indagasse le cause, della salute come della malattia, e permettesse un quadro di riferimento per collegare i sintomi e le malattie alle relative prognosi.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.siaecm.org/medici_famosi/medicina_galenica/images/Fabrizio_BIGOTTI_-Teorie_della_Mente_e_della_Materia_img_1.gif" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">“teoria degli umori”</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(sangue, flegma o pituita, bile gialla, bile nera o melancolia)</span> egli la prese in parte da <b><span style="color: magenta;">Ippocrate</span></b>, come teoria dei <b><span style="color: blue;">“temperamenti”</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(caldo, freddo, umido, sec-co, Fig. 3)</span>, invece, <b><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">Galeno</span></b> rielaborò personalmente un sistema già definito nelle sue linee essenziali da <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Aristotele</span></b> nel <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">De generatione et corruptione</span>, tentando tuttavia, a differenza di quest’ultimo, una separazione teorica delle qualità della materia dagli elementi primordiali che la componevano <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(acqua, aria, terra e fuoco)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #000066; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Figura 3</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.siaecm.org/medici_famosi/medicina_galenica/images/Fig._3.jpg" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sebbene possa apparire un po’ sofisticata, non si tratta – come ritenne nell’ottocento <b><span style="color: #990000;">Cuvier</span></b> e, più recentemente, <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Manzoni</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(MANZONI, 2007, p. 34)</span> –, di una teoria inventata o comple- tamente <span style="background-color: orange;">‘a-priori’</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le sue basi empiriche, legate comunque alla teoria del calore fetale o innato <span style="background-color: yellow;">(symphýton thermón, cfr. SIEGEL, 1963, p. 167 e ssg.)</span> del quale i temperamenti non rappresentano che differenti tipologie, possono, in effetti, essere ricondotte ad almeno quattro ordini di ragioni:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">a) <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">il calore, spontaneamente prodotto da molti animali – e dagli omeotermi oggetto delle viv<u>i</u> sezioni galeniche, in particolare – distingue quest’ultimi dagli oggetti fisici o comunque inani-mati</span>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">b) <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">se l’ipotermia può essere ricondotta ad un mancato afflusso di sangue all’organo o alla parte interessate, allora, data la distinzione aristotelica degli animali in sanguinei/non san-guinei, la correlazione sangue-calore </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(nei suoi vari temperamenti)</span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">-vita si fa stretta ed empiricamente riscontrabile</span>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">c) <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">la maggior parte delle reazioni chimiche – cui gli antichi davano il nome di </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">“alterazioni sos-tanziali”</span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> – sono di natura esotermica, ovvero generano calore e quindi, per conversione, il c<u>a</u> lore può esserne indicato come causa</span>; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">d) <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">dato quanto sopra, se l’origine della vita – ovvero il suo principio – può essere indicata in qualcosa di semplice, allora l’organismo umano sembra comportarsi come un grande alambic- co che, a partire dal calore fetale o innato, catalizza l’intera gamma delle reazioni chimiche </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(dette perciò concoctiones)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Queste, a loro volta, determinano i diversi gradi e stati della materia <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(temperamenti appun-to)</span>, dal più caldo al meno caldo, dal più secco al più umido. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In tal modo, a partire dall’organo più caldo, il cuore, sino a quello più freddo, il cervello, ques-to alambicco antropomorfo <span style="background-color: magenta;">(Fig. 4)</span> trasforma al suo interno l’alimento in sostanza nutriente ed, una volta concluso il ciclo di distillazione, espelle i suoi residui <span style="background-color: cyan;">(detti superfluitates)</span>, attr<u>a</u> verso il naso, in forma di muco o flegma <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(GALENO, 1549, p. 139; DORN, 1577, p. 137)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’alambicco rappresentava così un modello unitario di rappresentazione fisiologica del corpo, dal momento che freddezza, siccità, umidità o calore di una certa parte del corpo potevano essere riprodotti appunto mediante un processo alchemico di distillazione <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(distillatio)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non va dimenticato, infine, che la stessa natura delle sostanze organiche, e non, poteva es-sere dedotta quasi esclusivamente mediante la coazione <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(in greco pépsis)</span>, unico processo co</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nosciuto agli antichi per decomporre una sostanza complessa negli elementi primi di cui e<u>s</u> sa era composta. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un buon esempio ne è quello che <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Avicenna</span></b> mette in atto per dimostrare la composizione de<u>l</u> la sostanza cerebrale, la cui materia era stata definita da <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Aristotele</span></b> fredda ed umida, ed il funzionamento paragonato a quello di un refrigeratore <span style="background-color: yellow;">(MANZONI, 2007)</span>.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.siaecm.org/medici_famosi/medicina_galenica/images/Fabrizio_BIGOTTI_-Teorie_della_Mente_e_della_Materia_img_3.gif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quella dei temperamenti era, in ogni caso, la teoria che, in linea di principio, meno di altre si distaccava dall’approccio anatomico, dal momento che essa rappresentava lo stato della ma-teria al momento del contatto con la superficie volare della mano, ovvero con la manipola- zione operata dal medico sul paziente.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A questa teoria ed alle prove sperimentali contenute nelle sue <b>due</b> grandi opere il <b><span style="color: blue;">De usu partium corporis humani</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(“L’utilità delle parti del corpo umano”)</span> e il <b><span style="color: red;">De placitis Hippocra- tis et Platonis</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(“Sulle dottrine di Ippocrate e Platone”)</span> <b><span style="color: purple;">Galeno</span></b> affida, dunque, il compito di provare che gli stati psichici dipendono dai temperamenti nelle sue diverse tipologie o species.</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">2. La fisio-gnomica di Galeno</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come visto, le <span style="background-color: orange;">species temperamentali</span> non sono altro che stati <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(éxeis)</span> della materia; è da e<u>s</u> se, sostiene Galeno, che si originano la funzionalità degli organi, sia di quelli secondari sia di quelli principali <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(fegato, cuore, cervello)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dal momento che il concetto moderno di <span style="background-color: magenta;">“funzione”</span> e quello antico di <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">“anima”</span> di un organo sembrano sovrapporsi sino ad identificarsi, tanto in <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Aristotele</span></b> quanto in <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b>, è perciò sempre da un cattivo temperamento <span style="background-color: lime;">(o “cattiva complessione”, mala complexio)</span> che la fun-zionalità di un organo può essere ostacolata sino ad essere privata, e dunque assente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Esiste così una prossimità di fondo tra la forma dell’organo e la miscela delle qualità elemen- tari, o temperamenti, che ad essa danno origine e ciò vale anche anche per il cervello, la cui <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">“anima”</span> risiede nella forma dell’organo e nelle qualità temperamentali ad esso inerenti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se noi oggi diamo a questa prossimità causale il nome di chimica, o di neurofisiologia nel ca-so del cervello, all’epoca di <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> il problema era piuttosto quello più generale di associare alla <span style="background-color: yellow;">“natura”</span> del corpo <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(physis)</span> il <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">“carattere”</span> mentale <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">(gnome)</span>, ed era dunque un problema di fisiognomica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo carattere fisiognomico si evidenzia maggiormente quando, nella sua <span style="background-color: orange;">Ars medica</span>, <b><span style="color: blue;">Ga-leno</span></b> associa il buon funzionamento cerebrale alla forma del capo che, egli scrive, deve somi-gliare ad una pallina di cera leggermente schiacciata ai lati <span style="background-color: cyan;">(MALATO, 1972, p. 10; RICCIO, 19 93, pp. 87-88)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">È sorprendente pensare come secoli di dispute sulla connessione tra volumetria celebrale e capacità mentale, <span style="background-color: yellow;">da Cuvier a Brocà</span>, sino a <b>Lombroso</b>, fossero contenuti in nuce in questa semplice e pure chiara assunzione galenica <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(MANZONI, 2007, p. 120 e ssg.)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La fisiognomica galenica trova, dunque, il suo fondamento scientifico nella teoria dei tempe-ramenti, o meglio, nella interpretazione che della forma aristotelica <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(eidos)</span> <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> compie nel già ricordato <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Quod animi mores</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se per <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Aristotele</span></b> <b><span style="color: red;">“forma”</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(eidos)</span> e <b><span style="color: #38761d;">“funzione”</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(érgon)</span> sono l’una il complemento dell’altra, sino ad identificarsi <span style="background-color: cyan;">(BIGOTTI, 2009, pp. 43 e ssg.)</span>, per il <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> del <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Quod animi mores</span> la <b><span style="color: red;">“forma”</span></b>, ovvero le parti omogene del corpo, conseguono <span style="background-color: yellow;">(epeisthai)</span> alla composizione delle qualità elementari <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(i già menzionati temperamenti caldo, freddo, secco, umido)</span> che sono an-ch’esse delle <b><span style="color: red;">“forme”</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(eide)</span> nel senso che la loro miscela <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(krásis)</span> segue schemi precisi <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(VEGETTI, 1984, pp. 135 e ssg.)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">È per noi difficile comprendere quanto vasto fosse il campo di applicazione della fisiognomica antica, ed è possibile farlo forse solo assumendo – come fa <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> – che <span style="background-color: orange;">“natura”</span> sia anche quella parte di comportamenti che normalmente ascriviamo alla sfera del mentale, o comun- que del soggettivo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ad ogni modo, l’approccio organicista galenico permette, come il nostro prontamente dichia-ra, di comprendere perché <b><span style="color: red;">“forme complesse”</span></b> come gli stati mentali, possano subire affe-zioni <span style="background-color: yellow;">(pathemata)</span> da parte di sostanze psicotrope quali il vino ed alcune specie di cibi e far-maci, la cui composizione è considerata una <b><span style="color: red;">“forma semplice”</span></b> nel senso della miscela tem-peramentale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo orientamento porta <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> – né poteva essere diversamente –, a negare implicita-mente qualsiasi indipendenza dell’ <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">“anima razionale”</span></b> presente nel cervello, poiché, come già detto, l’anima altro non è se non la funzionalità dell’organo conseguente al tempera-mento. Vi sono dunque tante <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">“anime”</span> quante sono le strutture principali dell’organismo, e principalmente tre, fegato, cuore e cervello. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ad esse – insieme ai testicoli denominate in seguito <span style="background-color: lime;">fundamenta vitae</span> – <span style="color: blue;"><b>Galeno</b></span> attribuisce il compito di coordinare la vita psichica in generale, così che l’<b><span style="color: red;">“anima”</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(psyche)</span> legata ai pro-cessi biologici primati <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">(crescita, nutrizione, alterazione)</span>, detta vegetativa, viene localizzata nel fegato <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(in quanto nei feti esposti esso è più grande delle altre parti e mostra funzioni emopoietiche)</span>; quella associata alle emozioni, detta sensitiva, viene localizzata nel cuore <span style="background-color: yellow;">(in virtù del fatto che la normale attività del polso subisce modificazioni sensibili in concomitanza di eventi psichici di una certa entità; gioia, tristezza, amore etc.)</span>; quella razionale e legata a<u>l</u> la sfera riflessiva, infine, viene situata nel cervello, con una particolare attenzione rivolta ai ventricoli cerebrali <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(GRMEK, 1996, p. 115, Figg. 5-6)</span>. </span></div>
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<img src="http://www.siaecm.org/medici_famosi/medicina_galenica/images/Fabrizio_BIGOTTI_-Teorie_della_Mente_e_della_Materia_img_4.gif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per quanto riguarda il cervello, <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b> mostra conoscenze molto avanzate per la sua epo-ca ed i <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">libri IX e XIV</span> delle sue <span style="background-color: cyan;">Anatomices administrationes</span> testimoniano sufficientemente in tal senso <span style="background-color: yellow;">(ROCCA, 2003, pp. 81 e ssg.)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: lime;">Figura 6</span></span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.siaecm.org/medici_famosi/medicina_galenica/images/Fig._6.jpg" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;" width="477" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ad esse egli si appoggia continuamente nella sua opera De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, per confutare le teorie di coloro che negano ai nervi, ed in generale al cervello, il ruolo di responasabile princiaple delle funzioni di senso, cognizione e moto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Applicando in certo senso la fisio-gnomica al cervello, egli associa la simmetria interna della struttura ventricolare a quella del perfetto temperamento e, più universalmente, dichiara che dalla perfetta forma esteriore e dalla perfetta forma del temperamento procede la migliore costituzione del corpo umano (GALENO, De optima corporis nostri constitutione, I, 1). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quanto alle neuropatologie, egli sicuramente riconosce che la maggior parte di esse viene causata da lesioni o alterazioni fisiologiche dell’encefalo, in particolare dei ventricoli, stabilendo così un stretto rapporto di interdipendenza tra patologia e fisiologia dell’organo. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come Oliver Sachs egli era probabilmente convinto, che «l’intima natura del paziente è del tutto pertinente all’ambito d’indagine più elevato della neurologia e alla psicologia, poiché esse hanno intimamente a che fare con la personalità del paziente» e che, in ogni caso, «lo studio della malattia non può essere disgiunto da quello dell’identità» (SACHS, 2001, p. 12). Per queste patologie, dunque, egli non esitava a ricorrere al trattamento dei farmaci, per lo più a revulsivi ed emetici come l’elleboro bianco. In ciò non era il primo, dato che Aristotele, prima di lui, aveva ammesso la cura farmaceutica come efficace correzione morale (ARISTOTELE, Eth. Eud., 1214b, 28 e ssg. ).</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ciononostante, per alcuni tipi di sintomi Galeno preferiva l’approccio psicologico e/o dialogico con il paziente, probabilmente maturato proprio a contatto con quei pazienti che, piuttosto che l’intervento medico, sembravano avere bisogno di un interlocutore, finendo addirittura col fingere patologie inesistenti (non va dimenticato, infatti, che Galeno scrisse anche un libro su come vadano redarguiti coloro che fingono delle patologie, Quomodo morborum simulantes sint deprehendendi). </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella psico-biologia di Galeno, la natura temperamentale del cervello, come quella degli altri organi, procede dalla costituzione dell’individuo sin dalla sua prima origine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non è chiaro se questa posizione conducesse ad esiti di determinismo morale estremo, oppure costituisse semplicemente uno di quei fattori biologicamente innati, conseguenti alla costituzione temperamentale del feto, fatto sta che nel De locis affectis egli ritiene che la natura dell’individuo biologicamente determinato influisca, e potentemente, sulle inclinazioni soggettive dello stesso (GRMEK, 1996, p. 16; GALENO, 1549, VI, 6) a tal punto da ritenere, proprio nel Quod animi mores, che l’intera vita morale fosse riducibile alle due sole cause fisiologiche da lui individuate nel De naturalibus facultatibus, quella ‘attrattiva di ciò che è specifico’, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">in grado di condurre a ciò che è bene per noi, e quella ‘repulsiva di ciò che estraneo’ che ci permette di scongiurare il male.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Egli nega, dunque, che durante la formazione del feto possano intervenire anime esterne o attraverso un’immigrazione od una emigrazione per metempsicosi: la questione non è scientifica e, in ogni caso, non apporta alcun incremento al progresso della scienza medica. Su l’intera questione grava, quindi, la necessità di un dubbio che non può essere risolto altrimenti che con la consapevolezza critica della sua impugnazione.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">EPOCA </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">POST- GALENICA </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(III sec. d.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">La crisi economica e politica dell’</span><span style="background-color: orange;">Impero romano</span><span style="background-color: white;"> procedette di pari passo con la decadenza della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">I medici dell’epoca furono fortemente influenzati da <b><span style="color: blue;">Galeno</span></b>, ma non aggiunsero nulla di nuo-vo alle sue teorie. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">L’avvento del <b><span style="color: #990000;">Cristianesimo</span></b> contribuì a questa crisi, poiché segnò il ritorno alla <span style="color: #45818e;"><b>medicina teurgica</b></span>. La preghiera diventò il più prezioso dei farmaci e ai Santi fu attribuito il compito di difendere dalle malattie e di intercedere per la guarigione. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> era esercitata sopratutto nei monasteri, specie in quelli benedettini. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">In questi luoghi si tramandavano le conoscenze mediche dell’antichità e le si metteva in pra-tica spinti da intenti caritativi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Alcuni monaci, tuttavia, diedero un contributo personale scrivendo trattati di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Tra questi ricordiamo <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Alcuino</span></b>, il medico di <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Carlo Magno</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Alcuino di York è stato un filosofo, teologo e beato anglosassone</span> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Alcuino di York intento a scrivere. Miniatura </span><img src="http://areeweb.polito.it/didattica/polymath/htmlS/probegio/Prob/Nov_04/Img/image010.png" /><img height="318" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRdO0pvC1qnl7-No3lkw3PeaabVtmJGvdVZZqZ51IdTrPGQU9pW" width="320" /> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red;">Alcuino alla corte di Carlomagno</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="356" src="http://areeweb.polito.it/didattica/polymath/htmlS/info/CapitoloPrimo/Alcuino/Img/image007.png" width="640" /> <span style="background-color: lime; color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">MEDICINA ROMANA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">- </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">PRINCIPALI OPERE DI GALENO -</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dell'ottimo medico e dell'ottimo filosofo</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Degli elementi secondo Ippocrate</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Delle preparazioni anatomiche</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Della dissezione delle vene e delle arterie</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Del moto dei muscoli</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Degli insegnamenti di Ippocrate e di Platone</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Delle regioni ammalate</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dell'uso delle parti del corpo umano (17 libri di fisiologia)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dell'arte medica (Microtecne, Ars parva)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Del metodo di medicare (14 libri)</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: 64.44444274902344px;"> </span><a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: start;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 24 gennaio 2013 alle ore 21,56 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span> </div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-19170082448736647132013-01-19T23:13:00.005+01:002013-06-22T18:46:32.326+02:00(Scheda 252 - 13) STORIA della MEDICINA GRECO-ROMANA.<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large;">MEDICINA GRECO-ROMANA</span><br />
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/la-medicina-greco-romana/treebook1/" rel="attachment wp-att-948" style="color: #5b211a; line-height: 22px;"><img alt="treebook" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-948" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/treebook1.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="treebook" /></a></h2>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">percorso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">gli </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">storici,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"> LA MEDICINA GRECO-ROMANA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 2000 a.C.)</span></div>
<span style="background-color: orange; color: red; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 25px; word-spacing: 1px;">Strumenti chirurgici di 2000 anni fa e più - <span style="word-spacing: 1px;">d</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 25px; word-spacing: 1px;">i epoca Flavia ritrovati negli scavi di Ercolano</span></span><span style="background-color: white; clear: right; display: inline !important; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><a href="http://ercolanorgoglio.myblog.it/media/02/00/2206482205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="626" src="http://ercolanorgoglio.myblog.it/media/02/00/2206482205.jpg" width="640" /></a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large;">LA MEDICINA GRECO-ROMANA</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>medicina nel mondo greco e romano</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> prende le mosse dalla descrizione dei primi timidi tentativi mediante i quali, appunto, la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina greco-romana</span></b> inizia a prendere forma e a distinguersi, sempre più decisamente, dalle <span style="background-color: orange;">pratiche magico-religiose</span> ed illustra i progressivi mutamenti tramite i quali essa raggiunge una sua autonoma dignità, con una sempre mag-giore rilevanza nel quadro socioculturale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">primo medico greco</span></b> conosciuto è stato <b><span style="background-color: #134f5c; color: yellow;">Alcmaeone di Crotone</span></b>, vissuto intorno al <b>700 a. C.</b>, autore del primo lavoro di anatomia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> creò la sua <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola medica nella città di Cos</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Ippocrate di Coo</span></span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> o </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Kos</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (</span>Coo<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>460 a.C.<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> circa – </span>Larissa<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>377 a.C.<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">terminus ante quem</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">)</span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/220px-Hippocrates.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greci</span></b> hanno avuto diverse influenze dall'<b><span style="color: purple;">Egitto</span></b> soprattutto in campo farmacologico e tale i<u>n</u> fluenza diventò molto più chiara quando si aprì una <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola di medicina greca</span></b> in Alessandria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell'<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">impero romano</span> si videro distinguersi le prime specialità mediche quali tra le altre l'urolo-gia e l'oftalmologia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Successivamente il popolo comprese che la cura dell'igiene preveniva l'insorgenza di molte ma</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">lattie e ciò contribuì alla costruzione degli </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">acquedotti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I chirurghi romani avevano molti attrezzi per lavorare, fra i quali <span style="background-color: yellow;">scalpelli, </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cateteri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed estrat-tori per le </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">frecce</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">; per la cura del </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dolore usavano l'oppio e le scopolamine; e per lavare le feri- te usavano l'aceto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: lime; color: red;">Galeno di Pergamo</span></b> ha scritto più di 500 trattati sulla <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">fisiologia, l'igiene, la dietetica, la pato-logia e la farmacologia</span>, ed è accreditato come colui che scoprì il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">midollo spinale</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> Galeno di Pergamo</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (</span>Pergamo<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>129<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> – </span>Roma<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span>216<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) è stato un </span>medico<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>greco antico<span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> in una </span>litografia<span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> di Pierre Roche Vigneron</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Galen_detail.jpg/220px-Galen_detail.jpg" width="332" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se <b><span style="color: blue;">Celso</span></b> descrisse <span style="background-color: white;">i </span><b style="background-color: lime;">quattro sintomi classici dell'infiammazione</b> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(rubor rossore, dolor dolo-re, calor calore e tumor gonfiore)</span>, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: lime; color: red;">Galeno</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ne osservò anche la limitazione funzionale <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(functio laesa)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Aulo Cornelio Celso</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (</span>14 a.C.<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> circa – </span>37<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> d.C. ca.) è stato un </span>enciclopedista<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> e </span>medico<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span>romano<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, probabilmente nativo della </span>Gallia Narbonense<span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">.</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus.jpg/220px-Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus.jpg" width="266" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Notevole anche il trattato<span style="background-color: cyan;"> Procedimenti anatomici</span>, basato sulla dissezione delle scimmie.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><i style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">Dictionnaire des antiquités grècques et romaines</i><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;">: Decorazione di un'anfora attica, rinvenuta a Gela</span></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Orphée chez les Thraces.gif" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Orph%C3%A9e_chez_les_Thraces.gif" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina greca di Alessandria</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> influenzò </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, nonostante l’iniziale resistenza dei roma-ni e a</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> la </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era praticata in ambito familiare </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(il medico di famiglia era il pater fa-milias, che aveva il potere assoluto sulla famiglia)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e nessuna teoria vera e propria vi era alla sua base, risultando, perciò, una scienza empirica, anche se razionale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I medici, per lo più schiavi o liberti, che pretendevano un onorario per le loro cure, cosa che destava scandalo presso gli aristocratici tradizionalisti, erano considerati come utili artigiani tanto che molti signori istruivano alla medicina gli schiavi più dotati per tenerli presso di loro come medici personali o di famiglia servendosene, come permetteva la legge, anche dopo la loro liberazione.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una vera e propria formazione all’<span style="background-color: yellow;">arte della medicina</span> non esisteva in <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: cyan;">Galeno</span></b>, nel <b>II secolo d.C.</b>, nota come molti dei suoi presunti colleghi non sappiano neppure leggere mentre il medico <b><span style="color: purple;">Tessalo</span></b>, vissuto durante il governo di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Nerone</span></b>, pretende di formare alla medicina in meno di sei mesi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Chiunque poteva dichiararsi medico e senza nessuna cognizione teorica o esperienza pratica aprire un ambulatorio. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’esercizio della professione era remunerativo e molti, del tutto inesperti, come ciabattini e tessitori, diventavano da un giorno all’altro medici o meglio lo diventavano facendo esperien-za sulla pelle dei loro pazienti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Antichi cateteri ai tempi dei romani</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="203" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Roman_catheters_BM_GR1968.6-26.1to39.jpg/250px-Roman_catheters_BM_GR1968.6-26.1to39.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quello che noi oggi chiamiamo lo <span style="background-color: cyan;">studio del medico nell’antica Roma</span> non si distingueva dalle altre botteghe presenti nel foro che gli archeologi sono in grado di identificare solo per i reperti di strumenti medici ivi ritrovati. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’arredamento era piuttosto semplice: cassapanche e cassette per gli strumenti medici, le medicine, teli e bende, anfore con acqua, olio e vino, due sedie e sgabelli e spesso anche un lettino. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella completa mancanza di <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">ospedali civili</span>, vicino all’ambulatorio vi era una specie di lazzaret-to per la degenza e l’osservazione dei pazienti operati.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <span style="background-color: cyan;">medico nell’antica Roma</span> era di solito un professionista <b><span style="color: blue;">“generico”</span></b> che non aveva una pre-cisa specializzazione, con l’eccezione di alcune grandi città dove esercitavano rari medici spe-cialisti che divengono più numerosi a partire dal <b>I secolo d.C.</b> in <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">tre settori della medicina</span>: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">chirurgia</span></b> (chirurgus), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l’<b><span style="color: #990000;">oculistica</span></b> (ocularius), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">e l’<b><span style="color: purple;">otorinolaringoiatria</span></b> (auricularius). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcuni come un tale <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Decimio Eros Merula di Assisi</span></b> aveva una doppia specializzazione in <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">chi-rurgia</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #990000;">oculistica</span></b> e per questo motivo, come attesta un’iscrizione sul suo sepolcro, accumu-lò tanto denaro da lasciare il comune erede di una grossa donazione.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I medici più noti ed apprezzati raggiungevano dei redditi annui molto elevati sino a parecchie migliaia di sesterzi giungendo ad accumulare patrimoni milionari ottenuti anche con il <span style="background-color: orange;">“regalo d’onore”</span>, da cui il termine <span style="background-color: lime;">“onorario”</span>, con cui i malati più ricchi risanati usavano premiare il medico competente con del denaro in sovrappiù di quello richiesto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcuni invece, per avidità si comportavano in modo difforme dall’etica della professione prolu<u>n</u> gando costose cure per una malattia già sanata oppure pretendendo somme ingenti per una medicina di poco prezzo o addirittura portando a morte un paziente che avesse incluso il pr<u>o</u> prio medico nel suo testamento.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Uno specialista molto attivo nell’antichità era l’<b><span style="color: #990000;">oculista</span></b>, il che fa supporre una diffusione delle malattie collegate agli occhi come attestano i frequenti, circa 300, ritrovamenti archeologici nelle regioni occidentali dell’Impero, del cosiddetto <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">“pestello dell’oculita”</span></b>, consistente in una <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">piccola piastra di pietra</span>, di circa 5 centimetri di lato, su cui era iscritto il nome del medico e il principio attivo della medicina con le relative indicazioni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il pestello veniva adoperato come un mortaio per realizzare unguenti particolari che veniva-no essiccati ed usati come colliri <span style="background-color: lime;">(panini)</span> come <b><span style="color: red;">“la pomata di Onesto Lautino contro vecchie cicatrici”</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(Honesti Lautini diamisus ad veter[es] cica[trices])</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La letteratura medica dell’epoca è ricca di trattati dedicati alla ginecologia ma non vi sono prove, ad eccezione di una fonte <span style="background-color: cyan;">(cfr. Sorano, III, pr.)</span>, che attestino la professione di <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">gineco-logi</span> come medici specializzati. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nei parti aveva maggiore importanza la funzione dell’<span style="background-color: orange;">ostetrica</span> mentre il medico svolgeva una azione di sostegno nei casi difficili. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">É probabile che i pochi <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">medici donna</span> di cui abbiamo testimonianze fossero specializzate pro- prio in <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">ginecologia</span> dove ci si avvaleva di strumenti abbastanza evoluti come lo <b><span style="color: #38761d;">speculum va-ginale</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Poiché, come per il medico generico, anche per lo specilista non esisteva alcuna formazione o autorizzazione pubblica, non mancavano ciarlatani che con poco spesa si inventavano strane specializzazioni come quella per rimuovere i marchi a fuoco di ex schiavi, per la bruciatura di ciglie o per le fratture o come quei specialisti delle malattie della pelle che affluirono numero-si dall’<b><span style="color: purple;">Egitto</span></b>, per arricchirsi con le loro prestazioni ai <b><span style="color: magenta;">romani</span></b> colpiti da una epidemia di leb-bra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’<span style="background-color: #e69138;">odontoiatria</span> non costituiva una specializzazione particolare molto diffusa ma era in genere esercitata dai chirurghi che la praticavano, in assenza di anestetici efficaci, in modo molto doloroso per i malcapitati. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Inoltre le conoscenze del tempo permettevano di applicare <b><span style="color: #45818e;">protesi dentali</span></b> e di sostituire i denti cariati con altri di avorio o metalli.</span></div>
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<img height="231" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQurBt9l8_S7Hyk_y4wSb5gmo2ZoHW3t5WCcIiPOqTesabnBcg-Kg" width="320" /><br />
<img height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjBpDpEynQTCZoHonjgOooXkKPT16WUuvftoSWbQSzYAC7NKdX0uvWQLyX3mK781dgXB3ZgTDfJttrND4L3nCIvl7WiOoXbpqgZjnjEik8S2e7ZlA25MD6YlHj5ZtVmlCBkSVkyM1XTWu0/s320/protesi_etrusca.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.eosrivista.com/images/DENTI.gif" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> arrivò a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> con la conquista della <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Auruspicina etrusca</span></b> e teorie <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">mediche della Magna Grecia</span></b> sono le fondamenta sulle quali nacque la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina romana</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Essa si sviluppò grazie all’apporto di conoscenze provenienti dalla <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b>; furono moltissimi, infatti, i <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">medici greci</span></b> che operarono nell’Urbe. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> fare il medico era considerata cosa disdicevole, che poteva fare solo uno straniero. Siccome la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b>, dopo la conquista <b><span style="color: magenta;">romana</span></b>, era poverissima per le numerosissime guerre che l’avevano dilaniata, ci furono numerosi medici che si vendettero come schiavi per poter andare a <b>Roma</b> ad esercitare la propria arte. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molti di questi divennero famosi e si comprarono la libertà, divenendo dei <span style="background-color: lime;">liberti</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nonostante la fiducia dei tradizionalisti i <b><span style="color: #0b5394;">medici greci </span></b>o forestieri si affermarono in <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> tanto che sia <b><span style="color: red;">Cesare</span></b> che <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Augusto</span></b> concessero loro il diritto di cittadinanza e vietando che po-tessero essere rimandati ai loro luoghi d’origine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I principali scrittori di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> nel<b> I e II secolo d.C.</b> e medici famosi furono: il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">medico greco </span><span style="background-color: #073763; color: lime;">Pedanio Dioscoride</span></b>, il primo <span style="background-color: orange;">botanico medico scientifico</span>; il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">medico greco</span></b> <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #e69138;">Arteo di Cappado- cia</span></b>, un discepolo di <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b>; l’anatomista <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greco</span></b> <b><span style="background-color: #e06666; color: #f1c232;">Rufo di Efeso</span></b>, noto per i suoi st<u>u</u> di sul cuore e sugli occhi; il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Greco</span></b> <b><span style="background-color: blue; color: #f1c232;">Sorano di Efeso</span></b> che pubblicò un trattato di <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">ginecologia</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il medico <b><span style="color: magenta;">romano</span></b> <b><span style="color: purple;">Aulo Cornelio Celso</span></b>, autore di un’<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">enciclopedia di medicina</span></b>;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-size: large; line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;">I Metodici</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;"> (</span><span style="line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;">I sec. a.C</span><span style="line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;">.)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si sviluppò a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> nel <b>I secolo a.C.</b> e ebbe maggior fortuna. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il suo fondatore fu <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Temisone di Laodicea</span></b>, allievo di <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Asclepiade di Prusa</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Temisòne</span></b> influenzò moltissimo la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">cultura medica romana</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Asclepiade di Prusa</span></b> <b>(130 a.C.)</b> svolse un ruolo importante nella diffusione della <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">medicina greca</span></b> a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> nel <b>I secolo a.C.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Contrario alla <span style="background-color: yellow;">teoria degli umori</span>, <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Asclepiade</span></b> sosteneva che il corpo fosse composto da parti-celle staccate, o atomi, separati da pori <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(canalicoli)</span>, e che la malattia fosse causata dall’alte-razione del moto ordinato degli atomi o dal blocco dei pori, che egli tentava di guarire tramite l’esercizio fisico, i bagni e le variazioni della dieta, piuttosto che con i farmaci. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa teoria venne ripresa periodicamente e in varie forme fino al <b>XVIII secolo</b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu un ottimo medico pratico e utilizzò abbondantemente le <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">cure termali e l’idroterapia</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Metodici</span></b> si impegnarono duramente nel tentativo di classificare tutte le malattie e le cure a<u>l</u> lora conosciute; le <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">teorie degli Empirici</span> furono il loro punto di partenza. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il più noto tra i <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Metodici</span></b> fu <b><span style="color: purple;">Sorano di Efeso</span></b> <b>(I - II sec.)</b>, un <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">medico greco</span></b> che che registrò nozioni di <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">ostetricia</span> e <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">ginecologia</span>, apparentemente basate su dissezioni umane, e che, seb- bene aderisse alla scuola di <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Asclepiade</span></b>, distingueva le malattie in base ai sintomi e al de-corso; pubblicò un trattato di <span style="background-color: orange;">ginecologia</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Operò a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> durante l’Impero di <b><span style="color: #990000;">Traiano</span></b> e di <b><span style="color: #741b47;">Adriano</span></b>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;"> I </span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;">Pneumatici</span></span><span style="line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;"><b style="font-size: xx-large;"> </b><span style="font-size: large;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;">I sec. a.C</span><span style="line-height: 21.99652862548828px; text-align: start;">.)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: lime;">dottrina dei Pneumatici</span> si sviluppò a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> al tempo di <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Nerone</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #783f04;">Vespasiano</span></b> <b>(I sec. a. C.). </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo i membri di questa scuola la base della vita è lo </span><b style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pneuma</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, un agente capace di raggiungere ogni parte del corpo trasportato del sangue, producendo il </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>“calore animale”</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’intuizione dei <span style="background-color: lime;">Pneumatici</span> è notevole e anticipa la scoperta delle funzioni dell’ossigeno nello organismo. </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #990000; color: cyan;">Agatino di Sparta</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #20124d; color: orange;">Archigene di Apamea</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Erodoto</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> sono i più noti esponenti dei </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pneumatici</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;"> <span style="color: red;">Gli Eclettici</span> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">(I sec. a.C.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: cyan;">scuola degli Eclettici</span> convisse a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b> con quella dei <span style="background-color: lime;">Pneumatici</span> nel <b>I secolo a.C.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo gli <span style="background-color: cyan;">Eclettici</span> nessuna delle teorie mediche allora conosciute era del tutto convincen- te. Per questo selezionarono dalle altre dottrine le idee che ritenevano migliori, riunendole in un <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">corpus personale</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra gli <span style="background-color: cyan;">Eclettici</span> si ricordano </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #e69138;">Arteo di Cappadocia</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e <b><span style="background-color: #0c343d; color: #f1c232;">Pedànio Dioscoride</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>(I sec. D.C.)</b>, impor-tantissimo trattatista, fu il fondatore della <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">botanica farmaceutica</span>, e pubblicò un libro, intitola- to <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">De materia medica</span></b>, che rimase come base della <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">farmacologia</span> fino al primo ’800.</span></div>
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<span style="color: lime; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> AULO CORNELIO CELSO</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> (Fine del I sec. a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu l’unico vero romano tra i grandi medici che operarono a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nacque alla fine del <b>I secolo a.C.</b> da una famiglia patrizia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non fece parte di nessuna delle scuole mediche dell’epoca; nella pratica si rifaceva agli inse-gnamenti di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> e </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Asclepiade</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Della sua immensa opera enciclopedica <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">“De artibus”</span></b> è arrivata fino a noi solo la sezione <b><span style="color: #990000;">“De medicina”</span></b>: un compendio di medicina in otto volumi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Celso</span></b> <b>(14 A.C.-37 D.C.)</b> fece una sorta di enciclopedia medica in cui trattò argomenti di chi-rurgia, di medicina dal punto di vista di un erudito, piuttosto che da quello di un conoscitore dell’argomento, facendo un grande elenco di pratiche comuni a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Descrisse i sintomi delle malattie in modo molto accurato: dalle sue parole possiamo ricono-scere disturbi noti e diffusi anche ai nostri giorni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Celso</span></b> fu un punto di riferimento per i <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici del Medioevo</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Inventò una terminologia medica ancora usata nella <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">medicina moderna</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Da qui possiamo però farci un’idea dello sviluppo raggiunto dalla chirurgia in quell’epoca, so-prattutto in alcuni campi, quali l’odontoiatria. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: orange;">chirurgia odontoiatrica</span> è di origine <b><span style="color: purple;">etrusca</span></b>, i quali erano abili dentisti: si hanno, infatti, im-magini di protesi dentarie, di impianti di denti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grande importanza ebbe l’<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">erboristica</span> anche se, anch’essa, usata in maniera molto empirica.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> GALENO </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">(II sec. d.C.)</span></div>
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<img alt="Galeno" class="size-full wp-image-359" height="400" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/galeno3.jpg?w=470" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px none; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" title="galeno" width="311" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il medico più importante e noto dell’<b><span style="color: magenta;">epoca romana</span></b>, che lasciò una traccia importantissima nella cultura occidentale, fu <b><span style="color: red;">Galéno</span></b> <b>(131 D.C.-201 D.C.)</b> <b><span style="color: red;">il pergameno</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Galeno di Pergamo</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greco</span></b>, fu il medico più rilevante di questo periodo; l’importanza di ques-to medico, nella <b><span style="color: #990000;">storia della medicina antica</span></b>, è seconda solo a quella di <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Ippocrate visita un bambino</span></span></span><br />
<img height="481" src="http://atlantemedicina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/1959-robert-thom-ippocrate.jpg?w=300&h=227" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questi nacque a <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Pergamo</span> intorno al <b>130 d.C.</b> ed era figlio dell’architetto dei re, proveniva dunque da una famiglia facoltosa; studiò a <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">Corinto</span>, <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Smirne</span> e <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">Alessandria</span> e dopo il tirocinio ad <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Alessandria</span> passò a <b><span style="color: magenta;">Roma</span></b>, dove fece il medico dei gladiatori e di <b><span style="color: #660000;">Marco Aurelio</span></b>, acquise<u>n</u> do quindi una certa infarinatura anatomica, anche se, seguendo i concetti greci, si dedicò soprattutto alla dissezione degli animali. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra questi i più studiati erano il maiale<span style="background-color: yellow;"> (“l’animale più simile all’uomo”, a detta di Galeno)</span> e la scimmia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b> intuì l’importanza fondamentale degli organi e di molti anche il loro effettivo ruolo; ad esempio capì che le vesciche urinarie non producevano urina, ma che questa proveniva dagli ureteri (lo dimostrò legando gli ureteri), descrisse per la prima volta il nervo ricorrente. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ebbe molta importanza come medico pratico: basandosi sulle <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">piante medicinali</span> introdusse farmaci di grandissima importanza, ad esempio, l’uso della corteccia di salice, del laudano <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">(ti<u>n</u> tura di oppio)</span> come anestetico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Però insieme a questi reclamizzò dei farmaci completamente inutili, tra cui la triaca che veni- va venduta nelle farmacie. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Venne utilizzata fino alla fine del 1700. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nonostante le sue numerose intuizioni, poiché la <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">teoria più accettata all’epoca era quella ip-pocratica</span>, egli, pur con qualche introduzione di elementi estranei, sposò la <b><span style="color: purple;">teoria degli umo- ri</span></b>. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anzi, esasperò l’aspetto terapeutico della <span style="background-color: lime;">materia peccans</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra la <span style="background-color: lime;">materia peccans</span> vi era il <span style="background-color: yellow;">pus</span>, che venne chiamato da <span style="color: red;"><b>Galeno</b></span> <span style="background-color: orange;">“bonum et laudabile”</span>, perché era espressione di <span style="background-color: lime;">materia peccans</span> che doveva essere eliminata: aveva capito che il <span style="background-color: yellow;">pus</span> era una sostanza da eliminare. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Purtroppo, però, soprattutto dagli <b><span style="color: red;">epigoni di Galeno</span></b> tale teoria venne sfruttata in senso stretto: dicevano infatti che le ferite non dovevano guarire per prima intenzione, ma doveva formarsi prima <span style="background-color: yellow;">pus</span>: era quindi necessario bruciare la ferita in maniera tale da provocare la sua formazione, perché solo così le ferite guarivano meglio. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tale concetto restò valido sino alla <b>fine del 1500</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b> portò, inoltre, alla esasperazione anche altre metodiche terapeutiche, quali il salas-so. Nel suo concetto introdusse anche il <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">concetto metodista dei pori</span>: ciò, però, fu travisato ed interpretato come un invito, fatto da <b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b>, a non lavarsi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rimase nell’Urbe fino alla morte, intorno al <b>200 d.C.</b></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 16.99652862548828px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">Galeno e Ippocrate</span></span></span><br />
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<img height="479" src="http://www.naturopatiaonline.fm/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/anagni_004_galeno_e_ippocrate.jpg" width="640" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b> descrisse i q<span style="background-color: cyan;">uattro sintomi classici</span> dell’ infiammazione <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(rubor, dolor, calor, tumor, os-sia arrossamento, dolore, calore e gonfiore)</span> e contribuì notevolmente alla conoscenza delle malattie <b style="background-color: #ea9999;">infettive</b> e alla farmacologia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua conoscenza anatomica degli esseri umani era incompleta, in quanto era fondata sulla dissezione delle scimmie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Scrisse un enorme <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">corpus di opere mediche</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b> racchiuse tutto lo scibile medico dei suoi tempi in circa 400 opere; solo 83 di queste sono giunte fino a noi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La più nota è il <b><span style="color: purple;">“De arte medica”</span></b>, una guida sintetica alla pratica medica che fu molto usata nel <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d;">Medioevo</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alla base delle teorie di <b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b> ci sono l’approccio clinico di <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> e il metodo filosofico di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Aristotele</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Aristotele</span></b> accetta il principio teologico, che riporta ogni effetto ad una causa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tale principio era adottato anche dalla filosofia cristiana: ciò decreterà il grande consenso che <b><span style="color: red;">Galeno</span></b> raccolse nei secoli successivi.</span></div>
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<span class=" yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Giuramento di Ippocrate | Podcast di Naturopatia"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Giuramento di Ippocrate</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La nascita delle grandi <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">civiltà classiche</span>, la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Greca</span></b> e la <b><span style="color: magenta;">Romana</span></b>, segna una svolta importante nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">storia della Medicina</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Infatti, è in <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b> che avviene la completa e definitiva emancipazione del medico dal sacer-dote o dallo stregone. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rinunciando ai legami con la magia o la divinità, a partire dal<b> VI secolo avanti Cristo</b> la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">med<u>i</u> cina greca</span></b> pone in rilevo l'osservazione clinica e l'esperienza, concetti che saranno poi com-pletati e ulteriormente sviluppati dalla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina romana</span></b>.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px;"> </span></div>
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<img alt="LE CIVILTÀ CLASSICHE" height="64" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/story_classiche.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" name="GRECA"></a><img alt="LA MEDICINA DELL'ANTICA GRECIA" border="0" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/story_grecia.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px;"> <span style="color: red;">Asclepio </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15.828125px;">Statua di </span></span><span style="color: red; line-height: 15.815972328186035px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Asclepio</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 15.815972328186035px;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 15.828125px;">ai </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 22px;">Musei Capitolini</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 15.828125px;"> di </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 22px;">Roma</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Asklepios%2C_antik_staty%2C_nu_i_Louvre%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/200px-Asklepios%2C_antik_staty%2C_nu_i_Louvre%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Esculapio_Capitolini.jpg/200px-Esculapio_Capitolini.jpg" style="line-height: 22px;" /> </div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15.828125px;">Il Tempio di Esculapio a </span>Villa Borghese</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Rovine del Tempio di Asclepio - Epidauro (Grecia)</span> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22px;"><img height="425" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/tempioasclepio.jpg" style="line-height: 22px;" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli albori della Medicina, nella <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia antica</span></b>, sono simili a quelli della maggior parte delle al-tre <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">civiltà antiche</span>: si tratta di una pratica magico-religiosa, che individua nella Divinità il medi-co/taumaturgo al quale rivolgersi per la risoluzione dei problemi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Apollo</span></b> e poi <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Esculapio)</span> sono i primi <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"medici"</span></b> <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greci</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A loro si deve, secondo la leggenda, anche il simbolo dell'Arte Medica, il <b><span style="color: blue;">caduceo</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I loro santuari erano veri e propri centri di cura, dove si prescrivevano terapie basate su esercizi, diete e pratiche terapeutiche come l'<span style="background-color: lime;">incubazione onirica</span>: i malati dormivano nei pre<u>s</u> si di un tempio, in un <span style="background-color: #e06666;">recinto sacro</span> <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>(άβατον)</b></span> nella speranza che il dio li visitasse in sogno per guarirli. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">È probabile che, tra le cure praticate, vi fosse la <b><span style="color: #990000;">trapanazione cranica</span></b>.</span></div>
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<img height="219" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRGBjQfOt3ozSitdpZ7L3pkEUvbPdEJS-tUrlWyJfwrjn7VfETeGua6zha0xw" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell'<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">antica Grecia</span></b> la medicina veniva praticata anche nei ginnasi, luoghi dove i giovani veni-vano formati culturalmente e fisicamente, nelle palestre, dove si allenavano gli atleti veri e propri. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Entrambi consentirono un certo sviluppo della chirurgia, in seguito alle lesioni in cui sovente gli atleti incorrevano nell'esecuzione degli esercizi fisici. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tutti coloro che lavoravano in queste strutture avevano conoscenze abbastanza approfondi-te o private, gli <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831"></a><b>ιατρεία</b> <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b>(jatreia)</b></span>, venivano consultati solo nei casi più gravi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le prime <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Scuole Mediche</span> nascono in <span style="background-color: cyan;">Magna Grecia</span>, a <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">Crotone</span>, ed in <span style="background-color: orange;">Sicilia</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Alcmeone di Crotone</span></b>, caposcuola della prima, vissuto intorno al <b>500 a.C.</b>, forse allievo di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Pitagora</span></b>, per primo distinse tra intelletto e percezione e stabilì nel cervello la sede del pri-mo. Ad <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Empedolcle di Agrigento</span></b>, massima espressione della seconda scuola, coetaneo di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Alcmeone</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed anche lui, forse, allievo di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Pitagora</span></b>, si attribuisce la scoperta del <span style="background-color: lime;">labirinto dello orecchio interno</span>. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">La Civiltà dell'Antica Grecia</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Scuole Mediche greche</span></b> più conosciu</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">te e famose sono, però, quella di <b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Cnido</b> e di <b style="background-color: #ea9999;">Cos</b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Esse erano separate solamente da poche decine di chilometri, quanto misura il braccio di m<u>a</u> re posto tra l'isola di <b style="background-color: #ea9999;">Cos</b> nel <span style="background-color: cyan;">Mar Egeo</span> e la costa della <span style="background-color: orange;">Caria</span> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(Asia Minore)</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Scuola di Cnido</b> dette grande importanza allo studio dell'anatomia sugli animali, mentre il concetto di patologia era ancora piuttosto rudimentale ed anche la terapia era poco svilup- pata. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di questa scuola furono maestri </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">Eurifone</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: purple;">Ctesia</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b style="background-color: #f1c232;">Scuola di Cos</b>, nell'isola omonima, contigua al tempio di <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Esculapio</span></b>, pone in primo piano l'osservazione diretta del malato.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nasce qui il concetto di <span style="background-color: lime;">"clinica"</span> e di <span style="background-color: orange;">"diagnosi"</span>, sulla base delle quali impostare la terapia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fondatore e personaggio di maggior spicco della scuola fu <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">[vedi Biografia in I Gra<u>n</u> di Maestri]</span>, universalmente riconosciuto come il <span style="background-color: magenta;">"Padre della Medicina"</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'insieme dei libri che gli sono attribuiti va sotto il nome di <span style="background-color: #bf9000;">Corpus Hippocraticum</span> o <span style="background-color: cyan;">Collectio Hippocratica</span>: si tratta di 53 opere per un totale di 72 libri, che furono raccolti dai <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">bibliotecari alessandrini</span> nel <b>III secolo a.C.</b>, che senz'altro raccolgono i contributi non solo di <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> ma anche dei suoi allievi e di molti anche della <b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">scuola di Cnido</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dei trattati a lui sicuramente attribuiti <span style="background-color: yellow;">(Sull'<b><span style="color: #990000;">antica medicina</span></b>; Sulle arie, le acque e i luoghi; Sulla malattia sacra; Prognostico; Sul regime delle malattie acute; Epidemie; Aforismi; Sulle ulcere; Sulle articolazioni; Sulle fistole; Sulle fratture; Sulle emorroidi; La legge ed il Giurame<u>n</u> to)</span> tre interessano la pratica chirurgica: Sulla chirurgia, Sulle ferite al capo e Sugli strumenti di riduzione.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> compito del chirurgo deve essere in primo luogo l'apprendimento, non solo quello teorico, ma anche e soprattutto quello che la pratica può fornire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>... In primo luogo, conoscere le cose simili e le cose dissimili, quelle connesse con le cose più im-portanti, il più facilmente conosciute e in qualunque modo conosciute; quali devono essere viste, toccate e udite; quali devono essere percepite con la vista, e con il tatto, e con l'udito, e con il na-so, e con la lingua, e con l'intelletto ...</i> <span style="background-color: lime;">(La Chirurgia, 1)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per quanto riguarda le <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">ferite craniche</span>, è necessario anzitutto conoscere non solo l'anatomia e anche le diversità anatomiche.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>... Le teste degli <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b> non sono affatto tutte uguali, né le suture della testa di tutti gli <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomi- ni</span></b> sono costruite nella stessa forma ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 1)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Esistono aree del cranio più resistenti agli urti <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(osso dietro il vertice, intorno all'orecchio)</span>, es-sendo colà l'osso più spesso o maggiormente coperto da tessuti molli ed altre meno resis-tenti <span style="background-color: yellow;">(bregma; regione tra l'aricolazione mandibolare ed il meato acustico esterno; tempie)</span>, r<u>i</u> sultando formate di osso più sottile, meno ricoperto di tessuto carnoso, o percorse da grossi vasi <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(tempie)</span>, e cui sottostà una ampia porzione del cervello. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E conseguentemente, le lesioni in queste ultime aree sono gravate da una prognosi più grave.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>... E quindi accade che da analoghe o persino minori ferite e meccanismi, quando una persona è ferita allo stesso o in minor grado, l'osso della testa là risulta più contuso, fratturato e infossato; e che là le lesioni sono maggiormente mortali e più difficili da curare; ed è più difficile conservare la sua vita se le lesioni colpiscono quelle aree piuttosto che qualunque altra parte della testa ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 2</span></span><span style="background-color: orange;">)</span>.</div>
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<a href="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/hippocrates2sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Clicca per ingrandire" border="0" class="right" height="400" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/hippocrates2sm.jpg" style="padding: 5px 0px 4px 15px;" width="257" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il punto <b><span style="color: #38761d;">debole dell'osso</span></b>, ovunque disposto, risulta però essere la <b><span style="color: purple;">sutura ossea</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La diagnosi si deve sostanziare di un'attenta indagine anamnestica per comprendere quale sia stato l'origine della ferita; il <span style="background-color: cyan;">"mezzo"</span> che l'ha provocata; se ha manifestato sintomi di gra-vità della ferita.... <i>se la persona ferita è rimasta tramortita e se l'oscurità si è diffusa sopra i suoi occhi e se ha avuto vertigini ed è caduto a terra ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 11)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Seguirà un'indagine ispettiva accurata della ferita al letto del malato. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il medico deve distinguere tra <b><span style="color: purple;">suture craniche</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">fratture</span></b>, poiché</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">...<i> la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">frattura</span></b> che si presen- ta a livello della <b><span style="color: purple;">suture</span></b> è anche un allentamento delle <b><span style="color: purple;">sutura</span></b> e non è facile capire se l'osso è rot- to ed allentato dalla dentellatura di un'arma che ha colpito sulla <b><span style="color: purple;">sutura</span></b>, o da una <b><span style="color: #38761d;">contusione dell'osso </span></b>a livello della <b><span style="color: purple;">sutura</span></b> ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 12)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E la distinzione non è di poco conto, poiché la lesione sarà più grave se sono state colpite le <b><span style="color: purple;">suture</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">... <i>perché una persona con una ferita della stessa estensione, o anche molto minore, e pr<u>o</u> vocata da armi delle stesse dimensioni e qualità, e perfino molto più piccole, subirà una lesione a<u>s</u> sai più ampia, se ha ricevuto il colpo alle <b><span style="color: purple;">suture</span></b>, piuttosto che non altrove...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla te<u>s</u> ta, 12)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E l'ispezione deve coinvolgere il tatto, anche se, spesso, l'<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>esplorazione digitale dell'osso</b></span> non riesce a dirimere il dubbio diagnostico</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">... <i>poiché la <b><span style="color: purple;">sutura</span></b>, essendo più ruvida rispetto al restante osso, provoca confusione e non è chiaro quale è la <b><span style="color: purple;">sutura</span></b> e quale è il segno inflitto dall'agente, a meno che quest'ultimo <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">(hedra)</span></b> sia ampio. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>La <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">frattura</span></b> inoltre per la maggior parte è unita con la dentellatura quando si presenta nelle <b><span style="color: purple;">su-ture</span></b>; e questa <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">frattura</span></b> è più difficile da distinguere quando l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso è rotto</span></b>, in considerazione di questo, che se c'è una <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">frattura</span></b>, è situata per la maggior parte sulla <b><span style="color: purple;">sutura</span></b> ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite della testa, 12)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">e perchè, una volta impostata la terapia, possono essere compiuti errori anche fatali.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">...<i> E molti di questi richiedono <b><span style="color: red;">trapanazione</span></b>, ma non dovete <b><span style="color: purple;">applicare il trapano sulle suture stesse</span></b>, ma sull'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso contiguo</span></b> ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 12)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> propone la seguente classificazione delle <span style="background-color: orange;">lesioni craniche traumatiche</span>: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: normal;">1. Frattura e contusione; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: normal;">2. Contusione senza frattura; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: normal;">3. Frattura ed infossamento; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: normal;">4. Tacca ossea (con frattura e contusione); </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: normal;">5. Lesione a distanza. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 0.8em;">Per quest'ultima evenienza, che nessun esame riesce ad accertare, non vi è rimedio.</span><br /><b style="font-size: 0.8em;"><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b><span style="font-size: 0.8em;"> consiglia la trapanazione per:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>... la <b><span style="color: red;">contusione</span></b>, se l'osso è posto a nudo oppure no; e la fenditura, se apparente oppure no. E se, quando una rientranza, prodotta da un'arma in un osso, è accompagnata da una <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">frattura</span></b> e da <b><span style="color: red;">contusione</span></b>, ed anche se la <b><span style="color: red;">contusione</span></b> da sola, senza <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">frattura</span></b>, è combinata con l'infossa- mento ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 9)</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La tecnica, che prevede l'uso di raschietti <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(raschia-periostio)</span> e di <span style="background-color: cyan;">trapani</span> di fogge differenti, deve essere praticata usando, però, alcuni accorgimenti, come prestare massima attenzione se si tratta di un giovane <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(ossa più sottili e meno coperte dai tegumenti)</span> e, durante l'inter-vento, immergere soventemente il <span style="background-color: cyan;">trapano</span> in acqua fredda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>... E nel <span style="background-color: cyan;">trapanare</span> dovete levare frequentemente il <span style="background-color: cyan;">trapano</span>, a causa del riscaldamento dell'osso, e immergerlo in acqua fredda. </i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Questo strumento, chiamato ‘terebra’, era usato al tempo degli antichi Greci per produrre piccoli fori nel cranio</span></span></div>
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<img alt="Terebra" height="400" src="http://fantasy.gamberi.org/wp-content/to_terebra.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #555555; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-center;" width="301" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Poiché il <span style="background-color: cyan;">trapano</span> si riscalda girando in tondo e riscalda ed asciuga l'osso, lo scotta e porta alla ca-duta intorno al taglio di un frammento di osso più grande di quanto si vorrebbe...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 21)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per le ferite aperte del cranio, soprattutto se l'osso manifesta una <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">frattura</span></b> frammentata, è meglio <b><span style="color: magenta;">"attendere"</span></b> l'intervento della natura.</span></div>
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<img alt="Strumenti per la trapanazione" src="http://fantasy.gamberi.org/wp-content/to_strumenti.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #555555; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-center;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Innanzitutto bisogna aver cura di mantenere la ferita pulita <span style="background-color: yellow;">(con acqua pulita o vino)</span> e asciu<u>t</u> ta, allo scopo di accelerare il processo di necrosi delle parti non più vitali e la caduta sponta-nea dell'escara. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli impacchi <span style="background-color: cyan;">(farina polverizzata finemente impastata con aceto, o bollita in modo da renderla glutinosa il più possibile)</span> vanno applicati intorno alla ferita, più che non su di essa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I frammenti ossei saranno, infatti, sospinti verso l'alto dalla sottostante tessuto granulativo <span style="background-color: orange;">(riparativo)</span>, e quindi asportabili più facilmente con minor rischio e la guarigione avverrà più prontamente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>... E non dovete <span style="background-color: cyan;">trapanare</span>, né correre alcuni rischio nel tentare di estrarre i frammenti di ossa, fi-no a che non si sollevino spontaneamente ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 17)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: blue;">bendaggio di Ippocrate</span></b> è il bendaggio arrotolato intorno alla testa, che è attualmente e comunemente usato in neurochirurgia e</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">...<i> nel caso della testa, i giri devono essere fatti princi- palmente sulla parte più piana della testa, con la minore obliquità possibile, di modo che la parte più compatta, che è applicata per ultima, può fissare le parti che sono più mobili ...</i> <span style="background-color: lime;">(La Chirurgia, 9)</span>.</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="400" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/achillepatroclo_sm.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;" width="226" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma quando la ferita ricevuta è mortale, o non può essere curata, ma la prognosi è infausta, o quando il danno non è stato scoperto per errore o la terapia chirurgica non è stata applicata correttamente, ci si può fare un'opinione dell'avvicinarsi della morte del paziente, e prevede-re che cosa deve accadere dai sintomi che quella persona avverte. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si attua, qui, l'introduzione di due concetti fondamentali della <span style="background-color: #0b5394;"><b><span style="color: yellow;">medicina moderna</span></b></span>, quello di <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: purple;"><b>"prognosi"</b></span></span> e quello di <b>"esito"</b> finale della malattia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">È interessante, inoltre, la rilevazione della lateralità opposta tra lesione e parte del corpo colpita dalle convulsioni.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>... di solito compare la febbre se d'inverno e di estate la febbre sale solitamente dopo sette giorni. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>E quando questo accade, la ferita perde il suo colore e l'infiammazione scompare in essa; e diven- ta glutinosa e sembra una salamoia, essendo di un colore bronzeo e talvolta livido; e l'osso allora comincia a necrotizzare e dove prima era bianco diviene nero ed in fine pallido ed decolorato. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Ma quando in lui la suppurazione si stabilisce completamente, piccole bolle si formano sulla lingua ed egli muore preso da delirio. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>E, in gran parte, le convulsioni prendono l'altro lato del corpo; perciò, se la ferita è situata dalla parte di sinistra, le convulsioni prenderanno la parte di destra del corpo; o se la ferita è dalla parte destra della testa, le convulsioni prenderanno la parte di sinistra del corpo. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Ed alcuni diventano apoplettici. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>E muoiono così prima della conclusione di sette giorni, se d'estate; e prima di quattordici, se d'in-verno ...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle ferite alla testa, 19)</span>.</span></div>
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<img height="325" src="http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Medicine/Hipfixation.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<img height="155" src="http://www.tmnlib.ru:82/files/base/OMSK.%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%AF/Antik/Hipokrat/prim.files/image006.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> si interessò anche di midollo spinale del quale, nelle sua opera <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Sulle Articolazio-ni</span></b>, fornì importanti informazioni di anatomia e patologia.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In campo anatomico, il grande medico <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">greco</span></b> descrisse con precisione i segmenti e le curvat<u>u</u> re fisiologiche della colonna; la sua vascolarizzazione e le sue relazioni anatomiche con la r<u>e</u> te vascolare circostante; la struttura delle vertebre ed i muscoli che ad esse si attaccano.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In campo patologico, <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> analizzò un gran numero di malattie ed infermità, la cifosi post-traumatica, la scoliosi, i traumi e le dislocazioni vertebrali e le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">fratture</span></b> dei processi spi-nosi, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">come la </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">spondilite tubercolare</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In campo terapeutico, per le <span style="background-color: lime;">lesioni della colonna</span>, ideò due <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">"metodi"</span> terapeutici, chiamati la scala di <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> e lo <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">scamnum Hippocraticum</span>, entrambi con la funzione di <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">"stirare"</span> la <span style="background-color: lime;">colo<u>n</u> na</span>. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questi due presidi, logicamente con le opportune modifiche, sono tutt'ora in uso.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Riduzione di una lussazione della spalla con </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">dispositivo </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Ippocratico</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/LX/Hippocrates01.jpg" width="606" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">scamnum Hippocraticum</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era il metodo d'elezione, secondo <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b>, per ridurre le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">fratt<u>u</u> re vertebrali</span></b> e le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">fratture-dislocazioni</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Era costituito da una spessa tavola di legno, saldamente ancorata al suolo, a mo' di panchi-na. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il paziente vi era fatto sdraiare a faccia in giù e legato, con corregge di cuoio, alle spalle e ai piedi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le mani restavano parallele al corpo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le corregge erano collegate a due argani contrapposti, manovrate da assistenti, per modo ché, agendo su di essi, si poteva esercitare una <span style="background-color: lime;">trazion</span></span><span style="background-color: lime;">e</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em;"><span style="background-color: lime;"> variabile sulla colonna</span> a partire dal-le spalle o dai piedi. </span></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-15.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-16.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-22.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-21.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-20.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-19.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-18.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-17.jpg" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em;">Quando il paziente era nella giusta <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">"trazione"</span>, l'operatore procedeva all'operazione di com-pressione premendo con forza con le mani sulle vertebre interessate <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(o sul segmento verte-brale)</span> oppure sedendovici sopra e saltellando ritmicamente. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em;">Ma lo <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">scamnum</span>, tuttavia, durante l'<b><span style="color: purple;">epoca Medioevale</span></b> e fino a qualche secolo fa, trovò impie-go, con opportune modifiche, anche nelle <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">sale di tortura</span>, con il nome di </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tavolo da stiramento.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: blue;">scala</span></b> <b><span style="color: blue;">ippocratica</span></b> era una normale scala, alla quale il paziente veniva strettamente legato con cinghie di cuoio. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La scala veniva poi sollevata ad una determinata distanza dal suolo ed il paziente vi restava appeso a testa in giù. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ciò provocava un <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">allungamento passivo della colonna vertebrale</span>, sottoposta ad allungamen- to da parte della forza di gravità <span style="background-color: yellow;">("trazione da gravità")</span>, con conseguente dilatazione degli spazi intervertebrali. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La posizione assunta dal paziente causava anche benefici effetti sulla circolazione del san-gue e sulla distensione di alcuni muscoli e legamenti. La pressione ridotta dei dischi interver- tebrali era spesso sufficiente a risolvere il <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">dolore alla schiena</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'atteggiamento <b><span style="color: blue;">ippocratico</span></b> nei confronti della patologia vertebrale predilige la medicina ed il trattamento conservativo, piuttosto che l'aggressività chirurgica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anzi, <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> stesso pone in guardia dall'accettare, soprattutto per le dislocazioni anterio-ri, le terapie <span style="background-color: lime;">"chirurgiche"</span> di alcuni <span style="background-color: orange;">"ciarlatani"</span> suoi contemporanei, terapie che potevano co<u>n</u> siderarsi perlomeno azzardate in pazienti con un danno tanto grave.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-14.jpg" /></div>
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<img border="0" height="400" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/composita_sm.jpg" width="215" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-13.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>... è evidente che, in tali casi, le dislocazioni non possono essere ridotte né con la percussione né in alcun altro modo, a meno che non si apra il paziente e quindi, avendo introdotto la mano in una delle grandi cavità, si spinga da dentro verso il fuori, cosa che può essere fatta su un corpo mor-to, ma assolutamente non praticabile nel vivente.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Perché, allora, io scrivo ciò? </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Perché alcune persone favoleggiano di avere curato pazienti con una dislocazione completa ante-riore della vertebra. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Anzi, qualcuno suppone che questa sia la dislocazione più facile da trattare e che tali casi non ne-cessitino di riduzione, ma vadano bene spontaneamente. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Molti sono ignoranti e traggono vantaggio dalla loro ignoranza, perché ottengono merito per quelle cose da essi...</i> <span style="background-color: orange;">(Sulle Articolazioni, 46)</span>.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Medicine/Spinal1.jpg" /></div>
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<img height="322" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/scramnum.png" width="640" /></div>
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<img height="324" src="http://www.tmnlib.ru:82/files/base/OMSK.%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%AF/Antik/Hipokrat/prim.files/image004.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli strumenti impiegati dagli <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">antichi chirurghi greci</span></b> erano confezionati in ferro, rame e bron-zo. Comprendevano, oltre naturalmente a bisturi di varie fogge, pinze da presa e leve, ras-chietti per l'osso <span style="background-color: yellow;">(raschia-periostio)</span>, il <b><span style="color: red;">πρίων</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">[lat., terebra]</span> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(trapano, drill)</span>, impiegato soprat- tutto per fare dei <span style="background-color: cyan;">piccoli fori in cerchio intorno all'osso infossato</span>, la quale veniva fatta ruotare grazie ad una <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">piccola correggia o un travicello disposto a croce</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Allo stesso scopo fu impiegato il <b><span style="color: purple;">τρΰπανον</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(trapano)</span>, simile alla terebra. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I ponticelli ossei tra le perforazioni erano poi rimossi utilizzando bisturi o scalpelli, in modo da rimuovere una rondella di osso.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Strumentario chirurgico rinvenuto ad Epidaurio (Grecia) presso il Tempio di Esculapio</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/instrumentsepidauro.jpg" /></div>
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<img alt="" border="0" height="360" src="http://www.sagittabarbarica.org/foto/trapani.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" width="203" /> <img height="240" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQSIWGyq-WmiRm2t6MhnzNxf81zHZt9CkbIGTQe-msUGB7LbgQm" width="320" /></div>
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<em style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Quattro modalità di trapanazione: 1 – Raschiamento; 2 – Solco; 3 – Perforazione; 4 – Tagli</span></span></em></div>
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<img height="313" src="http://fantasy.gamberi.org/wp-content/to_4modi.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px;" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un altro strumento abbastanza usato fu il </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>trapano dentato</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(πρίων χαρακτός, lat. terebra se<u>r</u> rata)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Esso consisteva in <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">un cono di metallo con il bordo dentellato e un perno al centro</span></b> che si continuava con un manico cilindrico, lungo alcuni centimetri. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il manico, posto tra le palme delle mani, veniva fatto ruotare in un senso e nell'altro. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Era il <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">prototipo del trapano moderno</span>.</span></div>
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<img alt="" border="0" height="342" src="http://www.sagittabarbarica.org/foto/trapanobronzo.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" width="456" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I precetti impartiti dalla scuola di <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> e dalle altre <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">scuole mediche greche</span></b>, nel <b>III se-colo a.C.</b>, vennero raccolti dai bibliotecari della più grande biblioteca allora conosciuta, la </span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">Biblioteca di Alessandria d'Egitto</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Qui, a partire dal <b>III secolo a.C.</b>, si sviluppa una delle più importanti <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>scuole mediche del mondo ellenico ed ellenistico</b></span>, la <b><span style="background-color: lime; color: magenta;">Scuola di Alessandria</span></b>, che influenzerà abbondantemente la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina greca</span></b> del tempo e quella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">romana</span></b> a venire.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">La Biblioteca di Alessandria d'Egitto</span></div>
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<img height="262" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/biblioalessandria.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Merito della <b><span style="background-color: lime; color: magenta;">scuola alessandrina</span></b> è di aver aperto le porte all'esperimento biologico, inizian- do studi sistematici su sezioni anatomiche ottenute con la pratica della vivisezione su anima-li. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Prima della </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: lime; color: magenta;">Scuola di Alessandria</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> fu però il filosofo </span><span style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Aristotele</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, definito da molti come il fondatore dell'<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">anatomia comparata</span>, ad intraprendere questo genere di studi fondendo scie<u>n</u> za e filosofia in ragionamenti basati sui suoi <span style="background-color: lime;">famosi sillogismi</span>: studiò a fondo l'anatomia con particolare attenzione per il sistema nervoso e per il cuore. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">Aristotele</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15.828125px;">Schema esemplificativo del </span>sillogismo</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/250px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" /> <img height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Schema_Sillogismo.png/140px-Schema_Sillogismo.png" width="285" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ne fanno testo le numerose opere al riguardo: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Storia degli animali, in 10 libri, seguita e completata da Sulle parti degli animali (4 libri), </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sul movimento degli animali, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Sull'andatura degli animali e l'ampio Sulla generazione degli animali (5 libri)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una serie di brevi opere è raccolta sotto il titolo latino di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Parva Naturalia</span></b>, ossia <span style="background-color: yellow;">"piccoli scritti naturali"</span>, e comprende opuscoli sulla sensazione, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sulla memoria, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sui processi onirici, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sulla respirazione, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">sulle fasi della vita</span>.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I due esponenti di maggior spicco della </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: lime; color: magenta;">Scuola di Alessandria</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> furono <span style="background-color: #660000;"><b><span style="color: #ffe599;">Erofilo di Calcedonia</span></b> </span>ed <b><span style="background-color: #0b5394; color: orange;">Erasistrato di Ceo</span></b>.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #ffe599;">Erofilo di Calcedonia</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, considerato il padre dell'anatomia, praticando ampiamente la dissezi<u>o</u> ne, anche pubblica, studiò a lungo l'anatomia del cervello, descrivendone accuratamente le varie parti <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(il ventricolo, il talamo, i seni venosi)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Descrisse tra l'altro, la confuenza dei seni, struttura che porta oggi il suo nome <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(torculare di Erofilo)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ciò lo portò a rigettare la tesi cardiocentrica aristotelica ed a considerare il cervello come il centro del pensiero, della sensibilità e dei movimenti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Distinse fra vasi sanguigni, tendini e nervi, che mise in connessione con l'encefalo, e, per i nervi, tra nervi sensitivi e nervi motori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dette pure descrizioni accurate dell'anatomia degli organi genitali, dell'occhio e delle varie parti dell'intestino: ancora oggi sono in uso alcuni nomi da lui introdotti, come per esempio il duodeno.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il suo allievo, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #0b5394; color: orange;">Erasistrato di Ceo</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> continuò e perfezionò gli studi anatomici del maestro, ma si applicò più compiutamente alla fisiologia e alla patologia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fece distinzione tra cervello e cervelletto, studiò le circonvoluzioni della corteccia cerebrale e, avendo notato diversità nei vari animali e nell'uomo, le mise in relazione con il grado d'intelli-genza dell'individuo. </span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #0b5394; color: orange;">Erasistrato di Ceo</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> fisiologo, utilizzando la vivisezione, intuì la diversità di funzione tra le rad<u>i</u> ci anteriori dei nervi spinali <span style="background-color: yellow;">(fondamentalmente deputate a trasmettere l'impulso motore ai muscoli)</span> e quelle posteriori <span style="background-color: lime;">(destinate a ricondurre al midollo spinale gli stimoli ricevuti dalla periferia)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">All'interno della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola di Alessandria</span></b>, tra il <b>270 ed il 220 a.C.</b>, prese corpo la <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Scuola empirica</span></b>, che ebbe come massimi esponenti <b><span style="background-color: magenta; color: lime;">Filino di Cos</span></b> e <b><span style="color: blue;">Serapione di Alessandria</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">empirici</span></b>, contrapponendosi all'indirizzo eccessivamente sperimentale ed allo sterile dog-matismo che i discepoli di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #ffe599;">Erofilo</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #0b5394; color: orange;">Erasistrato</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> avevano imposto alla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola di Alessandria</span></b>, ritenevano che le conoscenze di ciascuno dovessero derivare solamente dalla propria epe-rienza pratica e non anche dall'apprendimento della esperienza altrui.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'esperienza si basava essenzialmente su tre punti: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l'autopsia <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(cioè la diretta osservazione)</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l'historicon <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(la storia delle osservazioni proprie e altrui)</span>,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> l'analogia <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(il confronto)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I membri della <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">scuola empirica</span></b> si distinsero nella chirurgia, nel trattamento delle ferite e nel-la tecnica delle fasciature, ma considerarono del tutto marginali lo studio dell'anatomia e della fisiologia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Considerando solo la particolarità e la localizzazione della singola patologia, persero di vista il concetto di malattia come espressione di un generale malessere dell'organismo. </span> </div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Il faro di Alessandria - III secolo a.C.</span></div>
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<img height="448" src="http://www-3.unipv.it/webchirneuro/immagini/conoscere/storia/faroalessandria.jpg" style="font-size: 0.8em;" width="640" /><span style="background-color: magenta; color: #38761d; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">Curiosità</span></div>
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<sup class="nota" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em;">1</sup> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">I templi/santuari dedicati ad Asclepio, i cosiddetti <i>Asclepiei</i>, il più antico e famoso dei quali era in Epidauro (Argolide, Grecia), erano costruiti presso una fonte o un pozzo, ed erano circondati da un bosco sacro e dal sacro recinto, dove chi chiedeva al dio la guarigione, doveva dormire, chiamato <span class="greek" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.2em;">άβατον</span> = luogo sacro. Sappiamo poco sulla prassi medica seguita in quei luoghi, anche a causa dei misteri che la circondavano. I malati passavano una notte nell'<span class="greek" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.2em;">άβατον</span>; se erano fortunati, venivano visitati in sogno dal dio e, al risveglio, risultavano guariti. La storia delle guarigioni veniva incisa su tavole di pietra, lasciate in loco a memoria del miracolo avvenuto (sono i precursori dei moderni "ex voto").</span></div>
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<sup class="nota" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em;">2</sup> <span style="background-color: cyan;"><span class="greek" lang="el" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.2em;">ιατρείον</span> (jatreiov), del quale <span class="greek" lang="el" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.2em;">ιατρεία</span> (jatreia) rappresenta il plurale, è un termine greco della Ionia che indica la<i>casa del medico</i>, oppure la <i>clinica</i>, il <i>luogo dove si cura il malato</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan;"><sup class="nota" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em;">3</sup> La cultura greca antica aveva un rispetto assoluto per i cadaveri dei defunti, quindi non v'era alcuna possibilità di studiare l'anatomia umana esercitandosi direttamente sul cadavere.</span></div>
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<sup class="nota" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em;">4</sup> <span style="background-color: yellow;">In realtà l'uso di un banco per trazione è già citato nel <i>Srimad Bhagwat Mahapuranam</i>, un antico poema epico, mitologico e religioso indiano, scritto probabilmentre tra il 3500 e il 1800 a.C. Vi si narra che il dio Krishna usasse un dispositivo simile per correggere la gobba di uno dei suoi discepoli.</span></div>
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<sup class="nota" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em;">5</sup> <span style="background-color: lime;">Ad Alessandria, nel III secolo a.C., la dissezione del cadavere era permessa.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 19 gennaio 2013 alle ore 23,14 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-54106733874455973642013-01-13T19:01:00.004+01:002013-06-22T18:46:58.945+02:00(Scheda 251 - 12) STORIA della MEDICINA ETRUSCA.<h2 class="storytitle" id="post-257" style="margin: 15px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA ETRUSCA</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">percorso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">gli </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">storici,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica"</span><br />
<img height="300" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTMBPQXC9QFoSyR9-Jkye-DaD1WLn_Oj5ivxYmKFdmBzfWA9cSZ" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span><br />
<img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTg9w7h4jKEUBVgVN_9hSX1TsNZfaVgUZ-HNP39tgrJL7XMa2Yj" width="590" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA ETRUSCA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 2000 a.C.)</span><br />
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" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; clear: right; float: right; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sarebbe ingiusto parlare -per un popolo come l'<b><span style="color: purple;">etrusco</span></b> che a torto molti considerano <b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">"misterioso"</span></b>- di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina primitiva</span></b>, rappresentata esclusivamente da un insieme di prati-che magiche e religiose di assai dubbia efficacia.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anzi, gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(la cui civiltà nota si estende tra il IX e il I secolo a.C.)</span> erano molto rinomati nel mondo antico per la loro grande capacità di sfruttare le piante e le acque ai fini della te-rapia, di curare le ferite, di preparare protesi dentali, di controllare l'ambiente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oltre alle numerose citazioni degli Autori classici, una buona fonte di notizie in merito alla lo-ro <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>medicina</b></span> è offerta dalle raffigurazioni dei reperti archeologici, specialmente artistici e fu-nerari, molte delle quali testimoniano la particolare perizia degli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> nella preparazione dei medicamenti, profondi conoscitori com'erano delle <span style="background-color: orange;">piante medicinali</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Medicinale intatto, nel suo contenitore originale, ha fornito la possibilità di indagare il principio medicamentoso con una vasta gamma di analisi da cui sono scaturiti dati importanti.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Quella sostanza, che già Plinio il Vecchio e successivamente Dioscoride descrivevano come curativa per gli occhi e per le malattie della pelle, trova ora un preciso riscontro nella composizione delle compresse pressappoco circolari e di colore grigio (pastiglie spesse un centimetro, con un diametro di quattro) che facevano parte del bagaglio di un medico che viag-giava a bordo della nave etrusca.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Impiegavano ad esempio la <b><span style="color: #38761d;">scommonea</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(contro l'itterizia)</span>, il <b><span style="color: magenta;">ricino</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(purgativo)</span>, il <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">mirto</span></b> <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(as-tringente nei disturbi gastrointestinali)</span>, la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">felce maschio</span></b>, l'<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">aglio</span></b> e la <b><span style="color: #e06666;">cipolla</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(contro i paras-siti intestinali)</span>, l'<span style="background-color: #f1c232;">artemisia maritima</span>, il <b><span style="color: #660000;">coriandro</span></b> e il <b>timiano</b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(contro gli ascaridi in particola- re)</span>, la <b><span style="color: #f1c232;">camomilla</span></b> <span style="background-color: #e69138;">(come calmante)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Verosimilmente gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> conoscevano anche l'uso della limatura di ferro e dell'ossido di ferro in varie malattie. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Impiegavano inoltre il cavolo e il vino contro la malaria, forse a simboleggiare la necessità di condurre una vita gioconda e di seguire un'alimentazione sana per preservarsi dal male.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Altre misure utilizzate contro la malaria consistevano nell'accendere grandi fuochi in campa-gna per purificare l'aria, nel bere decotti di varie piante, nell'assumere erbe odorose di esse<u>n</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ze di ginepro e di rosmarino tramite suffumigi, e nell'indossare indumenti di lana e speciali manicotti.</span></div>
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<img src="http://cdn.blogosfere.it/ilserpentedigaleno/images/Etruschi.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oltre agli infusi e ai decotti, essi prescrivevano anche cataplasmi e unguenti medicinali form<u>u</u> lati in composizioni segrete.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> furono anche profondi conoscitori delle acque termali, che impiegavano largame<u>n</u> te nella cura di molte malattie. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo la leggenda <b><span style="color: red;">Ercole</span></b>, per dimostrare la propria forza, infisse una lunga asta di ferro nel terreno: quando la estrasse, dal terreno sgorgò una ricca sorgente, la prima delle nu- merose altre che abbondano ancor oggi nel territorio dell'<b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Etruria</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ad esse gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> non solo ascrissero proprietà magiche, ma riconobbero virtù terapeuti- che. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Chianciano, Montecatini, S. Giuliano...</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>già <b>tremila anni</b> fa erano frequentate da persone che vi cercavano beneficio per la propria salute. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E ciascuna fonte -proprio come oggi- aveva la sua specifica indicazione terapeutica.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSQ9Kki3vTZ11geetHAxQ12Nmt_NtOKZIHROsGS73qKUzrz3HvyeA" width="300" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma forse più di ogni popolo dell'antichità gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> si distinsero per la loro perizia in odon-toiatria. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo dimostrano le numerose e <span style="background-color: lime;">ingegnose protesi dentarie</span> ritrovate negli scavi e nelle sepol-ture, dalle quali traspare una perizia tecnica davvero non comune.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si tratta il più delle volte di <span style="background-color: lime;">protesi</span> che per la loro precisione, funzionalità e resistenza hanno destato l'ammirazione dei dentisti odierni, e inducono a considerazioni al di là della medicina come tale, implicando problemi di ordine tecnico, funzionale, estetico.</span></div>
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<img height="291" src="http://www.canino.info/inserti/monografie/etruschi/vari/odontoiatria_etrusca/1341.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> erano del resto abilissimi nella lavorazione dei metalli, e non solo del <span style="background-color: orange;">ferro</span>, del <span style="background-color: cyan;">bronzo</span> e del <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">rame</span>, ma anche dell'<span style="background-color: yellow;">oro</span>, dove eccelsero nella delicatissima tecnica della <span style="background-color: #e06666;">"gran<u>u</u> lazione"</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quest'arte sopraffina l'applicarono anche alla preparazione di <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">protesi dentarie</span>, le quali assu-mono pertanto non di rado il carattere di vere e proprie <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"opere d'arte"</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Coloro che le costruirono misero in atto non solo la propria perizia nell'arte di forgiare e di la- vorare i metalli utilizzando crogioli, trafile, pinze, saldatori, piccole incudini e trapani, ma ben conoscevano anche l'anatomia e la patologia dell'apparato masticatorio, le leggi fondamen- tali dell'ortodonzia, le indicazioni e le controindicazioni dei vari tipi di protesi: queste doveva- no adattarsi perfettamente alla parte, e rispondere pienamente alle esigenze della mastica- zione.</span></div>
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<img height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUZq_zujgMwO4ECctlQxmfRT6jW_GOgV7-0NmhJKkJVzZhieKe23Y7YBIikKhTlMymYJZjlaZBVmzn0VKEL-hCI2C8hL2BFZspZ399lU-25A8DMRNL5D52E4HrbH2dg6ssBAJCqRaADznK/s320/17_1.jpg" width="265" /></div>
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<img height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIpkfSchv7yIaSZJSMrqSQTwSZ_zKexVF6Z8gFZx8NafttzeBat_crPAljzpvb1lagkMdl37Zm0AtWdW3oAw74NGduXGmxfMswLD4VKY6b54VyLEq8yJbpxBZ-VK10BZr1vrIfcSDg4ppM/s320/attrezzi.JPG" width="273" /> <img height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGUI7fo9YpZ0-eSLaz1DiFgu0WICu9PHKK6K-lfy41MBLKMu5SGKpeOKt31vjk7obc4aG2WrlyNWfKizO99znTvPWPZZpMJI0S5h5a7LspACstKZ2_KTiwQhyphenhyphenPrn6kIR9p8BQUYzYihsa4/s320/attrezzi2.JPG" width="280" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tali protesi venivano costruite per sostituire i denti mancanti o per fissare denti vacillanti <span style="background-color: cyan;">(ponti)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per quanto riguarda i denti artificiali, questi erano per lo più rappresentati da <span style="color: magenta;"><b>denti umani</b></span> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(sia del paziente stesso che di un altro soggetto vivente)</span>, ma venivano anche utilizzati <b><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta;">denti</span></b><span style="background-color: lime;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">di </span><span style="background-color: lime;">bue o di vitello</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se si considera l'alto rispetto che gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> nutrivano per i morti, è praticamente da esclu-dere che i <b><span style="color: magenta;">denti</span></b> provenissero da cadaveri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Talora gli esperti ricorrevano ad ingegnosi artifici, che dimostrano ancora una volta quanto essi fossero padroni del proprio mestiere, e come conoscessero le leggi fondamentali del- l'<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">ortodonzia</span> e dell'<span style="background-color: cyan;">estetica orale</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Museo nazionale di Tarquinia</span> è conservato un <span style="background-color: blue;"><span style="color: white;">dente bovino</span></span> che venne applicato per sos- tituire <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">tre denti incisivi</span>: esso è solcato verticalmente in modo da simulare i denti mancanti e dare l'impressione interstiziale di soli due denti!</span></div>
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" 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<span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><img alt="Immagine" height="81" src="http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/rm/a_207p.jpg" style="text-align: justify;" width="200" /><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non mancano però esempi in cui venivano sostituiti denti mancanti. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel caso di un’altra <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">protesi tarquiniese andata perduta</span>, il dentista aveva rimpiazzato due incisivi con un unico dente bovino inciso nel mezzo e limato nella parte superiore per adatta<u>r</u> si alla gengiva, bloccato da due perni. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche in questa occasione, <span style="background-color: yellow;">la protesi era stata legata ai denti superstiti mediante una fascia d’oro</span>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> furono i primi a produrre <span style="background-color: orange;">protesi dentarie parziali</span>. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Intorno al <b>700 a.C.</b> le protesi costruite da questa civiltà erano così efficaci da consentire a chi non possedeva denti, di <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">godere dei sapori culinari</span>. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ogni protesi poteva essere asportata per la pulizia oppure erano fisse ed ancorate ai denti originari.</span> </div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche se le <span style="background-color: cyan;">"prove"</span> di una chirurgia in <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruria</span></b> non sono molto copiose, tutto lascia presu- mere l'esistenza di un'arte chirurgica già agli inizi della sua storia, arte professata da uomini o sacerdoti il cui preciso compito era di suturare ferite, arrestare emorragie, immobilizzare fratture, ridurre lussazioni.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli scarsi strumenti sicuramente chirurgici o presunti tali <span style="background-color: lime;">(coltelli, pinze, sonde, specilli, cau-teri)</span> reperiti negli scavi e nelle sepolture poco si differenziano da quelli che furono succes- sivamente usati dai <b><span style="color: red;">Romani</span></b>; né è da escludere che alcuni di essi provenissero dalla <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img height="400" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSONoDYU1DZR99jHUTtGTGZHFNcsxEUonLbD0qohi4dPj59MOn9XW27-pmC" width="640" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molto più copiosi sono invece le notizie riguardanti una pratica che faceva parte integrante dell' <b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: magenta;">"etrusca disciplina"</span></b>, l'<b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">aruspicina</span></b>, per molti versi non dissimile da quella <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">assiro-babi- lonese</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Essa implicava una grande perizia da parte degli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> nel selezionare gli animali e nel-l'esciderne i visceri e il fegato prima di ispezionarli. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La parola <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">"aruspice"</span></b> deriva dal termine <span style="background-color: cyan;">(forse assiro)</span> <span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>har</b></span>, che vuol dire <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">fegato</span>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non sono pochi i bassorilievi, i vasi e gli specchi ornamentali che ci mostrano gli <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">aruspici</span></b> impegnati in questa pratica. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> (Fig.5 - lucerna etrusca con motivi astrali secolo VII a.C)</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img src="http://www.nuovaricerca.org/stelle/lucerna%20etrusca-VIIsec%20a.C.-motivi%20astrali_fig5.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma il reperto più famoso, divenuto quasi antonomasia di <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">aruspicina</span></b> in <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruria</span></b>, è il <b><span style="color: #990000;">"fegato di Piacenza"</span></b>, trovato per caso nel 1877 da un contadino in una campagna del comune di <span style="background-color: lime;">Gos-solengo</span>, a una decina di km da <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Piacenza</span>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si tratta di un modello di <b><span style="color: magenta;">fegato di ovino</span></b> delle <span style="background-color: yellow;">dimensioni 126 x 76 x 60 mm</span> dotato di una s<u>u</u> perficie pianeggiante sulla quale emergono tre protuberanze e sono incise ben quaranta is-crizioni, e di una parte convessa sulla quale spiccano due sole parole <span style="background-color: cyan;">"sole"</span> e <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"luna"</span>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oggi lo si considera come un <b><span style="color: blue;">"vademecum"</span></b> del <b>II secolo a.C.</b> che l'<b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">aruspice</span></b> portava con sé e al quale si riferiva al momento del bisogno. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per di più poteva servire come modello per le lezioni ai discepoli.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Confrontando il <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">fegato dell'animale sacrificato con il modello di bronzo</span>, l'<b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">aruspice</span></b> poteva me<u>t</u> tere in relazione eventuali anomalie riscontrate in precisi punti del viscere con le divinità rela-tive a quei settori interessati al fenomeno e, di conseguenza, trarre auspici per il futuro.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molto diffusa era in <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruria</span></b> anche l'osservazione delle viscere negli animali sacrificati, il che l<u>a</u> scia presumere una buona conoscenza dell'anatomia da parte di quei medici, i quali -proprio come i <b><span style="color: red;">"colleghi"</span></b> di altre civiltà- la trasferivano tuttavia automaticamente all'<b><span style="color: magenta;">essere umano</span></b>.</span></div>
<center>
<img alt="" border="0" height="573" src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Etrus2.jpg" width="383" /></center>
<center>
</center>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La perizia degli <b><span style="color: purple;">Etruschi</span></b> nell'<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Arte Medica</span></b> era rinomata nel <span style="background-color: yellow;">mondo antico</span>. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli autori classici ne parlano soprattutto riguardo alla conoscenza delle proprietà officinali de<u>l</u> le piante e, in effetti, la <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">farmacologia etrusca</span> era sostanzialmente fitoterapia: profondi cono-scitori delle piante medicinali e della preparazione dei medicamenti, gli <b><span style="color: purple;">etruschi</span></b> impiegava- no, ad esempio, il <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">ricino</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(purgativo)</span>, il <b><span style="color: magenta;">mirto</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(astringente)</span>, la <b><span style="color: #e69138;">camomilla</span></b> (calmante), l’<b><span style="color: #990000;">aglio</span></b> e la <b><span style="color: #38761d;">cipolla</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(contro i parassiti intestinali)</span> ed anche alcuni minerali come la limatura e l'<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">ossido di ferro</span></b> <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(anemie)</span> <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">rame</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(infiammazioni)</span>. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dalle fonti archeologiche siamo in grado di capire quanto fossero approfondite le conoscenze dei <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici etruschi</span></b>: il rinvenimento di numerosi ex voto raffiguranti organi interni del <b><span style="color: magenta;">corpo umano</span></b> testimonia le loro conoscenze anatomiche:</span></div>
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<img alt="Immagine" src="http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/rm/a_113p.jpg" /></center>
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<div class="titolounoigrey" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-left: 2px; text-transform: uppercase;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a 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" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"></a><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">GLI ETRUSCHI E L’ARTE SANITARIA</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Odontoiatri del mondo antico. </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“L’Etruria è ricca di farmaci e la stirpe etrusca è assai esperta nella medicina”.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Teschi </span><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">etruschi</span><span style="line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> trapanati (600 a.C. circa).</span></span></div>
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<img height="219" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLQQcYwnD6PFZJGspOgH_zdQIj0QnesLKHjsAaxBgj2_x5e7y5Cw" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il campo in cui la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scienza medica etrusca</span></b> si distinse al di sopra di ogni altro popolo del-l’antichità fu, però, l’odontoiatria. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Famosi per la loro abilità nella lavorazione dei metalli, gli <b><span style="color: purple;">etruschi</span></b> utilizzarono le tecniche de<u>l</u> la lavorazione orafa per creare protesi dentarie di ottima fattura, ancora visibili nei teschi ri-trovati presso le loro necropoli. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al <span style="background-color: orange;">Museo Nazionale di Tarquinia</span> sono presenti ancora <span style="background-color: cyan;">due protesi dentarie eseguite con l’ausilio di una sottile lamina d’oro</span>, mentre altri materiali simili sono andati perduti nel 1916, a seguito di un furto. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La prima è costituita da una cerchiatura che racchiude tre denti dell’arcata superiore. </span></div>
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<img height="231" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQurBt9l8_S7Hyk_y4wSb5gmo2ZoHW3t5WCcIiPOqTesabnBcg-Kg" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">seconda protesi</span>, molto più complessa, unisce alla fascia principale quattro elementi saldati al suo interno a formare cinque cellette in cui collocare i denti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questi due casi la protesi doveva servire a rendere saldi dei denti indebolitisi a causa di malattie o con l’avanzare dell’età.</span></div>
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<img height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjBpDpEynQTCZoHonjgOooXkKPT16WUuvftoSWbQSzYAC7NKdX0uvWQLyX3mK781dgXB3ZgTDfJttrND4L3nCIvl7WiOoXbpqgZjnjEik8S2e7ZlA25MD6YlHj5ZtVmlCBkSVkyM1XTWu0/s320/protesi_etrusca.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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" 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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 13 gennaio 2013 alle ore 19,01 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-76275566068241492182013-01-12T22:41:00.004+01:002013-06-22T18:47:28.836+02:00(Scheda 250 - 11) STORIA della MEDICINA GRECA con la CIVILTA' MINOICA. <h2 class="storytitle" id="post-257" style="margin: 15px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA GRECA-MINOICA</span></h2>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/treebook/" rel="attachment wp-att-928" style="background-color: white; color: #5b211a;"><img alt="treebook" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-928" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/treebook.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="treebook" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">percorso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">gli </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">stori-ci, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: red;">Civiltà </span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">elladica</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> in Grecia centrale e Peloponneso</span></span><br />
<img src="http://digilander.libero.it/diogenes99/Greci/ellade.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA GRECA</span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 2000 a.C.)</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;">La medicina greca con la civiltà minoica</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px;"><span style="color: red;">Grecia</span></span></span><a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/ellas1/" rel="attachment wp-att-303" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Grecia" class="size-full wp-image-303" height="337" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/ellas1.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="ellas" width="640" /></a><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Arriva già ad un alto grado di sviluppo, anche sociale; a <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #660000;">Cnosso</span></b> esistevano per esempio già bagni e latrine e l’arte medica era esercitata da esperti remunerati. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tale <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> ha contenuti magici e mistici: <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Apollo</span></b> è considerato il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">fondatore dell’arte Medi- ca</span></b>, <b style="background-color: magenta;">Pallade Atena</b> <span style="background-color: lime;">legislatrice sanitaria</span>, mentre <b><span style="color: #e06666;">Chirone</span></b> viene considerato il fondatore e il <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">maestro della medicina</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un’altra <span style="background-color: cyan;">importante figura mitologica greca legata alla medicina</span> è il troiano <b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">Iapige</span></b>, medico di <b><span style="color: blue;">Enea</span></b>, che, secondo la leggenda, un giorno <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Apollo</span></b>, colto da indomabile amore per il giovane, gli offrì le sue arti, ma </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">Iapige</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, per salvare il padre morente, preferì imparare l’arte della medi-cina. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Tessaglia</span> <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b>, allievo di <b><span style="color: #e06666;">Chirone</span></b>, compie guarigioni miracolose che spesso avvengo-no durante il sonno tramite il contatto col dio o col serpente; si ritrovavano templi a lui dedi-cati in molte regioni della <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Grecia</span></b>, sempre vicini a fonti purissime o termali con <span style="background-color: yellow;">gimnasi</span> e <span style="background-color: orange;">sanatori</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il culto di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, introdotto ad <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">Atene</span> nel <b>429 a.C.</b> fu portato poi anche a <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Roma</span> dove nella <span style="background-color: purple;"><b>isola Tiberina</b></span> fu fondato il primo tempio di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Esculapio</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Il simbolo della medicina</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/simbolo-medicina/" rel="attachment wp-att-332" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #5b211a; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Il simbolo della medicina" class="size-full wp-image-332" height="320" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/simbolo-medicina.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="simbolo-medicina" width="214" /></a><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhISERUUExMVEhMWFxcXFxEWFxcWEBgXFRsXFRsUGBMXGyYkFyUjGRIaHzsgJygrLCwsFR4xNTAqNSotLCkBCQoKDgwOGg8PGiwkHiU1NS0sKi8uLCosNTEqLjUuNTQ0LyotKSwyLSwsLiw1LzEsKTQqLjA1LiwtLDQtNTAqKf/AABEIAMAAoAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAEAAgMBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAABwgEBQYDAQL/xABGEAABAwEDBA4HBwMDBQAAAAABAAIDEQQSIQUGMUEHExUyNVFSYXFygZGx0RYiVHOhorIjMzRCkpPBFCSEgsLwFyVDYmP/xAAaAQEAAgMBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwQCBQYB/8QAMREAAgEDAgMFBwQDAAAAAAAAAAECAwQREjEFIVETMjNBoRRxgZHR4fAVI7HBImHx/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwCcUREAREQBERAEREAXOzbINgbKITOL98xmjX3GuGBvPpQC96ta6V0JNFAOdkkTMo2hkb2yRPeSbpDmB0gDnDDDBxcD09KwnJxRnCOp4J+Dq6F9UQ5n7Iclneyz2hpfEXBrJa1e0EhoDq74AuArpHPpUtxShwqDUFexkpLKPJRcXhn7REWRiEREAREQBERAEREAREQBERAFoM6M5/6YNYwB87wS0HeNaCAZH0xIBcAAMSeLEj85+Z2bm2J9q2rbrrmDa71yt9wbW9ddorxKN7DnK7KLn2t8e0l11gjvX7rGCtL10aXPLtGtUOIXDt6DnHfZE1Cmqk1FmXbXyT1M8jpzyXEtgB1ARN9UDpBPSuUZku1OleHRRtaCbj2NjYKc1ADoAwdWvxWaMuCC0yQyuJjweyUje3/WMbiNQ1Hn5qrLlznszQTtl6mprXH40p8VzMal1F6sOWrmnhv5dDYYpSWE8Y8jU27JMzHtebr42lpJb+UB7SXlpxFGtxpVTrm66tnZjXBQDlTO+RzX7XHRgArj9o8OqC0HEN0U0FbfIWzdNZ42xDJxcBRrfty0DUB9yV0lg6+j9/Gfzco3LgpJJk8ooszW2bjarYyzSWPaA8OO2bcX70E4N2ptakU0qUmuqKrYlc+oiIAiIgCIiAIiIAiIgCIiAj7Z34Gm68P1tXA5jfhj1vFjCu+2d+BpuvD9bVF2ZtvEbwxxo2RrRzXwBTvFR+lari1N1Ld48ufyM6FVU68c+eUfM6W/3L66C1n0gLAyU0tbUtDheu4nQdGPTh2rrc4cibcA5n3jRQDU4abvMakkdK5Wwx0cQQcXAOacNIIII5iyveoeH14VKCit48mh2c6N3PPdnzR9ynFQNqAC51LopRrWg4c+mvavKCJzS2Q4ClWDWScLxGoAHtqFmZQg2yaNp3oBJGs1ww7G0PWXy3GION43zQfZasNGP5RUA+avp8sGVSku07WXkuX1MbNXhWDqP+N8qzll3jegKsmbHC0FBT1H4DR+dWbsu8b0BWo7FWg800/zc9URFkShERAEREAREQBERAEREBH2zvwNN14fraoUs+8b1W+AU17O/A03Xh+tqhSz7xvVHgFHM1vEHhRO2zey3trbjz9q0aT+cD8w5+Mdq/WWcgiU32EMlFDX8ryNAd4V/wCDjGPIIIJBBqHDSDxhdnkLLwmFx1BKBiNThym/yNXQuXvLSdrPt6G3n/r7G54ffxuYdnU7y9TR2mVrfWeHB7SGlmsE6AQNOOg6MVpWg1JOLnEk9ursUgZUyRHO2jvVdQ0eN8KinaObw0ribfYHwvLHjHSHDeuHGD/GpbKxvoXHLaXT6FXjFOrGmsd3zf8AB8zW4Wg92/werOWXeN6Aqx5rcLQe7f4PVnLLvG9AW4jsRWvgxPVERZFgIiIAiIgCxbRlSGM3Xyxsdpuue1ppx0JWUq57M9mbJlu64VH9PGaYjQHcS8bwYzkoxcn5E/bu2b2iH9xnmm7tm9oh/cZ5qq24cHI+Z3mm4cHI+Z3msdaKX6hT6P0+pand2ze0Q/uM803ds3tEP7jPNVW3Dg5HzO803Dg5HzO801ofqFPo/T6k2bN+VYX5HmayWN7r8Xqte1zt+NQKh6z7xvVHgFibhwcj5neazmtoABoGHcsZPJTurmNZJRyfV8aDW8DdILMRgRi41B1HCnavay2V0jwxgq49w4yTqAW1t2TRZ6ta4uc6IEuOi9ec2rRq0qrUrQU1Se78izwu3m59tj/FcjJyVnb67IpqkuLWtlA03hheHOcLw49GtbjL1kD4JKgVa0uaeItFfiBTtXNRZJZLa4WnBrGFxaNdwi6OitV0ecdruWd/G8Fg/wBYoT2NJK527oxp3UFR5N4/k6jV+1LtO79ji825WtyrAXENG1vxJAGh+sqyFmy5Zrjf7iHQP/IzzVYbTk6OQgvbUgU0kYadR5147hwcj5nea61SSOVo3tOFNRafL86lqd3bN7RD+4zzTd2ze0Q/uM81VbcODkfM7zTcODkfM7zXutEv6hT6P0+pand2ze0Q/uM803es3tEP7jPNVW3Dg5HzO81j2/JETY3uDaECoNXea91I9jfU5NJJ/nxLeseHAEEEEVBGIIOIIOtfpcjsY2lzrBADobDEB0BjQuuWReCrxsvcO/47PBysOq8bL3Dv+OzwcsZbENfwpe455ERRHNhERAEREB0eZkQvSu1gNb2Grj30b3LDy/aXm1yMdg0RC4OMXmG9XXi49FF+81spNjkLHYCSlHarza0B4qh2nmHGurtNjjkFHsa8c4r3HUuZuKztr11Jxynt8lsdpw9Rq2kFB7bnFSZQfFaNsYGk3XM9atBvDWg04k96xrZbpJXXpHXiK0woADqA1ePOV0GU80q+tE41x9R5rWuJo/TXAaa9K5uaFzHFrgWuGkHSFtrarb15dpDvepqeK+0Qel50eh+ERFsDQhERAFi5V+5k6vkspYuVfuZOr5IiSl4kfeif9iv8BD7qL6Grs1xmxX+Ah91F9DV2amWx0wVeNl7h3/HZ4OVh1XjZe4d/x2eDl5LYhr+FL3HPIiKI5sIiIAiIgCy7FlCdjLzJXBodQxn1gAcA6jq4EjVRYrWEkACpOAA0knQFuco5BEG1+v6rjRx0evvqDiDqdl3nVWvOlqjTqYy9kzecIhPMprbqbPIOcTpZDHI0XqEh7ahppSoLSTTTxrzzxsYuNl/MHBh52urTDmOPQSsXJLgLZUkNFxwxoBWjT/PwXhnHllszg1mLGEm9qc7EVHMATjrqeZaeNs4X0exWFjL6fjNzfVYK1l2nnyXv+xp0RF0RxQREQBYuVfuZOr5LKWLlX7mTq+SIkpeJH3on/Yr/AAEPuovoauzXGbFf4CH3UX0NXZqZbHTBVy2a7RteWi8tJG0RjDnDlY1YeUMlxzCjwD2CqNZPJRUk4vZlTfSJnIenpEzkPVo/RCz8kdwT0Qs/JHcFjoRV9io9PVlXPSJnIenpEzkPVo/RCz8kdwT0Qs/JHcE0IexUenqyrhzjZyHfBbVjqgHjAPepV2aM3oYskyvY0BwfFjQa3gfyons+8b1R4BYyWCjeUIUknBG4zYYDamV1Ne4dIFP9y2medlke2EtpcEhvVpgXC613HpJGHK7tHka2CKdjzg2tHHiDhSvZUHsXezQte0tcAWnAg6FzPEajo3cKrWVj/pvuEaZ2rit88yOraQ8hxAxNaHH8rcV5rPy1k18LwHes0719NIDQKHiIp/KwFv6U41IKUXlM0vFcqvh9DCteUbjwwMc9xFaNxOsaOxfjdN/s836T5Lb5rj/usHu3+D1YuzZAhLGkt1BWVFMkoWtKdNSa5/Eq7um/2eb9J8k3Tf7PN+k+StN6Pw8n4p6Pw8n4r3Sib2Kj09WVZ3Tf7PN+k+S8bZbXvjc0QSiopW6fJWs9H4eT8U9H4eT8U0o9VpSTyl6s5/YtaRYYQRQ7VHgcDvG6l2Sx7JYWRCjBQLIWRaCIiAIiIAiIgI+2d+BpuvD9bVCln3jeqPAKa9nfgabrw/W1QpZ943qjwCjmaziHdiei3OTM6nQgNlBfGMA4feN04Y74dxFNa0yNaC5oOgup2EEfyqlehTrx01FkrWFapSrR0PfkzviYrVEQCHMdhXW1w10OIIrVcJPEWuc06Wkg9hot9ms123OcMGOiYXD/ANiGkEDtPxWBnGB/UyUNd7XpLRULV2MHb3E6CeVjJu+MU1OjGq908GJmtwtB7t/g9Wcsu8b0BVjzW4Wg92/werOWXeN6AuhjsQWvgxPVERZFgIiIAiIgCIiAIiIAiIgI+2d+BpuvD9bVCln3jeqPAKa9nfgabrw/W1QpZ943qjwCjmaziHdiei3gsLYrGZXUDnvjN44EMDhRuPfz16Fo1vc5ZR/QWYjEXoMDzNpT4UWrvZS1U4LZy5/DmScIhFuc3uly+J8sWUBZi4kFxMbGsGgEtwNTqwbVaR7ySSTUkkk8ZOJK9bayhYCbxoLrtRaG0w7fELxorUKUYyc/N/0Y8WrSc1TzyXM981uFoPdv8Hqzll3jegKsea3C0Hu3+D1Zyy7xvQFcjsWbXwYnqiIsiwEREAREQBERAEREAREQGlzvzXjyhZX2aVzmscWmrCA6rCHDSDrCjQ7A4Gie0U1faDR3KZUTB40nuQz/ANCf/vaP3B5L8W/NB1mYLLNefE7GKU0Lg4G9dJ5QPrDjFeIqaVos+IGOyfab4DgInuFRWhaKg9hCq3Vuq9PTnDXNPo0SUpKnLKRA9qzbEkzIbQTHEBQTAhsZwNDfdg0kgYH46V0sOwBE5oIklIOsObTvurVZEyjaJJGRXw8PbX7Rt7S0uoaEE4D4rtckZnWhksclbgY4ODIaxRkjlC8a9GtRW0q6/wAakV70/wCiaso5yn8DCyBsKNss7ZmPkLm1wcW3cRTUOdS1CyjQOIL5Z710XtOteivlYIiIAiIgCIiAIiIAiIgCIiAIiIAtPnhEXWC1NAJJgloAKkm6cABpW4RAV4zUH97AAQaRYkGowbd/lqsHBvW9AXMnY/szZ3TRMbG55q66KVxqcBgKldQxtABxLGMdKwZzlqeT9IiLIwCIiAIiIAiIgP/Z" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSqQTyMQnKeuhBPxScbSwbxW5WNudjygSc8rJBm0RM2znKk47-p" /> </div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left;">Il bastone di Esculapio</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: blue;">Il termine </span><span style="color: magenta;">caduceo</span><span style="color: blue;">, utilizzato per definire il bastone alato di Mercurio, significa araldo, messaggero. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: blue;">Il </span><span style="color: magenta;">caduceo</span><span style="color: blue;"> è tuttora utilizzato quale simbolo delle scienze mediche, ma erroneamente sostituito al bast<u>o</u> ne di </span><span style="color: #990000;">Asclepio</span><span style="color: blue;">, figlio di Apollo e dio della medicina, il quale viene sempre rappresentato con un unico se<u>r</u> pente. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: blue;">Un simbolo antichissimo, ricorrente e che possiede alcune curiose analogie.</span></span></div>
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<img height="405" src="http://www.poco.it/public/asclepio.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina greca</span></b> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">più antica</span></b> era collegata alla magia e agli incantesimi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Omero</span></b>, che considerava <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Apollo</span></b> il dio iniziatore dell’<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">arte sanitaria</span>, nell’<b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">Iliade</span></b> rivela una note- vole conoscenza del trattamento delle ferite e di altre lesioni tramite chirurgia, la quale veni-va già riconosciuta come specialità distinta dalla medicina interna. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In seguito </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> sostituì <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Apollo</span></b> come dio della medicina e i sacerdoti praticarono l’arte de<u>l</u> la guarigione nei suoi templi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Più tardi ancora, una setta semi sacerdotale, quella degli </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepiadi</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che si dichiaravano di-scendenti del dio della medicina, praticò una forma di psicoterapia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcune prove indicano che gli studi egizi sulla fisiologia e la patologia, basati sul lavoro del medico <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Imhotep</span></b>, possano aver influenzato il filosofo greco <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #351c75;">Talete di Mileto</span></b> che viaggiò in <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Egitto</span> nel <b>VII secolo a.C.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">simbolo della medicina</span></b> è il <span style="background-color: lime;">serpente</span>, animale sacro perché ritenuto, erroneamente, immu- ne dalle malattie. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo un’altra versione nel simbolo non è rappresentato un <span style="background-color: lime;">serpente</span>, ma l’estirpazione del <b><span style="background-color: orange; color: #990000;">Dracunculus medinensis</span></b> o <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #f4cccc;">serpente di Medina</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Comunque, il <span style="background-color: lime;">serpente</span> aveva un’importante funzione pratica nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina antica</span></b>: nel tem- pio di ogni città c’era una sorta di cunicolo con i <span style="background-color: lime;">serpenti</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il tempio, infatti, non era solo un luogo di devozione, ma anche un luogo dove si portavano i malati: la <span style="background-color: lime;">fossa dei serpenti</span> serviva a spaventare il paziente, a cui probabilmente venivano date anche delle pozioni, per indurre uno stato di shock e fargli apparire il dio che così lo gu<u>a</u> riva.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Col passare del tempo la medicina prese sempre più le distanze dalla religione sino ad arri-vare alla <span style="background-color: orange;">medicina razionale</span> di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b>, che segnò il limite tra razionalità e magia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le prime scuole si svilupparono in <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b> e nella <span style="background-color: blue;"><b><span style="color: white;">Magna Grecia</span></b></span>, cioè in <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: white;">Sicilia</span></b> e in <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: white;">Calabria</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">culla della prima fase della medicina greca fu la Magna Grecia</span></b>; solo con <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b>, a partire dal <b>460 a.C.</b>, il baricentro della scienza medica si spostò sulla <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina greca</span></b> risentì, nelle sua fase iniziale, degli influssi teurgici. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ne è un esempio </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(Esculapio per i latini)</span>: questo medico visse poco prima della <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">guer-ra di Troia</span> e venne divinizzato insieme ai suoi figli e alle sue figlie.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: x-large;">LA MEDICINA PRE-IPPOCRATICA</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: large;"> SCUOLA di MILETO</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><b> (VII sec. a.C.)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Diogene</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/diogene1/" rel="attachment wp-att-306" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Diogene" class="size-full wp-image-306" height="320" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/diogene1.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="diogene" width="258" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La più antica tra le <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuole mediche pre-ippocratiche</span></b> fu quella di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Mileto</span></b> <b>(VII a.c.).</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I maestri di questa scuola furono filosofi <span style="background-color: cyan;">(Talete di Mileto, Anassagora, Anassimandro, Arche-lao e Diogene)</span> che affrontarono lo studio dell’<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> anche da un punto di vista naturalistico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molte delle intuizioni di questi pensatori si sono rivelate esatte.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">Teoria degli elementi</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/teoria-degli-elementi/" rel="attachment wp-att-333" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Teoria degli elementi" class="size-full wp-image-333" height="320" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/teoria-degli-elementi.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="teoria-degli-elementi" width="318" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;"><i>Teoria degli elementi </i></span></b>- <b><span style="color: blue;">Talete</span></b> elaborò un’importante sistema secondo cui l’universo era co<u>s</u> tituito da <span style="background-color: orange;">4 elementi fondamentali</span>: <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>aria</b></span>, <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">acqua</span></b>, <b><span style="color: purple;">terra</span></b> e <b><span style="color: magenta;">fuoco</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questo periodo venne dato grande rilievo anche alle <b><span style="color: red;">qualità</span></b>: <span style="background-color: cyan;">secco e umido</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">freddo e caldo</span>, <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">dolce e amaro</span>, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Anassagora</span></b>, fu il primo ad affermare che per la nascita di una nuova vita è necessario il con- tributo <span style="background-color: lime;">(semen)</span> di entrambi i genitori.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Anassimandro</span></b> notò che l’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">embrione umano</span>, nelle sue prime fasi, è molto simile a quello dei pesci; questo concetto è alla base delle moderne teorie evoluzionistiche.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I filosofi <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">della Scuola medica di</span></b> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Mileto</span></b>, inoltre, capirono che il <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">cervello</span> è il centro di controllo delle funzioni psichiche e somatiche, e che gli organi di senso sono connessi ad esso attra- verso canali di comunicazione <span style="background-color: yellow;">(i nervi)</span>.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Talete di Mileto</span></span></span><br />
<img height="400" src="http://digilander.libero.it/diogenes99/Greci/talete.jpg" width="328" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: large;"> SCUOLA DI PITAGORA</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> <b>(VI sec. a.C.)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">Pitagora</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/pitagora1/" rel="attachment wp-att-308" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Pitagora" class="size-full wp-image-308" height="320" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/pitagora1.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="pitagora" width="230" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nacque a <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Crotone</span></b> <b>(VI sec. a.c.)</b> e si diffuse in tutto il mondo antico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: #0b5394; color: white;">Pitagora</span></b>, grande matematico, operava nell’<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">isola di Samo</span>, ma si spostò a <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Crotone</span></b> quando il tiranno <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Policrate</span></b> prese il potere nella sua città. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli portò nella scienza naturale, ancora non definibile medicina: <b><span style="color: #38761d;">la teoria dei numeri</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #0b5394; color: white;">Pitagora</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> lo studio della medicina fu affrontato da un punto di vista quantitativo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’importanza dei numeri nel pensiero pitagorico, infatti, si manifestò anche nella sua visione della medicina: le malattie nascono dagli eccessi e possono essere evitate rispettando rego-le alimentari, di igiene e di vita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola pitagorica</span></b> ebbe importanti allievi e in quel periodo nacquero delle scuole filosofi-che molto importanti. </span><br />
<img src="http://digilander.libero.it/diogenes99/Greci/pitagora.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">dottrina di Pitagora</span></b> ebbe un grande successo; è dalla <span style="background-color: yellow;">concezione biologica dei pitagorici</span> e dalla <span style="background-color: lime;">dottrina dell’armonia</span> che deriverà l’opera di <span style="background-color: orange;">numerosi grandi medici greci e italici</span>: <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: white;">Alcmeone di Crotone</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: #0c343d; color: white;">Filolao di Taranto</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: white;">Icco</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: #351c75; color: white;">Ippone</span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">e, sopratutto <b><span style="background-color: blue; color: white;">Empedocle di Agrigento</span></b> e <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: white;">Democede</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">che la approfondirono e la diffusero anche fuori dei confini della <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Magna Grecia</span></b>, in <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Europa</span></b> e in <b><span style="color: #990000;">Asia</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="background-color: blue; color: white;">Empedocle</span></b> condivideva la teoria di <b><span style="color: blue;">Talete</span></b> sui <span style="background-color: orange;">quattro elementi</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel <b>VI secolo a.C.</b> inizia la <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">medicina scientifica</span> che si colloca in scuole filosofiche <span style="background-color: lime;">(scuola med<u>i</u> ca di Crotone)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina greca</span></b> era diventata completamente laica e valorizzava l’osservazione clinica e l’esperienza. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un grande allievo di <b><span style="background-color: #073763; color: white;">Pitagora</span></b>, <b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f1c232;">Alcmeone di Crotone</span></b>, nel <b>VI-VII secolo a.C.</b> fu il primo ad avere l’idea che l’<span style="color: magenta;"><b>uomo</b></span> fosse un microcosmo costituito dai <b><span style="color: purple;">4 elementi</span></b> individuati da <b><span style="color: blue;">Talete</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo lui dall’<span style="background-color: cyan;">equilibrio degli elementi</span>, che chiamò isonomia o democrazia, derivava lo sta-to di salute, mentre lo stato di malattia derivava dalla monarchia, ovvero dal prevalere di un elemento sugli altri. </span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f1c232;">Alcmeone</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> fu anche il primo ad individuare nel cervello l’organo più importante, come sede fi-siologica dei sensi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sino ad allora era stata data pochissima importanza al cervello, che era sempre sfuggito al-l’osservazione: all’<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">epoca greca</span></b> il corpo era sacro e non si praticavano dissezioni, ma veniva visto negli animali sacrificati come una massa gelatinosa e fredda di scarso interesse.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f1c232;">Alcmeone</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> stabilì che il cervello doveva essere l’organo che comandava l’organismo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pare che si fosse anche reso conto, fatto poi smentito da altri, che i nervi servissero per con-durre gli impulsi nervosi, ma questa notizia non ha lasciato traccia nella storia della scienza di allora.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' considerato <span style="background-color: orange;">guaritore miracoloso</span>, è un grande igienista e <b><span style="color: purple;">“dominatore di epidemie”</span></b> che porta avanti concetti ancora validi quali la sopravvivenza dei più forti e la possibilità di scam- bio di sostanze attraverso i pori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sotto questa spinta nascono scuole in <span style="background-color: yellow;">Italia meridionale</span> e nel <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Mediterraneo</span>: <b><span style="color: #990000;">Cirene</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Rodi</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Cnido</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Kos</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> LA MEDICINA IPPOCRATICA</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> Ippocrate</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/hippokrates/" rel="attachment wp-att-334" style="color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Ippocrate" class="size-full wp-image-334" height="400" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/hippokrates.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="hippokrates" width="244" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: large;">IPPOCRATE </span><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">V sec. a.C.)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate di Coo o Kos</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(Coo, 460 a.C. circa – Larissa, prima del 377 a.C.)</span> visse nell’<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">isola di Kos</span>, nel <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Dodecanneso</span>, dove si sviluppò la <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">scuola razionale</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E’ stato un <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medico greco antico</span></b>, considerato il <b><span style="color: magenta;">padre e fondatore della medicina</span></b> ed il più grande genio della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina antica</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le sue teorie influenzarono i <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">medici dell’occidente</span> per circa <b>2000 anni</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Figlio di <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: purple;">Eraclide</span></b> e di <b><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #274e13;">Fenarete</span></b>, <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate </span></b>proveniva da una famiglia aristocratica con intere<u>s</u> si medici, i cui membri erano già appartenuti alla <b><span style="background-color: #990000; color: yellow;">corporazione dgli Asclepiadi</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il padre era egli stesso un medico che affermava di essere un discendente diretto di <b><span style="background-color: #990000; color: yellow;">Ascle-pio</span></b>, dio della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu proprio il padre insieme ad <b><span style="background-color: purple; color: white;">Erodico</span></b> ad insegnare al giovane <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> l’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">arte medica</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli lavorò a <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Kos</span></b>, viaggiò molto in <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b> e godette in vita di una fama eccezionale e fu an-che ad <b><span style="color: purple;">Atene</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma esercitò specialmente nelle regioni della <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Grecia settentrionale</span>, in <span style="background-color: #e69138;">Tracia</span> e a <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Tasso</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> viaggiò moltissimo, visitò tutta la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b> ed arrivò persino in <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Egitto</span></b> e in <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Libia</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Operò nell’<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">area del Mediterraneo</span> e nei suoi viaggi toccò la <b><span style="color: purple;">Sicilia</span></b>, l’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Egitto</span></b>, <b>Alessandria</b>, <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Ci-rene</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Cipro</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alla sua epoca l’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Egitto</span></b> era il paese ritenuto più avanzato nella cultura scientifica e tecno</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">logi- ca, nonché nell’aritmetica e nella geometria. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quasi tutti i medici laici viaggiavano molto per curare i malati e studiare le metodologie di cu-ra. In generale però era la classe intellettuale ed abbiente a viaggiare per acculturarsi verso tutte le aree più progredite e in tutte le <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">aree del Mediterraneo</span> facilmente raggiungibili.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fondò una scuola di grande successo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">Il secolare platano a Kos sotto il quale Ippocrate impartiva lezioni ai suoi allievi</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/platano-ippocrate/" rel="attachment wp-att-335" style="color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Il secolare platano a Kos sotto il quale Ippocrate impartiva lezioni ai suoi allievi" class="size-full wp-image-335" height="330" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/platano-ippocrate.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="platano-ippocrate" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> Teoria degli umori</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> sostenne la <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>teoria umorale</b></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli riteneva che le malattie si originassero da uno squilibrio dei <b><span style="color: purple;">quattro umori</span></b> del <b><span style="color: magenta;">corpo umano</span></b>: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">sangue</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">flemma</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #f1c232;">bile gialla</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">bile nera</span></b>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">che combinandosi in differenti maniere conducono alla salute od alla malattia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">acqua</span></b> che è umida e fredda corrisponderebbe alla <b><span style="color: blue;">flemma</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(o flegma)</span> che ha sede nella <span style="background-color: lime;">te<u>s</u> ta</span>, la <b><span style="color: #660000;">terra</span></b> per il colore corrisponderebbe alla <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">bile nera</span></b> che ha sede nella <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">milza</span>, il <b><span style="color: red;">fuoco</span></b>, cal-do e secco, alla <b><span style="color: #f1c232;">bile gialla</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(detta anche collera)</span> che ha sede nel <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">fegato</span>, l’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">aria</span></b> che è dapper-tutto al <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">sangue</span></b> la cui sede è il <span style="background-color: magenta;">cuore</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Agli <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>umori</b></span> furono fatte corrispondere anche le <b><span style="color: red;">stagioni</span></b>: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la prima stagione, quella del sangue e dell’aria corrispondeva alla <span style="background-color: lime;">primavera</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l’<span style="background-color: #ffd966;">estate</span> era quella del fuoco e della bile, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l’<span style="background-color: #bf9000;">autunno</span> era quella della terra e dell’atrabile, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l’<span style="background-color: cyan;">inverno</span> era la stagione dell’acqua, della pituita e del cervello. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu fatto anche un parallelismo con le <b><span style="color: #38761d;">quattro età della vita</span></b>, <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">infanzia</span> e <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">prima giovinezza</span>, <span style="background-color: orange;">giovinezza matura</span>; <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">età virile avanzata</span>, ed infine <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">età senile</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oltre ad essere una <b style="background-color: cyan;">teoria eziologica della malattia</b>, la <b style="background-color: yellow;">teoria umorale</b> è anche una <span style="background-color: lime;"><b>teoria della personalità</b></span>: la predisposizione all’eccesso di uno dei <b><span style="color: purple;">quattro umori</span></b> definirebbe un ca-rattere, un temperamento e insieme una costituzione fisica detta complessione:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• il flemmatico, con eccesso di flegma, è grasso, lento, pigro e sciocco;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• il melancolico, con eccesso di bile nera, è magro, debole, pallido, avaro, triste;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• il collerico, con eccesso di bile gialla, è magro, asciutto, di bel colore, irascibile, permaloso, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> furbo, generoso e superbo;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• il tipo sanguigno, con eccesso di sangue, è rubicondo, gioviale, allegro, goloso e dedito ad</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> una sessualità giocosa.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">La teoria umorale</span></div>
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<img alt="La teoria umorale" class="size-full wp-image-478" height="320" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/teoria-degli-umori1.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" title="teoria-degli-umori" width="316" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">All’interno del clima culturale “razionalistico” del V secolo a.C. si collocò anche la nascita della prima forma di scienza medica: con Ippocrate di Coo la medicina greca antica uscì dalla fase pre-scientifica, legata a pratiche e credenze magiche e religiose, e si organizzò intorno ad una metodologia decisamente razionale, rigorosa ed empirica. La vera e propria medicina razionale è da attribuire ad Ippocrate. La base della medicina razionale è la negazione dell’intervento divino nelle malattie. Anche la famosa malattia sacra, l’epilessia, fu attribuita ad una disfunzione dell’organismo. Ippocrate introdusse il concetto innovativo che la malattia e la salute di una persona dipendessero da specifiche circostanze umane della persona stessa e non da superiori interventi divini. Acquisì grande fama nell’antichità debellando la grande peste di Atene del 429 a.C. Al centro della concezione di Ippocrate non c’era la malattia, che si spiegava in modo olistico, ma l’elemento più importante era l’ uomo. Ippocrate quindi creò una medicina olistica, basata sull’uomo o microcosmo. Questo fece la fortuna della scuola ippocratica nei confronti della scuola rivale di Cnido, che invece era focalizzata sulla malattia con una concezione riduzionistica, simile a quella odierna. La scuola di Ippocrate prevalse proprio perché si occupava dell’uomo, mentre l’altra occupandosi delle malattie e non avendo gli elementi necessari per farlo si estinse, quella di Ippocrate proseguì. Alla base delle concezioni di Ippocrate c’era una filosofia profonda e pratica e un notevole buonsenso. I principi fondamentali erano di lasciar fare alla natura, cioè alla forza guaritrice della natura, di osservare attentamente il malato ed intervenire il meno possibile, fare attenzione all’alimentazione e alla salubrità dell’aria. Per eliminare lo squilibrio era necessario rimuovere la materia in eccesso, detta materia peccans. Ippocrate comunque raccomandava di utilizzare questi mezzi con massima parsimonia. È quindi l’Ippocratica è una medicina umorale dove la guaritrice per eccellenza è la natura (la febbre è considerata una forma di difesa, come la crisi con aumento di secrezione). Infatti studi effettuati negli ultimi due decenni hanno confermato la teoria secondo la quale il ruolo della febbre è un meccanismo di difesa dell’ organismo contro le infezioni; inoltre è approvato che l’ aumento della secrezione di ormoni da parte dell’ organismo ha lo scopo di difendere l’ individuo da situazioni di emergenza come ad esempio la secrezione di adrenalina nel corso di una reazione di paura o di fuga e in situazioni fisiologiche come ad esempio la secrezione degli ormoni della crescita durante lo sviluppo. ‘E sottinteso che queste meccanismi recano beneficio all’ individuo quando agiscono a breve termine; in caso contrario il loro effetto è patologico. Inoltre, rifacendosi ad Alcmeone, sostenne che il centro delle sensazioni, delle emozioni e dei sentimenti (oltre che del pensiero) fosse il cervello e non il cuore, come si credeva all’epoca. Infine occorre sottolineare l’importanza e l’originalità della metodologia seguita da Ippocrate: in primo luogo l’importanza e la centralità dell’ esperienza, dell’ osservazione attenta e sistematica dei sintomi. Dall’analisi dei sintomi il medico doveva poi risalire alle cause interne della patologia, costruendo un quadro teorico complessivo e coerente, da cui discendeva poi la scelta della terapia. Nel nuovo, rigoroso, metodo ippocratico,osservazione, teoria e tecnica (= pratica) non solo erano complementari e interdipendenti ma erano collocate sul medesimo piano di importanza: la tecnica non era affatto “inferiore” alla teoria (si pensi all’importanza della chirurgia).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sintetizzando, la terapia Ippocratica trae:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• dalla filosofia e dal ragionamento, la concezione cosmica universale e biologica che forma la base,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• dall’osservazione del malato, l’indirizzo clinico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per la prima volta si comprende la necessità di conservare le energie dell’individuo, ricercare le cause della malattia senza perdere di vista lo scopo: guarire il malato. Quindi la medicina Ippocratica è scienza, arte, esperienza e ragionamento senza preconcetti né superstizioni.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> Medico Greco pratica un salasso</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/medicine-louvre/" rel="attachment wp-att-328" style="color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Medico Greco pratica un salasso" class="size-full wp-image-328" height="400" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/medicine-louvre.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="medicine-louvre" width="380" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ippocrate inventò la cartella clinica e teorizzò la necessità di osservare razionalmente i pazienti prendendone in considerazione l’ aspetto ed i sintomi; introdusse, per la prima volta, i concetti di diagnosi eprognosi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua fama è dovuta anche, e forse soprattutto, alla sua attività di maestro; fondò una vera e propria scuola medica e regolò in maniera precisa i concetti dell’ etica medica, le norme di comportamento del medico, stabilendo i principi della deontologia professionale del medico, raccolte nel suo famoso giuramento in cui, tra l’altro, si introduce il concetto di segreto professionale.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu il primo a considerare i malanni come eventi dinamici, che evolvono attraversando fasi diverse (patogenesi). Si occupò di ogni aspetto della medicina: dalla fisiologia, alla chirurgia, stabilendo anche i principi della deontologia professionale del medico. Fu il creatore della semeiotica: associò a ciascuna malattia una serie di sintomi e insegnò a cercare i segni del disturbo attraverso l’ispezione del corpo, la palpazione e l’ascoltazione del torace. Ippocrate somministrava veri farmaci, secondo il principio del “contraria contraris” (la sostanza attiva deve avere un’azione contraria agli effetti della malattia). I farmaci ippocratici erano di origine vegetale, minerale, animale e provenivano dalla tradizione medica egiziana e orientale: la medicina della Magna Grecia, infatti, si affidava a prescrizioni dietetiche e igieniche più che a veri principi attivi. Ippocrate fu un maestro anche nella chirurgia: insegnò a cauterizzare le ferite, a ridurre e immobilizzare le fratture ( chirurgia ortopedica ), a incidere gli ascessi, manovre di estrazione del feto ( ostetricia ) tutte praticate tutt’ oggi e presenti in tutti i testi medici universitari; inoltre scoprì malattieginecologiche. Sviluppa conoscenze sulle patologie polmonari e sulleinfezioni acute delle ghiandole, sul sistema digestivo e circolatorio, mentre è minore la conoscenza del sistema nervoso. A lui si deve l’importanza del concetto di dieta e alimentazione all’interno della dottrina degli umori; la coniugazione di medicina e chirurgia (allo stato di pratica di purghe e salassi). Ippocrate tuttavia predicava l’uso della terapia disponibile con il massimo della parsimonia. Le nozioni di anatomia umana invece erano fondate soprattutto sulla dissezione di animali. Ancora oggi alcune malattie portano il suo nome. Ricordiamo l’ ippocratismo digitale, o a bacchetta di tamburo presente in alcuni casi di tumore polmonare e la “facies ippocratica”, tipica delle condizioni di grave sofferenza e indebolimento come, ad esempio, le peritoniti.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">La punizione di prometeo</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: orange; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Terracotta, raffigurante la punizione di Prometeo da parte di Zeus: una aquila ogni giorno consumava il fegato di Prometeo ma questo ogni giorno ricresceva (capacità rigenerativa epatica).</span></div>
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<img alt="La punizione di prometeo" class="size-full wp-image-567" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/rigenerazione-epatica-la-punizione-di-prometeo.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" title="rigenerazione-epatica-la-punizione-di-prometeo" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Coo e Cnido furono le sedi delle più famose scuole greche di medicina che fiorirono nel V secolo a.C. sotto gli Asclepiadi. Studenti di entrambe le scuole contribuirono probabilmente alla stesura del Corpus Hippocraticum, un’ antologia di scritti di Ippocrate. Le sue opere, una settantina, sono raccolte nel Corpus Hippocraticum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Notevole è l’ opera di Ippocrate Fratture, Lussazioni e Ferite.Hippocratis opera omnia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Inoltre, libro degli Aforismi in cui si insegna a fare diagnosi partendo dall’osservazione del malato (facies ippocratica): il vero genio di Ippocrate si rivela negli Aforismi e prognostici, contenenti concisi riassunti di vasta esperienza clinica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il giuramento di Ippocrate</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il Giuramento di Ippocrate è il giuramento che tuttora nel vecchio continente, medici ed odontoiatri prestano prima di iniziare la professione.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ippocrate lo formulò nel 430 a.C., è attribuito alla sua scuola e codifica la figura del medico.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">Il giuramento di Ippocrate</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/hippocratic-oath1/" rel="attachment wp-att-338" style="color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Il giuramento di Ippocrate" class="size-full wp-image-338" height="640" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/hippocratic-oath1.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="hippocratic-oath" width="452" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">GIURAMENTO ANTICO</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #993366;">L’originale greco</span>:</div>
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« Ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν, καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν, καὶ Ὑγείαν, καὶ Πανάκειαν, καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν ὅρκον τόνδε καὶ ξυγγραφὴν τήνδε. Ἡγήσασθαι μὲν τὸν διδάξαντά με τὴν τέχνην ταύτην ἴσα γενέτῃσιν ἐμοῖσι, καὶ βίου κοινώσασθαι, καὶ χρεῶν χρηίζοντι μετάδοσιν ποιήσασθαι, καὶ γένος τὸ ἐξ ωὐτέου ἀδελφοῖς ἴσον ἐπικρινέειν ἄῤῥεσι, καὶ διδάξειν τὴν τέχνην ταύτην, ἢν χρηίζωσι μανθάνειν, ἄνευ μισθοῦ καὶ ξυγγραφῆς, παραγγελίης τε καὶ ἀκροήσιος καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς ἁπάσης μαθήσιος μετάδοσιν ποιήσασθαι υἱοῖσί τε ἐμοῖσι, καὶ τοῖσι τοῦ ἐμὲ διδάξαντος, καὶ μαθηταῖσι συγγεγραμμένοισί τε καὶ ὡρκισμένοις νόμῳ ἰητρικῷ, ἄλλῳ δὲ οὐδενί. Διαιτήμασί τε χρήσομαι ἐπ’ ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν, ἐπὶ δηλήσει δὲ καὶ ἀδικίῃ εἴρξειν. Οὐ δώσω δὲ οὐδὲ φάρμακον οὐδενὶ αἰτηθεὶς θανάσιμον, οὐδὲ ὑφηγήσομαι ξυμβουλίην τοιήνδε. Ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ γυναικὶ πεσσὸν φθόριον δώσω. Ἁγνῶς δὲ καὶ ὁσίως διατηρήσω βίον τὸν ἐμὸν καὶ τέχνην τὴν ἐμήν. Οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, ἐκχωρήσω δὲ ἐργάτῃσιν ἀνδράσι πρήξιος τῆσδε. Ἐς οἰκίας δὲ ὁκόσας ἂν ἐσίω, ἐσελεύσομαι ἐπ’ ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων, ἐκτὸς ἐὼν πάσης ἀδικίης ἑκουσίης καὶ φθορίης, τῆς τε ἄλλης καὶ ἀφροδισίων ἔργων ἐπί τε γυναικείων σωμάτων καὶ ἀνδρῴων, ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων. Ἃ δ’ ἂν ἐν θεραπείῃ ἢ ἴδω, ἢ ἀκούσω, ἢ καὶ ἄνευ θεραπηίης κατὰ βίον ἀνθρώπων, ἃ μὴ χρή ποτε ἐκλαλέεσθαι ἔξω, σιγήσομαι, ἄῤῥητα ἡγεύμενος εἶναι τὰ τοιαῦτα. Ὅρκον μὲν οὖν μοι τόνδε ἐπιτελέα ποιέοντι, καὶ μὴ ξυγχέοντι, εἴη ἐπαύρασθαι καὶ βίου καὶ τέχνης δοξαζομένῳ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἐς τὸν αἰεὶ χρόνον. παραβαίνοντι δὲ καὶ ἐπιορκοῦντι, τἀναντία τουτέων. »</div>
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<span style="color: #993366;">La versione in greco moderno</span>:</div>
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Ορκίζομαι στο θεό Απόλλωνα τον ιατρό και στο θεό Ασκληπιό και στην Υγεία και στην Πανάκεια και επικαλούμενος τη μαρτυρία όλων των θεών ότι θα εκτελέσω κατά τη δύναμη και την κρίση μου τον όρκο αυτόν και τη συμφωνία αυτή. Να θεωρώ τον διδάσκαλό μου της ιατρικής τέχνης ίσο με τους γονείς μου και την κοινωνό του βίου μου. Και όταν χρειάζεται χρήματα να μοιράζομαι μαζί του τα δικά μου. Να θεωρώ την οικογένειά του αδέλφια μου και να τους διδάσκω αυτήν την τέχνη αν θέλουν να την μάθουν χωρίς δίδακτρα ή άλλη συμφωνία. Να μεταδίδω τους κανόνες ηθικής, την προφορική διδασκαλία και όλες τις άλλες ιατρικές γνώσεις στους γιους μου, στους γιους του δασκάλου μου και στους εγγεγραμμένους μαθητές που πήραν τον ιατρικό όρκο, αλλά σε κανέναν άλλο. Θα χρησιμοποιώ τη θεραπεία για να βοηθήσω τους ασθενείς κατά τη δύναμη και την κρίση μου, αλλά ποτέ για να βλάψω ή να αδικήσω. Ούτε θα δίνω θανατηφόρο φάρμακο σε κάποιον που θα μου το ζητήσει, ούτε θα του κάνω μια τέτοια υπόδειξη. Παρομοίως, δεν θα εμπιστευτώ σε έγκυο μέσο που προκαλεί έκτρωση. Θα διατηρώ αγνή και άσπιλη και τη ζωή και την τέχνη μου. Δεν θα χρησιμοποιώ νυστέρι ούτε σε αυτούς που πάσχουν από λιθίαση, αλλά θα παραχωρώ την εργασία αυτή στους ειδικούς της τέχνης. Σε όσα σπίτια πηγαίνω, θα μπαίνω για να βοηθήσω τους ασθενείς και θα απέχω από οποιαδήποτε εσκεμμένη βλάβη και φθορά, και ιδίως από γενετήσιες πράξεις με άνδρες και γυναίκες, ελεύθερους και δούλους. Και όσα τυχόν βλέπω ή ακούω κατά τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας ή και πέρα από τις επαγγελματικές μου ασχολίες στην καθημερινή μου ζωή, αυτά που δεν πρέπει να μαθευτούν παραέξω δεν θα τα κοινοποιώ, θεωρώντας τα θέματα αυτά μυστικά. Αν τηρώ τον όρκο αυτό και δεν τον παραβώ, ας χαίρω πάντοτε υπολήψεως ανάμεσα στους ανθρώπους για τη ζωή και για την τέχνη μου. Αν όμως τον παραβώ και επιορκήσω, ας πάθω τα αντίθετα.</div>
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<span style="color: #993366;">La versione italiana</span>:</div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">- “Giuro ad Apollo medico, Asclepio, Igea e Panacea, prendendo come testimone tutti gli dei e le dee, di tenere fede secondo il mio potere e il mio giudizio a questo impegno: giuro di onorare come onoro i miei genitori colui che mi ha insegnato l’arte della medicina (</span><span style="color: #993366; line-height: 22px;">concetto di allievo e maestro</span><span style="line-height: 22px;">) e di dividere con lui il mio sostentamento e di soddisfare i suoi bisogni, se egli ne avrà necessità;</span></div>
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- di considerare i suoi figli come fratelli, e se vogliono imparare quest’arte, di insegnarla a loro senza salario nè contratto;</div>
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- di comunicare i precetti generali, le nozioni orali e tutto il resto della dottrina ai miei figli, ai figli del mio maestro e ai discepoli ingaggiati ed impegnati con giuramento secondo la legge medica, ma a nessun altro (<span style="color: #993366;">concetto della casta</span>).</div>
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- Applicherò il regime dietetico a vantaggio dei malati, secondo il mio potere e il mio giudizio, li difenderò contro ogni cosa nociva ed ingiusta.</div>
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- Non darò, chiunque me lo chieda, un farmaco omicida (<span style="color: #993366;">rifiuto dell’eutanasia</span>), nè prenderò iniziativa di simile suggerimento, nè darò ad alcuna donna un pessario abortivo.</div>
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- Con la castità e la santità salvaguarderò la mia vita e la mia professione. Non opererò gli affetti da calcoli e lascerò questa pratica a professionisti”. (chirurghi). -”In qualunque casa io entri sarà per utilità dei malati, evitando ogni atto di volontaria corruzione, e soprattutto di sedurre le donne, i ragazzi, liberi e schiavi.</div>
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- Le cose che nell’esercizio della mia professione o al di fuori di essa potrò vedere o dire sulla vita degli uomini e che non devono essere divulgate le tacerò, ritenendole come un segreto (<span style="color: #993366;">concetto di segreto professionale</span>).</div>
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- Se tengo fede sino in fondo a questo giuramento e lo onoro, mi sia concesso godere dei frutti della vita e di quest’arte, onorato per sempre da tutti gli uomini e se lo violo e lo spergiuro che mi accada tutto il contrario”.</div>
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<span style="color: #993366;">GIURAMENTO MODERNO</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">“Consapevole dell’importanza e della solennità dell’atto che compio e dell’impegno che as- sumo, giuro:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di esercitare la medicina in libertà e indipendenza di giudizio e di comportamento;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di perseguire come scopi esclusivi la difesa della vita, la tutela della salute fisica e psichica de<u>l</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">l’uomo e il sollievo della sofferenza, cui ispirerò con responsabilità e costante impegno scien-tifico, culturale e sociale, ogni mio atto professionale;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di non compiere mai atti idonei a provocare deliberatamente la morte di un paziente;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di attenermi alla mia attività ai principi etici della solidarietà umana, contro i quali, nel rispet-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> to della vita e della persona, non utilizzerò mai le mie conoscenze;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di prestare la mia opera con diligenza, perizia, e prudenza secondo scienza e coscienza ed os-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> servando le norme deontologiche che regolano l’esercizio della medicina e quelle giuridiche</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> che non risultino in contrasto con gli scopi della mia professione;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di affidare la mia reputazione esclusivamente alla mia capacità professionale ed alle mie doti</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> morali;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di evitare, anche al di fuori dell’ esercizio professionale, ogni atto e comportamento che pos-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> sano ledere il prestigio e la dignità della professione;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di rispettare i colleghi anche in caso di contrasto di opinioni;</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22px;">• di curare tutti i miei pazienti con eguale scrupolo e impegno indipendentemente dai senti-me</span><span style="line-height: 22px;">ti che essi mi ispirano e prescindendo da ogni differenza di razza, religione, nazionalità condi</span><span style="line-height: 22px;">zione sociale e ideologia politica;</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di prestare assistenza d’ urgenza a qualsiasi infermo che ne abbisogni e di mettermi, in caso di</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> pubblica calamità a disposizione dell’Autorità competente;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di rispettare e facilitare in ogni caso il diritto del malato alla libera scelta del suo medico, ten<u>u</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> to conto che il rapporto tra medico e paziente è fondato sulla fiducia e in ogni caso sul recipr<u>o</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="line-height: 22px;">proco rispetto;</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di osservare il segreto su tutto ciò che mi è confidato, che vedo o che ho veduto, inteso o int<u>u</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ito nell’esercizio della mia professione o in ragione del mio stato;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• di astenermi dall’ ”accanimento” diagnostico e terapeutico.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large; line-height: normal; text-align: start;"> LA SCUOLA DI COO</span><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"> </span><b>(IV sec. a.C.)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La scuola di Coo (Grecia) sopravvisse alla morte di Ippocrate grazie all’opera dei suoi discendenti: i figli Tessalo e Dracone e in seguito i nipoti. Ne fecero parte medici molto famosi come Dioclee Prassagora; questi parteciparono attivamente al dibattito dell’epoca tra Dogmatici ed Empirici. I primi consideravano il ragionamento e la logica come base per la medicina; i secondi davano più importanza all’osservazione delle evidenze, rifiutando i ragionamenti e le ricerche. Sia Diocle, sia Prassagora si schierarono con i dogmatici; tuttavia, essi accolsero e fecero fruttare lo spirito pratico tipico degli empirici.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: blue;"> LA MEDICINA POST-IPPOCRATICA</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #993366; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: large;"> ARISTOTELE E LA SCUOLA MEDICA ALESSANDRINA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #993366;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">LA SCUOLA DI ALESSANDRIA</span> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><b>(III sec. a.C.)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Alessandro Magno e Aristotele</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/alexanderaristotle/" rel="attachment wp-att-311" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #5b211a; line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Alessandro Magno e Aristotele" class="size-full wp-image-311" height="354" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/alexanderaristotle.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="alexanderaristotle" width="640" /></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Nel <b>300 a.C.</b> inizia la decadenza della <span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola ippocratica</span> il cui pensiero però rivive nell’<b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">epoca Alessandrina</b> grazie a <b><span style="color: purple;">Erofilo</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(che studia sistema nervoso e cervello)</span> e <b><span style="color: #660000;">Erasistrato </span></b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(studio-so di filosofia e patologia, conosciuto per la dottrina atomistica)</span> che completano con il loro la-voro il sistema ippocratico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Erofilo di Calcedonia</span></b> <b>(335 A.C. – 280 A.C.)</b> ed <b><span style="color: #660000;">Erasistrato</span></b> <b>(304 A.C.-250 A.C.).</b> furono i due maestri più famosi: svilupparono gli insegnamenti ippocratici e si schierarono con i Dogmatici. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Entrambi, oltre che a insegnare, si cimentarono con successo nell’anatomia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-size: large;"> ARISTOTELE</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Aristotele</span></div>
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<img alt="Aristotele" class="size-full wp-image-339" height="400" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/aristotele1.jpg?w=470" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="aristotele" width="261" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il più grande scienziato e biologo dell’antichità fu <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Aristotele</span></b> <b>(Stageira 384/3 A.C.-322/1 A.C. Eubea)</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Figlio di un medico a <b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Stageira in Macedonia</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Aristotele</span></b> è stato uno dei più noti filosofi e scienziati del mondo antico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E‘ il fondatore della filosofia occidentale naturale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sebbene non fosse un medico, il filosofo greco Aristotele diede un importante contributo allo sviluppo della medicina con le sue dissezioni di numerosi animali, scienza naturale, e a lui si deve la prima classificazione degli animali che lo hanno reso noto come fondatore dell’anatomia comparata. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al suo allievo <b><span style="color: purple;">Teofrasto</span></b> si deve quella delle piante; con <b><span style="color: purple;">Teofrasto</span></b> si ha il primo approccio al-la erboristica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grande importanza ebbe l’erboristica anche se, anch’essa, usata in maniera molto empirica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel corso del <b>III secolo a.C.</b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">Alessandria d’Egitto</span>, sede di una <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">famosa scuola di medicina</span></b> e di una ricchissima biblioteca, divenne il centro della <span style="background-color: #6fa8dc;">scienza medica greca</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Alessandria d’Egitto</span> diventò un centro molto vivace per l’insegnamento della medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">De animalibus</span></b> - </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Aristotele</span></b> elaborò un sistema fisiologico incentrato sul cuore, in cui, se-condo lui, ardeva una fiamma vitale mantenuta da uno spirito, detto pneuma o spirito vitale, che dava calore. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il polmone e il cervello avevano soprattutto una funzione di raffreddamento. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il cuore era l’organo più importante perché quando il cuore si ferma l’uomo muore. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Inoltre <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Aristotele</span></b> nei suoi studi di embriologia notò che il cuore comincia a battere nelle fasi iniziali dello sviluppo dell’organismo: <b><span style="color: red;">primum oriens</span></b>, <b><span style="color: magenta;">ultimum moriens</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella sua teoria il calore era la cosa più importante e dava la vita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Aristotele</span></b> fu anche maestro di <b><span style="color: #351c75;">Alessandro Magno</span></b>, che portò al massimo la fioritura della <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">cultura ellenica</span>, che si espanse in tutto il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mediterraneo</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma la massima espansione portò successivamente al crollo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Alessandro Magno</span></b> conquistò tutto il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mediterraneo</span> ma, come spesso accade, la massima es-pansione portò alla caduta dell’<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">impero alessandrino</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il potere fu ripartito fra i suoi vari generali e l’impero venne diviso in numerosi regni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra i più importanti regni vi sono quello di <span style="background-color: cyan;">Pergamo</span> e, soprattutto, quello <span style="background-color: lime;">tolemaico in Egitto</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Qui la<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> cultura greca</span> si fuse con quella <span style="background-color: lime;">egiziana</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">ALESSANDRO MAGNO</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: start;">Alessandro Magno</span></div>
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<img alt="Alessandro Magno" class="size-full wp-image-342" height="400" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/alessandro.jpg?w=470" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="alessandro" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell’<span style="background-color: lime;">impero tolemaico</span>, ad <span style="background-color: orange;">Alessandria d’Egitto</span>, si sviluppò un movimento culturale di vastis- sime proporzioni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Venne costruita anche la biblioteca più grande e famosa dell’antichità, che costituiva la <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">summa del sapere dell’epoca</span> e che, nei secoli successivi, andò incontro ad alterne vicende: fu incendiata da <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Cesare</span> e da altri imperatori romani e fu distrutta definitivamente intorno al <b>640</b> da un califfo arabo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa biblioteca era una vera e propria università, in cui operavano scienziati formatisi alla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola aristotelica</span></b> che, però, praticavano le dissezioni sugli animali, ma anche sull’<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’<span style="background-color: lime;">Egitto</span> era una terra in cui da secoli, per non dire millenni, si faceva uso di pratiche funerarie che prevedevano la dissezione dell’<span style="background-color: lime;">uomo</span> come preparazione alla mummificazione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ecco che quindi acquistò importanza la tecnica dell’esame sul cadavere, inteso non semplice- mente come dissezione, ma, come avverrà anche nel nascimento, quale momento fondamen-tale dell’attività del medico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Assai importante fu ad <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Alessandria</span> la <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">scuola empirica</span>, secondo la quale l’attività del medico comprendeva tre momenti fondamentali: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l’anamnesi, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l’autopsia <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(intesa però come ispezione, visita diretta del medico sul malato)</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la diagnosi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche tale scuola aveva dei principi molto affascinanti, che richiamano quelli odierni, tuttavia fallì in quanto non vi era la possibilità concreta di fare una diagnosi accurata e, di consegue<u>n</u> za, una terapia adatta, viste le scarse cognizioni, in termini di malattie, in loro possesso.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Contemporaneamente alla <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">scuola empirica</span>, in <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Alessandria</span> si diffusero anche la <span style="background-color: yellow;">scuola dogm<u>a</u> tica</span>, che era la continuazione della <b><span style="color: red;">scuola d’Ippocrate</span></b>, e la <span style="background-color: cyan;">scuola metodica,</span> che fu quella che ebbe maggior successo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="background-color: cyan; color: blue;">SCUOLA METODICA</span></b> d’<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Alessandria</span> si rifaceva non alla filosofia dei <b style="background-color: yellow;">quattro elementi</b>, ma alla filosofia rivale, alla <b style="background-color: lime;">teoria atomistica</b> di <b><span style="color: blue;">Democrito</span></b> <b>(vissuto tra il V e il IV sec A.C.).</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">concezione ippocratica</span> era di tipo finalistico, analogamente a quella <span style="background-color: orange;">aristotelica</span>, mentre a<u>l</u> la base della <b style="background-color: magenta;">teoria democritea</b> vi era il caso. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo tale scuola era necessario valutare le cose così come apparivano nel mondo reale, bisognava porre attenzione allo stato fisico del malato. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grande importanza, secondo loro, aveva lo stato dei pori: a seconda che questi fossero ape<u>r</u> ti o chiusi si aveva una condizione, rispettivamente, di rilassatezza o di tensione; e bisogna- va far di tutto perché i pori rimanessero aperti in modo normale, quindi fare attenzione a co-me ci si lavava, alla temperatura dell’acqua… </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo concetto fu la causa dell’<span style="background-color: cyan;">estrema scarsità d’igiene esistente nel medioevo</span>, in quanto venne male interpretato e inteso come la condanna dell’acqua in quanto causa della chiu-sura dei pori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">epoca greca</span> e poi <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">romana</span> ci fu un grandissimo sviluppo dell’igiene. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I bisogni fisiologici non venivano più espletati nell’ambiente esterno o in luoghi aperti comuni <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(vicoli, spiazzi..)</span>, ma in apposite costruzioni, le latrine pubbliche, dotate di sistema idrico e di sistema fognario. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a> <a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: -webkit-center;" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 12 gennaio 2013 alle ore 22,42 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-35044715543126182112013-01-11T20:11:00.002+01:002013-06-22T18:50:11.644+02:00(Scheda 249 - 10) STORIA della MEDICINA GRECA.<h2 class="storytitle" id="post-257" style="margin: 15px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA GRECA</span></h2>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/06/la-medicina-greca-2/treebook/" rel="attachment wp-att-928" style="background-color: white; color: #5b211a;"><img alt="treebook" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-928" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/treebook.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="treebook" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">percorso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">gli </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">stori-ci, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA GRECA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 2000 a.C.)</span></div>
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<tr><td style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="il teatro di epidaurus" border="0" height="431" src="http://www.arengario.net/momenti/imm/momenti39a.jpg" width="550" /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Epidaurus</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se esiste la perfezione a questo mondo, il <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">teatro di Epidauro</span></b> è qualcosa di perfetto. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Vi si arriva per sentieri e scalette nascosti da una fitta vegetazione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Qui la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b> ricorda davvero <span style="background-color: orange;">Arcadia</span>, con i boschetti di gelsi e di mirto, i cipressi scuri, le fo<u>n</u> ti che zampillano. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non ci sono fiori, solo verde su sfondo di verdi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E già ben introdotto da questa atmosfera un poco oleografica, appare il teatro in tutto il suo splendore.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Appoggiato all'incavo accogliente di una collina, come sul seno di una madre, grandioso epp<u>u</u> re raccolto, un emiciclo perfetto, che sembra nato dalla collina stessa, elemento essenziale del paesaggio. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Là doveva essere, e non poteva essere in altro luogo. </span><br />
<img height="300" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSM1vnrm94l242RaaMSFWR6p5DDeEJyekpn8qdxNkLVntuwZrm1" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La coloritura rosata contrasta con la corona di alberi che gli fan ombra, in alto; le gradinate sono trapezi che si uniscono nella elegante armonia del semicerchio.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Là si recitavano - si recitano tuttora – le antiche tragedie. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lì avveniva la catarsi e il pubblico poteva – può – uscirne liberato e purificato, perché le mas-chere hanno preso su di sé, e reso coscienti, e infine esorcizzato, le angosce più profonde dell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella cavea <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(dove ancor oggi, i ragazzini fanno tintinnare monete sul basamento dell'<b>antico altare a Dioniso</b>, per provare l'acustica – e che l'acustica di questo teatro, frutto d'arte o di uno speciale dono di natura sia la migliore del mondo è fatto risaputo)</span>, una scenografia sem- plicissima aspetta la sera. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Solo due porte, una d'entrata e una d'uscita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' giusto così. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La tragedia non ha bisogno di orpelli per esercitare la sua funzione salvifica.</span><br />
<img height="266" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbQwFLsvRjymq-v0u0dY1EBv8KPukx7ZTC5XC4bopj0OEJhOPq" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Accanto allo splendore del teatro, che è, tutto sommato, recente, espressione della <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia </span></b>potente e colta <b>(IV sec. a.C.)</b>, ci sono i resti dell'<span style="background-color: lime;">antichissimo luogo di cura</span> fondato da <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il nome di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si perde nella leggenda, diventato ben presto un dio; più vivida è l'imma-gine di <b><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b>, suo successore, padre di tutti i medici.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a 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" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; clear: right; float: right; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>I TEMPLI E IL CULTO DI ASCLEPIUS</b></span></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: xx-small;">Todas las noches durante mil años (desde 500 a.c. hasta 500 d.c.) </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: xx-small;">los peregrinos enfermos y afligidos iban en manadas a los Templos Griegos de Asclepius.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: xx-small;">Buscaban curación y consejos durante visitas de ensueño del antiguo dios de la medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel piccolissimo museo una serie di strumenti medici e chirurgici, la cui vista fa venire i brividi; non per la difformità, ma per la sconcertante somiglianza con quelli attuali. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Senza bisogno di leggere le etichette, si riconoscono a prima vista bisturi, trapani per i denti, speculum, divaricatori, forcipi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Attorno lastre di marmo coi ringraziamenti dei pazienti guariti – a metà fra onorario ed ex-voto, una sciocca didascalia recita, in inglese <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">"...credendo che fossero cure e non sugges-tioni..."</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Assai presuntuoso chi l'ha scritta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Qui si curava il corpo, e anche l'anima. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'ambiente sereno, le piscine, i bagni, le palestre, e sì, anche la fede nell'intervento di un dio, anche la parola del medico, quanto predisponevano il corpo alla guarigione e, prima, all'ac-cettazione della cura?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non suggestione, credo, ma <span style="background-color: lime;">medicina psicosomatica</span>, che assume l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> nella sua interezza, soma e psiche, una cosa sola.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mi scusino i credenti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma penso a cosa potremmo avere oggi, se queste premesse fossero arrivate alle loro piene conseguenze, senza quell'interruzione traumatica che è il stato il <span style="background-color: yellow;">Cristianesimo</span>, che nell'esa<u>l</u> tazione dell'anima ha ridotto il corpo ad immondo accidente, da negare e flagellare.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E ci sono voluti molti e molti secoli, per ricominciare daccapo, e ancora non si è pienamente r<u>i</u> composta – nei nostri ospedali iper-tecnologici. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quell'integrità dell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b>, che non è <b><span style="color: blue;">"corpo"</span></b> ne <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"mente"</span></b>, ma una sola, inscindibile cosa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="http://www.arengario.net/momenti/imm/momenti39c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="antichi strumenti chirurgici ad epidaurus" border="0" src="http://www.arengario.net/momenti/imm/momenti39c.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">La neurochirurgia ai tempi dei Greci</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo scheletro, reperito da un recente scavo nell'antichissima città di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Veria</span></b>, circa 75 km a ovest di <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Tessalonica</span></b>, fornisce la prova che gli </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: #ffe599;">antichi Greci</b></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> eseguivano già sofisticati inter-venti di </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">neurochirurgia</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">I resti, datati al </span><b style="background-color: white;">3° secolo a.C.</b><span style="background-color: white;">, appartengono a una donna di età di circa 25 anni, che sem-bra essere morta a seguito di un </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">craniotomia fallita</span><span style="background-color: white;"> che è stata eseguita per il trattamento di un grave </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">trauma cranico frontale</span><span style="background-color: white;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><b style="background-color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: lime;">Particolare di una Craniotomia a tacca (scalpello)</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></b></div>
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<img height="212" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcStG4Yu7-gEsS6dAmQ8-mtt-O557ra3xPscrrJYrfC0MT4FTNUBkw" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Tanto per intenderci è una metodologia che oggi viene eseguita, creando una </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">breccia ossea temporanea</span><span style="background-color: white;">, per poter diminuire la notevole pressione intra-cranica a seguito di un grave trauma cranico diretto. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="background-color: red;"><b><span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Esempio di una Craniotomia di 10 mila anni</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<img height="273" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSdVboNNlUvynrKRgFBQfMq3HDwNdP_Z9WKBSSa98q5w_c8-DUg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Il grande </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">buco sopra gli occhi</span><span style="background-color: white;">, è proprio un </span>taglio chirurgico<span style="background-color: white;">, il che suggerisce che il </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">cranio è stato perforato con strumenti specializzati</span><span style="background-color: white;"> e non con un semplice e forte colpo di pietra.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Trapanazione </span>(piccola divagazione nel tempo)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">Fino a dove sareste disposti ad arrivare, pur di <span style="color: purple;"><b>“ampliare la vostra coscienza”</b></span>? </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">Potreste scegliere la strada più lunga, la meditazione, lo </span><em style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">yoga</em><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">, lo </span><em style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">zazen </em><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">e via dicendo. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">Oppure potreste decidere di prendere la <b><span style="color: #38761d;">“scorciatoia”</span></b> delle sostanze psicoattive, e cercare di <b><span style="color: #783f04;">“liberare la mente”</span></b> attraverso lo </span><em style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">yage </em><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">o i funghetti mescalinici, o l’acido lisergico. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">Ma arrivereste mai al punto di prendere il vostro fido trapano Black&Decker a percussione, puntarvelo alla fronte e praticare un bel foro nel cranio, dal quale si possa vedere la </span><em style="background-color: lime; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">dura mater</em><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;"> che ricopre il cervello?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">La <b><span style="color: red;">trapanazione</span></b> è stata praticata fin dal <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Neolitico</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">Era una pratica relativamente comune, con la quale si cercava di far <b><span style="color: blue;">“uscire”</span></b> gli spiriti maligni dalla testa del malato. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">Secondo alcune interpretazioni dei dipinti rupestri, pare che i nostri antenati fossero convinti che </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">praticare un foro nel cranio</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;"> potesse curare da emicranie, epilessia o disordini mentali. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">L’intervento, </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">popolare nelle aree germaniche durante il Medio Evo</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: left;">, sembra inoltre aver avuto un’alta percentuale di sopravvivenza – a giudicare dai bordi soffici dei fori sui teschi ritrovati, le ferite stavano cominciando a guarire: sette persone su otto si riprendevano dall’operazione.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">GRECIA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Greci</span></b> cercavano di capire l'uomo e la natura con l'osservazione piuttosto che soggiogare e trasformare la natura, conseguendo un miglioramento della qualità della vita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Solo con la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> si comportarono diversamente. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche se le opinioni sulle diverse tecniche terapeutiche potevano essere differenti, la guari-gione di un malato o di un ferito restava comunque un obiettivo pratico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> vantava tradizioni che risalivano all'<b><span style="color: blue;">epoca omerica</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In generale, però, la conoscenza anatomica dell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> rimase limitata perché i costumi e la mentalità religiosa erano contrari a sezionare i <b><span style="color: magenta;">cadaveri umani</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per quanto riguarda le funzioni vitali del corpo, l'ignoranza sulle nozioni di chimica organica e della struttura della cellula, non consentivano di dare interpretazioni corrette.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A sinistra, fig. 1. Terracotta greca raffigurante la cura di una ferita.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A destra, fig. 2. Medici greci.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La presenza di tali lacune non impedì comunque di progredire e di sviluppare un metodo empirico fondato esclusivamente sull'esperienza e sul ragioname<u>n</u> to: gli apprendisti medici si formavano infatti presso un maestro nell'arte di dare una diagno-si e una prognosi in modo da giungere a formulare una terapia adeguata.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTCpgxxzIftc5fQiOEOaiKsmxIMsoty28NQ656XWKCJKeM41Qi8pznjfuaQmAvbHlVbtMMfwxbood4f8EoMKWNyF5GbKDSFjkmfCbbn1ivpsmGKY5X-aOSks8zuplP5mw4gY_36o43kMDt/s1600/HEALING.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #141414; color: #444444; line-height: 24.44444465637207px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTCpgxxzIftc5fQiOEOaiKsmxIMsoty28NQ656XWKCJKeM41Qi8pznjfuaQmAvbHlVbtMMfwxbood4f8EoMKWNyF5GbKDSFjkmfCbbn1ivpsmGKY5X-aOSks8zuplP5mw4gY_36o43kMDt/s320/HEALING.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; background-color: #222222; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" t="t" true="true" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Fondatore e </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">maestro della medicina</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(più propriamente della chirurgia)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> era il centauro </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: lime;">CHIRONE</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />Scolaro di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: lime;">CHIRONE</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> era considerato </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">ASCLEPIO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, figlio di <b><span style="color: purple;">Apollo</span></b>, con il ruolo di guarire le ma-lattie degli <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Divenne tanto abile da riuscire non solo a guarire i malati, ma anche a risuscitare i morti. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Tale fu però la sua rovina, poiché richiamò alla vita degli eroi condannati a morire dagli stessi dèi e <b><span style="color: #e06666;">Giove</span></b> non ebbe altra alternativa che ucciderlo con un fulmine </span>2<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span><br /><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">La mitologia <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">greca</span></b> assegnò ad </span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">ASCLEPIO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, figlio di <b><span style="color: purple;">Apollo</span></b>, il ruolo di guarire le malattie degli <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">È così che ebbe inizio la tradizione che, attraverso il nome latino di </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">ESCULAPIO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e tutta la congerie di seguaci ed adepti, si occupò della salute</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">della cura, compresi farmaci, guaritori, droghe e quant'altro oggigiorno si possa associare a tale <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"nobile arte medica"</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">4.<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Fig. 3 e 4.</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Asclepio</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica03.jpg" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica03.jpg" /></a><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> </span><a href="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica04.jpg" style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica04.jpg" /></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Assieme ad </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #660000;">HYPNOS</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(il Sonno)</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> e a <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">THANATOS</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(la Morte)</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">, due gemelli figli della Notte, si possono ricordare una serie di divinità </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(minori)</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> correlate con la vita umana ed al destino: <b><span style="color: #38761d;">IL<u>I</u> ZIA</span></b> che presiedeva ai parti, <b><span style="color: red;">PODALIRIO</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">MACAONE</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(il celebrato guaritore di Menelao e Fi-lottete)</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> che erano eroi e valenti medici e parteciparono alla </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">guerra contro Troia</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">; le figlie di </span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">ASCLEPIO</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">, <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">EPIONE</span></b>, colei che lenisce, <b><span style="color: blue;">IASO</span></b>, la guaritrice, <b><span style="color: #e69138;">IGEA</span></b>, la salute, <b><span style="color: magenta;">PANACEA</span></b>, che guarisce tutti i mali, ed anche il giovane <b><span style="color: #990000;">TELESFORO</span></b>, colui che conduce a fine, genio della convalescenza.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">I sacerdoti di </span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">ASCLEPIO</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> curavano i pazienti con mezzi diversi: interventi chirurgici, cataplas-mi, pozioni, formule magiche e la cosiddetta </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">incubatio</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">, sonno rivelatore e liberatore entro il recinto sacro: il dio appariva in sogno e consigliava il rimedio </span></span>5<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">f</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">ig. 5. Esculapio.</span><br />
<img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica05.jpg" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; text-align: start;" width="179" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">È sicuramente inatteso, ma prevedibile, constatare che anche altre divinità o semidei parte-ciparono a tale attività, suddividendosi i vari intenti o le varie nomenclature e definizioni che ne fanno parte 6.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">f</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">ig. 6. </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Nascita di Esculapio estratto dal padre Apollo dal ventre della madre Coronide.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Incisione in legno. Basilea, a. 1549.</span><br />
<img border="0" height="221" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica06.jpg" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; text-align: -webkit-right;" width="400" /><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />Analogamente, per uscire dalla </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"nostra"</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> tradizione, altri miti e leggende si ritrovano presso quasi tutte le </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">popolazioni orientali, medio-orientali o nord-africane</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b>, spesso pr<u>e</u> rogativa di una specifica casta sacerdotale, </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(presso i Greci, l'esercizio della medicina era sev<u>e</u> ramente regolato e l'altissimo concetto della professione del medico è testimoniato dal fatto che ogni giovane, iniziandosi all'arte, doveva prestare solenne giuramento)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">accompagnò la crescita dell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b>, spiegando o anche apportando benefici o malanni 7, sui quali dei e demo-ni si avvicendarono, con alterne fortune o disgrazie.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; text-align: center;">Fig. 7. Alcmeone di Crotone</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300;">Di Alcmeone abbiamo notizie frammentarie. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300;">Si sa che nacque a Crotone verso il 560 a.C. da Anfiariao ed Eurifile, 30 anni prima, cioè, che Pitagora vi approdasse. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300;">Altri lo crede figlio di Pirito o Piriteo (Diogene Laerzio, VIII, 83). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300;">Della sua esistenza Aristotele ci dà piena sicurezza e nella chiara descrizione di Erodoto, traspare anche che la Scuola medica di Crotone fosse giunta ai suoi tempi all'apogeo della sua fama e, comunque, all' avanguardia di ogni altra scuola del mondo allora conosciuto.</span><br />
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" 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VfxFdSCpWseOoIg7HQ1y7j2/R7t2yUBe1cdQW2Ak6dhP/VXUhrQfxb4WcLxQYgKhS+qvDglc48raaa7H61CKjxF71y1bvOiqCSiwI0+YSvQSW1Paoy82YsDM7aa/SpS1hb2JFw5FIgy5lRIllykmCTBEVXknWSdN9e9aDhtJO+o/l/elJ27U6g6gSPQ9qytpprpFeNbgxJM/396J7PsDxRl9iCNesDp962ziAWw9sQBNtTr/AIR3rVfC+DkkPd0URA61cMfzONVJ9F7gdPrFZrSK4zakk6bdBG9VLErlaI/rVk4jxHQ9SRv9arrqG13zbmJ1narrOs8BjWsuly20MhDDfoev4/erKUV8UxuAKfDe7tCszLmQa7kEgj61ULyaztO8RrpU5wrEi/mS7LEW4QQSWZfl9iAD9DVNMw75EDANoQJ6wxMfczTZLpDaSs6dY13mdutP711f1TlCqohGh1NwSSI6bjX0pIWC+dVgHWAxnUwT7nXSlNO+BW7t/NbBC3CoKg6ZislRPeJNWfDX7mJzKkhluW7l2G1yquUldNgdvVqr2Hxi+NbAlPDVFzd3SdTPrIqx4HEWrNlFLqt67Kkp5mALrkEjoTJPrtWTSnGOLNh2XEMfECr5bTA5EnQaDSdetatu3czMRHmJP3M1trmDl8thrnmkAPqCDOUk6naZH861HZtyfx31NPFfIoxIB10IE/epfC2RZtI7Xbim8CFAUBcgYgyx31B0qP8ACJ0WTJ2GpOmmlSvEMMDAVmCWoAVwcpJjNudJO9arK5/CDhFxuI2szFrdq22IQjaXGQEwNzrv2roAVrP4H8LYYW5iHVc118iwIHh2hAj0zZjWzRWda0RVI+LfLv6RgTcQfrbB8RY3gfMPtr/lq8Vi6yIOo60Zcwf74tvaDXCLlx9pGiQSPKvQ9ZPeojGYQCLgXKraASDqP3o2nVojXWKt3xA5PPD8UxUAYe/JttlBKGQWUdon7GoDPZZPDByiM5uFZdiBAAUdJNWLqMTCMXRdMz6Ag6TMCddO9bG4b8LhbtlnYO42K7HuJPT2rXVzDIPKQc4YyZ6HLBHQj2pTA8w4myWyXbkaiczCfdTptS6urZxXhj2icyxII8skDrVQ4vij5QZO0elWnA8/uyFb6LcUQJEI5GugA30ptjsFhsVrh23EZH8rD218wH9ipqapt3FEjp6adK9w5OnQTP267etOMbgCjQZnrOlYWUMRuAep2zHpWkY3SJ3pzgsQVZWXRhqCO/X8NKaXHgnSR7ele2cQRtAjXqZoJG/dRgDGgENI6gkj/wDVK4e4oCtpuQ0GCBI1HqAPxr0HMsxJEAiImdqVPL12VATRhm8xAEa6/fSiwty8VbFIjsTZW4zkuQJU9WE0vwI5rphgHQm5akaXAhbySPfQ+lQj4eGIyQdRB7iddRrUp+lXcgtqAvhuFLiC0uIQDtl8x+tZq4t3BcWMRw3wrLNmUXPKSJEg6mBDTtPetS2yQ0bHbt19Na2twAWsNat3lfwysm4Mh8y21IuAdNWZTr+7Wu7S+NeuOF+cl5JAChm3J2A1ikKywTIktdDBWBCMu2bYtmmdJpbA8PxF10t2n8TxXFu3qTLE9iDsNT2FPreNN601txaK22VEQwMgjVlI0IkCa2V8F+S8rtjGByapYzddYe4PQ7CtJG0eB8LXDYe1YT5bSKg+g3+pk/Wn8UAV7TAUUUURD818uJjsM9h9Mw8rDdW6GubOJ4J8Dee3ctxdWQGI8onZ1G3sa6qYVUef/h/a4jZ6LeUHI/p+6f4TRY5wGGJVS27GQ0jRQYBM9CZpoMQVOU6kSsjXU9fttT/mLhGIwtzwsSGVlAWD2BhY6EeoqKtKJGuh3MUXT+0tttjqB9zp0n0J+gpN1dSPlIjMN5IpoxBXQAa7zr71kuNYGGOcDaduu3WKHyTWD4kxT9b+sXUQTqCokANv160kuFWc9sygGubLKx3jWOk0zOV1AB8wl2O28aesb/Wi1imTVJ03PWD6SZFZxNF2wXkoJ0nT+5ppkIiZGvXfSpQQQblsiToVHWNTHvWGMwytqDrsQe9WIsfIFpMRe8JhGsqBrqK85+4gUxbWtkVBlAA8pYSSunU71WeA8TfDYi3dT9hgx2EjqPsanOe08e4MQhkOgIPQjtPcdqVZ6V3EcZulsxaSO+p7f0+1Z4bjLqGG4eC2nUbVGdOm+o60tbM6bjf3qmpv/wBSXPBayp8jyGO4Gc6sNNCRp7UrZs+BZLAC/YcoG80Q6klfWN9xFN+C4gHPbKBrTamIBHbX0NT3JvKN/GXvCw5ZbWov3SPINd1OxYiB9z0rOLqS5K5U/wB631BVFsWmDuyAgKsQLInUsTqTOkV0LhcOttFRQFVQFUDYAbD7Uw5e5fs4OwtiwuVF+7E7sx6k1KCrEoooorSCiiimjwrXmSsqKggubeTsPxCybd5dRqjiMyH0PbuOtc9c5fDPEYC5qviWSfK6yRA/eH7J966gisXsgiCAQdwdQfcU1Y42uqCs6KPSkH2/Dff3rpHmn4MYPFZmtD9HuHWV1XaIy7ROular5k+DuPwssttb1vb9VmYgdysZv50FAXQbxoRFK2MUw6j5Y16e1K4rhj2icyOp2OcFdfrTd7URI13HtVMKFx8wMdQO3vSlrHzo2oEkmaaHqN57V5EVESd1lutICgQqgAdhqdqc4bEPkW1nIQSwU/LmPzR6kdKhw+0TMR7mnHDuFX7xy2rdx9R8qs2v0Bo1CuMtLuDGonbrSGEbVcqkzppvJ7VsTgfwSx2Ig3smHRt5MuP8nffcjetrcofCzBYABlTxbv8AzbgEj/CBotTV41tyL8IL+JK3cXNqyfMqyPEb6fsjuTr6VvHhfCbWHtLasoLdtflVdv8AvTtVr2qwIooooCiiiqCiiimAooopgKKKKYPDXkU0x/F7dl7KOYa8/hp6tlLfTQHX270nhOO2biB84UGdHKqdGKnSe4NZ+J0rjOF2rwi7bS4P4lDfzFQOI+GPDX+bCWxGxWVP4EVPji1mJ8S3A386+vr6H7GvG4tZG9xB0+Zd9T37A/6T2p/V6pjfBLhkgi1cEdPFb85pMfAvhkyUun/7D+Qq+WsajkhWVivzAEGPeDpTPC8wWrlw21MkNlkFSD+rDyCDqIYaiqiEwXwp4XaEDCI2sy5LH8TVlweBS0oS2iog2VQFH2GlM73MlpXdTmi0Qt14GS2SmfzNOgCwSdhmFe3uZ8MqljeSFUsYYHQbmBr/AHO1SwSUV7Ufd5hw6zmvIIgHzDc0pheM2bjFEuIzBQxVWBIVtjp0On3qcOntFFFbwFFFFMBRRRVBRRRQFFFFAUVgzgHca7Ca8s3w05WBgkGCDBHTTrQRfGuV7eJdXdrgZMvhlSoyMtwPmWVOpKqDM6CNN6bryXaAZRcuw0FhNsyyvnDa25nYdiBtOtWCigrT8hWCwYvdJBka2/3rjER4cQfFca67QRFZNyJYyxmugZWQeZdEKXFyDy7AXXiZPm3NTl7GIkBmVZ2kgbmBue9Z4e+rqGUhlOoI2IqLphwvl61hw4TMQ5JIYgwCSSBoDEsx1k6024dyjasujK905DKhnkAeH4YG2wQAfSpysXaJJMAa0RF4rlm1ca6Sbii8pFxVcqrSmTMQP2suk+g3gUjf5PsOTm8QyIjOYzeH4ef/AB+GMs/hU0jTBBkHWsqghf8A0jYzBpuSGzL+sbQlszEf4mAY9yKW4Ry5Zw2loMBAEFiRoAJg9SAJPWKepi0Zigdcw3UET9qUe4BEmJMCe/arozorHxBMTrvHWsb94KpZjCjUnsKBSivAa9qgooooCiiigKKKKCvcZ4diXu3HskA/o+S0T+zca55zOsEoFgwRK1HcF5extq6hLqLXiPcuBbjEsXe6TMqM5g2RJj5TVyrypVVzi3C8a91zauhLbABQGYEfqrgmMsf8RlbfXIvakcNwbHLeSb4a0rktLtmK5mgfLBJGTQ6CG9KtNFQVzjXAr929nR0CgW8oaTDJ4hmI/fa0d/8A4qapy5jFTIl9FQIUUAuI/V2lU7HYpcOXr4m9W2igrb8vX5ZlvBCWZhlLwT4KpakTqFYFiPQetMX5bxpQobqkstwZxcurlZwADl1zAanpq3bSrlRTgqzcs4kk/wDuSPNIgsNJYqDroBKJA/ZXuafcB4PetM5vXvFkKqatACgToSRMzrqdelTdFOCqXuT7h8RxdC3rlx2zwxAtvAyASCDC25M6+GBtRe5axIQlbxa4CSPM40Fg27YEsQCHPiEmZNWuilwU7B8r4soue+bbQoIzu0lXutMyIVs1uViQEIk1mvK2JyXFa8twXLPgbOCFbKrMSXIJCAxpJJ1Opq3V6KTBiiwKyoorSMRM1lRRQf/Z" width="275" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Dopo i primi tentennanti approcci di clinica, diagnosi, chirurgia, i medici </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: purple;">(dal latino mederi = rimediare)</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> ebbero ad iniziare e a </span><span style="background-color: lime;">"ricercare"</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> la loro attività, frammista fra tante altre con finalità abbastanza simili </span></span>8<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: fiorirono maghi, esorcisti, guaritori che utilizzarono sempre più spesso rimedi naturali </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(e quindi abbastanza verificabili e ripetibili)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> o immaginari o immaginifici per </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"curare"</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, non sempre senza successo, varie patologie di cui a noi giunge memoria.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; line-height: 23.981483459472656px; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; line-height: 23.981483459472656px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Fig. 8. Ippocrate</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsftEJFc5gihXJD5vryG5y8rWLHhhBjzctgZ1PAjAMSezatdH7" width="252" /> <img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSHhKvYBbiigU9TI8japOqJ7k88Am98azLoCK4xBDIRAbfg-i--bA" width="226" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Vi furono infatti mutilazioni, vaiolo, tubercolosi, bilharziosi, poliomielite, malaria, splenomega- lia, lebbra ed altro </span><span style="background-color: white;">9</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">che si avvalsero di cure mediche.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">f</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">ig. 9. Ippocrate</span></div>
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<img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSc4edDfMhOxTB51lUUDNteOIzANM1iteByEa9DTo-7kYXiIDa9bg" width="222" /> <img border="0" height="284" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica09.jpg" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; text-align: start;" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #990000;">medicina</span></b> necessitava però di regole e di certezze </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(si tralascia qui, per contenere la tratt<u>a</u> zione, di annoverare quello che fu il consistente apporto della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">cultura medica islamica</span></b>: tale argomento certamente merita un futuro capitolo nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina Araba</span></b>)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span>10<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">f</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">ig. 10. <i>Corpus Hippocraticum</i>, frontespizio dell'edizione del 1555, oltre al frammento di documento del giuramento di Ippocrate e traduzione</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">«I medici di CROTONE sono i primi nel mondo, secondi sono quelli di Cirene»</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">: così scrive- va </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000;">Erodoto</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, sul <b>finire del VI secolo a.C.</b>, nel </span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3;">terzo libro delle Storie</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> al capitolo 131, parlando di quella che certamente fu la migliore <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola medica dell'intero Occidente antico</span></b> nei <b>secoli VI e V a.C.</b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Prima della </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola medica crotoniate</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, che con </span><b><span style="background-color: purple; color: #bf9000;">ALCMEONE</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange;">(n. 500 a.C.)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, diede le prime basi scientifiche alla medicina, si riteneva comunemente che le malattie fossero dovute all'influsso di divinità maligne ed oscure, e le relative terapie consistevano in riti magici, scongiuri e puri-ficazioni eseguite da maghi ciarlatani e sacerdoti. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Fondò il concetto della <b><span style="color: blue;">"isogonia"</span></b>, cioè del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">perfetto accordo</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(= salute)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> di tutte le sostanze che compongono il <b><span style="color: magenta;">corpo umano </span></b></span></span>11<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> fig. 11. Aristotele</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">Busto</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><br />
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Gn2VsU2jRDGtY34WNa0eTQGj6Jy0RTUYRQQQFCE5BANhJFJAdYRSVfxPjlOhZxl5+yIm/Mmw/WiLZO1Sb6WKULPDtS8tzCiABsXnN6AC6jntsfuU/+TtPzWf5MV/jyaiEYWS/9e6AMpmeTz/ZSHdr3iP4APk93/alflxg/Hk0qzPbbhbXsZXDslWk4NDgJzMcZLXDpEg7X5qu4h+1BtB7W1MM/wATcwIqCYmDZzVwr9uaWOpmnTp1GlpDnZ8pbBDhEtKqZ45dHMMpUfC9sA1zWPo1O9bOYMGa4iMoBl3ptC0FPtcyuzvKDgXNIljpabGCHN1aYPqvPRQfQrioz4QIjcDz3UzGdpTXqNptcQXWc4NgtbBm5F9Bz0We1XF6fS4mCQYgxcE7cwdxK6Px32RqQbOItvII1CxfB8Ti2nu3dyYEhzsxzNJNw0dZkTYgq0xOajle9zcoky2Q3S5uTF9pI8ktp8Wnp4poa0E6nfrJn0TqVVoB6G/68lkKHGC8ggHKLxqXOvDQPMqWOIn7Qc1rTLiQRmfrlH4RqT03VbRpfYyvcBu5i2ka+8T7rljMYGsfcSW25X3VRQ4rJLiHtAADcwOZ03cQPLQa6rP9pOL+BozQXG5mzWmZyj5WT2cxdAwF1So+XPefCDeAMwaAPMC/MK/7N0JNSqRcHumneBDnweRJaP8AYvNa/Fcm7nkNjNoYvAaNuidR/abim06dGgymwCGg5C83N3EuMEkkk9SU5VXG6eyQksXV7UVmfE+CPvMbG3QWVjhe1ZBAqtBkasEEb6TfyEIny41N+Oxokk2hXa9ocwhzToRof7J607ZgU0hOhKEA2EUUkBV8S7QsayKTszyYt9kfevE8t7+SzfFW2Blkh7Yl3iLi8eE73E3uqzg+MdWY576ZYQ6CSDGaT8JiXG2gU+vh87Q0C7ajXgeHMSwkiRym8a2C5Pkz327McJOkbiGKGHouePtU8xk7mDB5nQA9SqLgnAziGCvWLgKl2NaYdkn4jYwDFgBpcqd2g4e+s2lSFOGd5TbUgukU/wAU3gwBI0zeSk/63UylrGBro0AAY0fCAXaWI0m/pCnH+uxe9IPBuyrCcxpU2gTAc5z35dvidE3BkDeIVxSp3yta4QIImPYbKFRoVS4knKwhtx82sFjmn2C0XBqABeW3ggayYj13B0Tk3eSytim4/wBnqlag+GS5gzMLiC62oE8x9FT8BwHc07mXOMk7cgB0H916XRo5jEbcrC26qeM9mCCX0WjLAGQCCOrRy3WmOOuYmZ74rK4lsqiryx4eLEGx5efT9b2v8V4Tf1UDF0ARKm9tXTD9p7sz2cwlht9g3mY2IC01DFis0CQ/KZixzAXsPLZefVPCb3Gnl5JUqj2maNQt6TH+PVLy12m47emYvjQYGlggXAAGW5gDXS2x6qjd2iBdGYFzCZDrQToQsViziKt6jnOP9ZPlOijjCOmXGPXNPzT8onwaLH9r3hxY3xAjWdSZGyg+Oq4OqGYAEaCyg03AHwgydzr/AIVvhadgFU3T4il7UYN8scycuUgx97MbkeRVTQqFgJdN9J0/wtnjWyOmizmLwRLskfHDR5kx+av0G94A7/2dMOk/wwTMkHNLovrYhcKNRrHgHP3ZOVpIczIDPhP5c/QqdRqRmbfweETaRAyj2Oo5J9Wi17TmbmbABk7bwPz2suaXQvLvg8VVpGabjkN/vQLRnGl/RW2E7S1XnL3bRGrrx5xKyeDfVpPNGoQ6ACx5Al7DOVxG2kEbEKbSxNVjjMPEmz7n0Ig7o/LZxseEvOmgr8UrGS0mBrDQPkVacGx5rUg8iHBzmnYEti48wVkH4yqQYcGD8I9d/JdODdoKtFpYWsLQ5xFiCQTrI563CfxfLd3yqc/j44jcQks7/wCsv/gd/wAh/ZJdP5cWP48mSxfGbZGET8MycgJO+4EHygeirarqveQx+ZzWkuyvhpiPhtrA0MEIP4YymCcjnus+M2UwCToJiQTqrfB189ItfhyGtHhyCDJ3LpGsankVx5ZT07tONHjXd0XSNWm8xYNkG9pBIEaaqcyjVtUDWNzZSSGw7xAGAYmBJ0CzvG8c6o1rMNRzn4XGQ9oIAMAwGgeslaTDcVJpte8Pzlt2uEOY6YLSLCJBA5i6dt8do3y5Y3BVjl/ieGSCDdxBA0M+HTr5BW3Z2g2m7LJ8bZykyZaJ26SoDXvN3OiIIi3vGqGEf3dVj3GS17SYOwN/OxKnHO7gyx3K9Mw1MNaBF9/1zTajJiy5YEgtOUzFs0kzpvpMKUPou+ON592q7PvY51RozscS4xqwm5kDbqs2YIXr+JpT1GnpuvLeO8FqYeq4ZXOZctcASI1gxoQFllNct8MtzVZ3G0LKqYPOFeVXyFV0aNyorVHPSE0ujdSHYa9rJhwJnmPzRBYdgWy6VdUWwoeEwuXzU3PCuIpmKdZaPsf2bpvZ39UZiC4U2mYFsueNzLoHKJ10ruG9ma2KIDGlrZvUI8A9dz0XouH4eKNOnTGjGETz0k+pJKrtnllrhh7scA6bMB1vYuP1kJ7RBAb4gY8xpIFxPJdMXS/jNFnOcDO0tLzAM67+xSqPiobWAGm28coC5rr20x3UHiGHgNe4wadQMvf+G8iR0vHuVMfiAfExjfh5aHTe21wouHINR7X/AAvBBJiGzvGtpFwuHDMRmlhsSSAw2gtEuDnTF9hb1lY5S620xWGc8xJ5D9W9EyliwWNywOvO5iOii4nFubSqOYCCGmLEjObNvFrkSrLC8IDqDe78TmeDo4AAAutyBPpCJ0K4/vzf07/CS0VKgMo8J0H2WhJRvJX8XnZ7ZvxLS6jh3X+IuIDBG2abgfoKtHEsRXxDcNVaaNi7LlLs0AmMpcAQQPktviKTWNDGhseAQ1sSC7SQOhlQMVTYP3lwpNNXOw0nlrS9jw1jy1rtQx92kDmdV0SS86/SLbNchhMe4nIadKm9oksywIInM0k+Jp2PvcKZRw5B8RIEQQDYHrO1hE6KLihRxdCm+DcZmkmH0wZlstM667SDZQ2YqvR/h1c1SmbZphzb/atJGl9ljlMpOK0kxq7NZoOu0ENuPOAJNo3XI0JIcGyJE8yQdtp0unNfADyGGW2yl2Z0bkNIIvuutPEahrAAYuHOFt4J1HnOu6XfA49NP2T4kHUi34u7fkFzOUgEed8wj8K0jhK824NxDuHWDg0WjYsm5PM7g8/NbzB8QZUaDTcHNOhH61Xd8Wcs04/kwsqRl9vYqPVYD0PKbHzTK/EWNs57QergPzUF3FaAP8+nP9QN/IFVcojVZDtT2LewuqYcZ6ZBc5g+OnuYBu9mptJHKFiQIPRezvx7WAuc9oAvmJAEcwd1iuL9m6WJcX4N9MPJJdTnK07lzJHh1uNLzbRZ7jfHKspRbJUhtILR8L7A1nO/iRTaORD3HyDbe5Wkw/7P6ECe8eecgD2aE5FXPGPN2mTZabs12QdXOepmp0wNYu49AfqtrQ4ThMOQAKDHC/iLc/mS45lNdxCllz97Ty/ezAj+89FUn2yyz31DsNSZSY1jBDW2j8yeZUXHVeSiVO1FE2ZL+UANHT4iD8lVcT7QWim2XHUkiB5AG6d+TH7R4VUYp479zplrSQC6RYb9byIkalRDiLGADIPxSAN7Db+y7Yqg9kNcAMxve53AI0AFj6ymBjd55z9bbrjyy5deGPBzv4kQMpyxoXSJHgjbnP1VbjfBUB1znK4ER423a64BEtkX3Z1V7hMNmJADsoto2zhFjO17LM8Z4YcQ6oKegcwUSdHvaXh1+RIDR1gp4zy4hZfx7WzcNVe3wtOUgy53hacsmbHxc7C3RW3DXd1SJABhwAzOyi43PMaxpdM4Jjf3vCtc+oGOAg0xAcCPCQ5sTqDa26kYHHU20nMyhzmmHSYmLcvoliVdxl5t9DVj0skq/v6f3Xf8j/dJHl/g8UWn8dJuhzyZJtla8iD6R6rgaZc+oc0+Jl8pMkM2GnL5KbiRSpupHM52VxAtYDI4wDuo2JrtfVOSQHd2eRu140Gv1Sl1F5c1X1nDA1wKsfu9c5mvJtSqm7muOzXXcORJ81Z4gNey4zWFxMc9d7fRSH0hiqDqFduYaGJBsZDgYsRCpeE4oYeqcHimuDhehUJA76mB4Q7k+NraHfWrN8zuHN9UcNU7s5HA5XaHqLe40UxjnCbOIGxFxyty6Rt6rriKgFmtYNSCZcYgn4jG3ILpg+JQLta2AbgOHvlEE9Vz7ndq7v0iupZpymdrbc/I9E7h+Fq94cpLADcEjYctTqDdTBjKrSe6c0lxksgZXeXVdcJjalYucA2QYc02c09ZHJVLjOYV3eKkd+1t3MNS4BADQ6/3Qdd9wueExOEa/wAMOzTrDagO4je95QaKlMHKJ1MHznUdbrg7itRtnUgZFwd/KQVfnpHjtMxFKi8gPLmnRp0332XFnBHh/eUahL4kEkCeYDtDb5Sg3EUS060zFxqLjcaGdE2njKjBloQ9vnlcOmQi8cwl5zY8eHCocRUqiXvaMomX2BnVoZAA00Uyvg65uazrQP5jrDfcct1AomoaodWdAvIcQwQfPUq5OAAaS1rQNSc8ja8DVXbbzC1Ig4Lh4NWpLhZsAyAQXgEuufFdpnzRbwenIzF7uZbDW+hJk+a74ZgDyXPBJA12AnQnzU3EFpHx5Ad48Rv135GCOinmjpQ8O7ttR/hebmBFwJ0nSB6oUgyrVIALWMJcY3i2o62A6qe19KkyGl7o1cQMxO5JAABPQBRcECWvIZEkHZoDBYDrzjmnq+y7dsVJY6WuzEHxWm5kzOk6bKBhGte6HEi2gbe+17afRXdK4IJgusA6IFue491W4zEijAplriBeBDQNzdTZrtUv058V493VMMpyDZjI1zHMPtCbCSfIqHjnN7xjWeLu2tAmBAaxsTzccyi8NBxLzWmGNltIfev4ql93Hwjk0dUzgtTvKhqvBiajovBGYsEncRTHv0VSfSctOuCeW4t4B8OJp95OV0CoTBcCNL6nqSd1M4S4NqOkAt5jMW30i0kSNVFwcNdhnG+Wq8W1Ava9iLTfkpGLeBUinZp+yZcT1MmDrojXJ74Xf7wwWin7Iqv7483D/Y3/AL0keMLdLGU2NNMR9oyTMfA4WnQf2UTGucKjCbHI2NDbMR+YTeJEgUs0SXuM8yaZtGuXqomMxBJbmse6eJFtw688oKNXfC7YsauILadSmCC519JneNbWBVTxzC95SZTrEd04zTrauou0AJ1gmL+XmpIAYaVQ2aYvEg25jnp69FIpvpP7ylmBZqG2Phd9n5Gye7LRwrOEdqKlN37pi4FUGBVt/Ebyva4uDurPFPk5g6Gj9aRdZfjfDe9y4d8CoL4asTcj/ouOmpidjB5qFwHtUcOThsWCA05cxu5hBnK4bid07hcpuf8ABuS6r0Wnh2OAMWLbXj5bLlUxORwLYzxAvB6SoWFLagzMfmkC4AIjYBdhSaRmfcRv0toBzBHoueal3I01taM4pTq2ygP2BvJ3jZOq4hjgBVgO2+g0sDr8lSYjDh0FjTcCCPztIUf/AFR+dtN7QZk7gixG5E+q1me2dx0sanDAWgl5fBNoa0RaRDRpIVU2u9j4ZSaGgky2RBPLZTKzjTgtqF2uk2IMEW1grvg+NsfIqUyWyPFJb0kSOfJGtl0iV+0TmCwL81vGMzbX0Oir8Xxh9Rklt9AAMrb6QrurhKTgcrtDMEifIAqrqkB8QbRa5gbW5WT3fZzU6RuG4ioxpFRjj4rCZj22U6njHAibDW8kx+tFzNNovMPM6Hbolg6IMVHWboBfM7aeeXqs9TtVtqyo46tiKmUucyiNRIaXaATzUvG4zL4KWQEfDAkDnJGnzUKpWbLQ8AZvhu4jmLC/yXF+JDSBGUW5R7ao88rOIUxkvJlFmWC7UeZ+vwhVvFcb39UYWk4y4TVgjw0xctbyc7RcO0fFXMaKdM53vktbZ9hJL4jwgQfO/mq/spwp9J9Oo6TUqy43iGlpgOJ85VYfHr+eRZZ+o0+IxLKWHJaCwUmmB8TTDTBaYteLLlwdzqWHdbSm1pOjQRsN7/n6Ks49VzMps172q0EN+HK2XOjc2HqrD9zqdxBn+I8eETNyIBO1h8lrdTGf6z9/pFxrJplrbw5pA2m0zy1KucdgnZ6b5J7zKHZRAnKGzoTeFKPZ/K0B0ND2GANnNvfmd/RWWIxhfhmOaA2I85EJycp8ibwURof+SS7txx++Pkkr8U7ZXiQAbTcIvUcM14/lXBBGbf8AwonGqlqJbLXlrhJcMsTVn4fEdApmI4O090Lul7oDjInJGk62UytwEfwnBgaQReNiSP8A9FZ+Ua65QBTY/CQIzC1jvc3Hn5LngmuAY4NbYWaDlkES4G2upHkr7hvA5DxlaYcR6qlxHB303nK5zD8Q3HpyvyU9RU54P4jgKeJokCGixa6TLYHhLbag681msVwz98a6lVysxlEQDBAqsFgCdI0g7StRhOGlrpJJLnFzQ2QBb4YPrHQpvHuy5qxUoue2sy7Jgj+g9Poqmf0nXqvNuG8XrYOoWkOEGHU32AMEXBXofDO0FLEMGQxNsjnZYJgWcd1RYzD/AOoNIe3JiaYj7I9DcHLr5bLJ1sLXwlWHtdTcNNx5jZzVrZjn12Uuq9gFbu/DcRygyBtf6qHjqfezmLQ0gwAfGOrTzCxfCe3BJDazZaT8YkRysNltsHjKdVssIgbNO3OAVjcfG9L7iuwdQ0zlZUJLftEiRM3c2PW2pCsBi21ZDi5rjHiE+I9TaJEFdmMpPdL2fYs4EkiBAEb/AOVCfw0MNnZWuAIO9+mw2vy31Va+07c6vDcplrtuZJ66SP1dcoaJl7nHQ+F3sIBnlKtWNfoJk2mNbdLCU2rw9xGoHld2vWwU2zE5uotDCF4zFljuZA9tdkM4BkvaANQDB/ptb0top7ezrXQcpcbTnJdpvsB5BTHdn/CczaceQUb3eD6UNTFOflykZbDxPBHSwv6WVP2g47TwwhhzPIOVodEG4khu29yuPajjFKg7usO0OrTq3Rh9NT0Ufs32MqB/fVwM0yGuGa5nxEaSDcArXHHjyzvH0nLL1itOAdnjToGtXvXqiSXE+FpmGQ3RxiT6CLK5rMHeUxZuUyZgwbESekanmV3dw1z25XPJtclo199tPVV2Pw/dMdLpa2+8xeReVFymVExVPDmuxONsJ7toAA0zVLkjplHzW8xGH7tzGau1j9bXVB+zeoO6dUA/iVHueeg+z5ANgfRXJqE4gzd2UXOgk/QLW4/y39M97iZxVv8ADa4mS1wPobGOQgquqVQMO5rjJa9zco9HD6+SvzRBpubcjKA50TqNLb9Fke0tduGpVL3cZAJl7zYNDjymBayciYoq/aZwc4NpEgEgHKbibHRJabBYYMpsY5zJYxrTpqAAfogp/KvSy42MtJhAAIqH6LpxLEkYVhESQeeucXSSVZcdFC4Pi3Nq1ADYubrddeJgd5oLVCPQj/CSSmnO3WlgmuIERvI1BEkEdbKwwBzsaXASQgkqxkLKsr+0XhdOk2niabctYPDZEDM0/eG8QhS4NSxlECu2ZE2sQY2OySSy+Tixrj/V47xPDijWc1kwHEXvIHNdaVY0iHMMG1trpJLp7kTi9H4Ke9pguJmBoTutDhcMAY667+6SS5LVLb9za3T5+STmAaAeyKS1kmmW7tHxGIIMCF51217UYgHu21C1pJBi1kEkY9rkXv7PuzNAUG1nMD6lSZc++Ufh5eeq1zMExokDdJJXZubrO3l0L4abAwNwsB+0W2Gc5oguIBjkSAUEkYybLdXnZjDingy5urnQfJsNA8oSoVDnnd2WT5k6JJKb7VGpxDzSw0sPxNBIOli4W84vzleZ0j3+Mw/e+IOfnIOhLQ5wH9IIFkEk8/7T9DHqt0ccfus9kkklz7o0/9k=" 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" 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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I primi scienziati medici, che predicarono l'assoluta dipendenza delle malattie da processi pu-ramente naturali e chimici, furono </span><b><span style="background-color: purple; color: #bf9000;">ALCMEONE</span></b><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e <b><span style="background-color: #8e7cc3; color: #38761d;">DEMOCEDE</span></b>, i quali praticarono la <span style="color: magenta;"><b>dissezio-ne dei corpi umani</b></span> ed animali per scoprire le cause delle malattie e le relazioni tra queste ed il mondo esterno che circondava il malato. </span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: purple; color: #bf9000;">ALCMEONE</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, in particolare, scoprì i nervi ed il funzionamento rudimentale che questi poteva-no avere, capì che nel cervello stava il motore delle attività <b><span style="color: magenta;">umane</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Con questi illustri medici nacque quindi l'anatomia e la fisiologia e sopratutto si originò una </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola medica innovativa</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> che sfornò grandi dottori come </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">FILOLAO</b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;">EURIFONE</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> ed </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">EURO-FILO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> che a loro volta fondarono la famosa </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola medica di CNIDO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Fu </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: blue;">EURODICO di Selimbria</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, uno scolaro di </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: red;">Eurifone</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, il maestro di </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Ippocrate di Coo</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e furono gli anatomisti </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">EROFILO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> ed </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">ERASISTRATO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, i migliori eredi della tradizione </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">ippocratica</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, attivi nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola medica di Alessandria</span></b> in <b>età ellenistica</b>, a determinare il trionfo della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina scientifica alcmeoniana</span></b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Tale fu contemporanea al sorgere della filosofia greca</span><span style="background-color: white;"> 12</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-center;"> fig. 12. Platone</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Nacquero così il ragionamento critico e le prime speculazioni filosofiche, basate su studi natu-ralistici e biologici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; text-transform: uppercase;">LE SCUOLE MEDICHE</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Scuola di Cnido</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Particolare fu l'interesse di questa scuola per l'anatomia, anche se pressoché ignota; la te-rapia era poco sviluppata: si basava essenzialmente su latte, siero e succhi di alcune piante </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(euforbia, elleboro come cardiotonico e diuretico, scammonea e coloquintide come purganti drastici, oltre ai semi di dafne, detti anche granelli cnidici, come revulsivo)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Fra i medici di questa scuola possono essere ricordati </span><b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #f1c232;">CTESIA</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> ed <b><span style="color: red;">EURIFONE</span></b> </span></span>13<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; line-height: 15.981481552124023px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Fig. 13. Statuetta romana. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; line-height: 15.981481552124023px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Il serpente è stato sempre simbolo di guarigione. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; line-height: 15.981481552124023px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Era associato con la rigenerazione (a causa del mutar pelle) e quindi di auto-cura. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; line-height: 15.981481552124023px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Il dio Esculapio si accompagna spesso ai serpenti, usati nei riti di guarigione.</span><br />
<img height="400" src="http://psychohistory2001.com/Esculapio.GIF" style="line-height: 24px;" width="376" /> <img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica13.jpg" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: white; font-size: large; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-center;" width="111" /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; line-height: 15.962963104248047px; text-align: -webkit-center;"> Esculapio e la Costellazione del Serpente</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Scuola di Coo</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Nasce qui il concetto di clinica e della conseguente diagnosi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Il medico è <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b>, e la sua opera non ha sfumature soprannaturali, mistiche, astratte o filos<u>o</u> fiche. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">La <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>medicina</b></span> deve essere una ricerca continua, serena e disinteressata alla quale bisogna dedicarsi solo per amore di essa e della natura umana, ed è basata sull'osservazione diretta del malato. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">La patologia è per la prima volta intesa come affezione generale e non limitata ad un organo singolarmente </span>14<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-right;"> Fig. 14. Cornelio Cels</span><span style="color: #ff3300; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">o</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus.jpg/220px-Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus.jpg" style="line-height: 24px;" /></span> <a href="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRDXgeudli4GRn3ET0LHH6YF3BxlleRoB2s3ovlDUpFk1QKdgb0" style="line-height: 24px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Ippocrate</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> nacque a </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Coo</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> nel </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">(460 a.C.)</b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> da una famiglia di medici e, secondo la tradizione, d</span><u style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">i</u><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> scendeva direttamente da </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; dopo aver trascorso la giovinezza viaggiando allo scopo di approfondire le conoscenze e perfezionare la sua istruzione soprattutto in campo medico, tornò in patria per dedicarsi all'insegnamento e per mettere a frutto tutto ciò che aveva ap-preso.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; text-align: -webkit-center;"> Ippocrate, il padre della medicina in un dipinto bizantino</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Il </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">"Padre della Medicina"</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, chiamato </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: magenta;">"Il Grande"</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> da </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">Platone</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, ebbe plausibilmente una vita molto lunga </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(104 anni?)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e lasciò molteplici scritti che non solo definirono le fasi della malattia ed eventuali rimedi </span>15<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, ma furono utilizzati quali schema, precisa indicazione e pressoché in- discusso complesso di informazioni mediche </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(comprendendo semeiotica, prognosi e terapia)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> per i secoli successivi </span>16<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"> fig. 15. Collezione Bertarelli, Milano. Scena clinica. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;">I procedimenti chirurgici descritti da Galeno, riguardanti la testa, gli occhi, le gambe, la bocca, la vesci-ca, ed i genitali erano ancora praticati nel XVI secolo. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; text-align: -webkit-center;">fig. 16. Ritratto di Galeno secondo una xilografia (</span><i style="color: #ff3300; text-align: -webkit-center;">Les oeuvres d’Ambroise Paré</i><span style="color: #ff3300; text-align: -webkit-center;">, Parigi 1579).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici ippocratici</span></b> furono ben coscienti dei limiti della conoscenza teorica e misero perciò in primo piano l'importanza dell'esperienza personale, accumulata con l'esercizio del mestiere, ma anche, e soprattutto, quella derivata dai soggiorni in altri paesi, dove le malattie presen-tavano caratteristiche differenti.</span></div>
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" 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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina ippocratica</span></b> si impose in tutta la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b> sulle altre alternative terapeutiche più primitive, legate prevalentemente alla magia, anche se molti erano in realtà i medici che an-cora usavano combinare le due pratiche, unendo alla somministrazione del farmaco l'uso irr<u>a</u> zionale di formule magiche e incantesimi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In generale, i <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Greci</span></b> non trascuravano infatti mai di ricorrere alle forze soprannaturali, verso le quali nutrivano un profondo rispetto, motivato dalla convinzione che il divino facesse parte della natura, del mondo reale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">L'insieme dei libri che sono attribuiti ad </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> va sotto il nome di </span><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #f1c232;"><b>Corpus Hippocraticum</b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> o </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #f1c232;">Collectio Hippocratica</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">: si tratta di </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">53 opere</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> per un totale di </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">72 libri</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> che probabilmente fu-rono scritti tra il <b>VI e il IV secolo a.C.</b> e furono raccolti dai </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">bibliotecari alessandrini</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> nel <b>III secolo a.C.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Le opere del </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #f1c232;">Corpus</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> possono essere divise a seconda del loro contenuto in diversi gruppi in: </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">libri a contenuto etico</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; </span><span style="background-color: lime;">libri di clinica e patologia</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">libri di chirurgia</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">libri di ostetricia, ginecolo- gia e pediatria</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">libri di anatomia e fisiologia</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; libri di terapeutica e dietetica.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> </span> <span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Ippocrate e </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Galeno</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">, ferri chirurgici nella cripta della cattedrale di Anagni</span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span> </span></div>
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<img height="308" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQjRY_cgRNdJVscfaAjvt0bKodghoNK2Dy6cn8eTU_4y0imINSGlQ" style="text-align: center;" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Antica medicina</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, uno dei più <b>famosi testi</b> del </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #f1c232;">Corpus Hippocraticum</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, conduce una serrata polemica metodologica contro la </span><b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #cc0000;">"nuova medicina"</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> ispirata alla </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">filosofia italica</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Nei libri vengono inoltre descritte e quasi stigmatizzate le seguenti: </span>17<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<tr><td width="33%"><span style="background-color: white;"><img border="0" height="92" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica16a.jpg" width="109" /> <img border="0" height="92" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica16b.jpg" width="109" /><img border="0" height="92" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica16c.jpg" width="108" /> <img border="0" height="92" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica16d.jpg" width="109" /></span></td><td width="67%"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Fig. 17 - Illustrazione di manoscritto XIV sec. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">La teoria umorale basata sui principi di Empedocle, con i quattro elementi costitutivi: terra, aria, fuoco e acqua. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Analogamente i quattro umori nell’uomo erano flegma (freddo-um<u>i</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300;">do, che proveniva dal cervello), sangue (caldo-umido, dal cuore), bi-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300;">le gialla (caldo-secco, dal fegato) e bile nera (freddo-secco, dalla mi<u>l</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300;">za), che dovevano essere in corretta proporzione fra loro. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300;">Altrimenti si determinava un umore predominante: in senso orario:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #ff3300;">flemmatico, sanguigno, melanconico e collerico. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;">....La figura del medico</span></b> - l'unione del perfetto <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> con il perfetto studioso: calma nell'azio-ne, serenità nel giudizio, moralità, onestà, amore per la propria arte e per il malato. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Ogni interesse personale passa in secondo piano. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Solo errori di lieve entità sono considerati. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Il suo abito, infine, deve essere decoroso ed il suo aspetto denotare salute.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;">La patologia</span></b> (v. </span>fig. 17<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">). </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Era la natura stessa con la sua capacità curativa ad intervenire nel tentativo di ristabilire l'equilibrio tramite l'espulsione degli umori in eccesso per mezzo di uri-na, sudore, pus, espettorato e diarrea. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Se invece la malattia risultava più forte del processo autoriparativo dell'organismo, il pazien- te moriva. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Per poter essere eliminati, gli umori dovevano prima essere modificati con un processo che <b><span style="color: blue;">Ippocrate</span></b> definiva di </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">"cottura"</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Il periodo intercorrente tra questo processo e la guarigione prendeva il nome di </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">"crisi"</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Le patologie più conosciute dalla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Scuola di Coo</span></b> furono: la polmonite, la pleurite, la tuberco- losi </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(ma con un concetto ben differente da quello attuale)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, la rinite, la laringite, la diarrea, al-cune malattie del sistema nervoso, l'epilessia, il tetano.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;">La clinica</span></b> - L'<b><span style="color: blue;">epoca ippocratica</span></b> segna la nascita della clinica intesa come studio dei segni e dei sintomi osservabili sul paziente. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Vi sono 406 aforismi che racchiudono in frasi brevi e coincise tutte le osservazioni e le espe- rienze del <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">maestro di Coo</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Assai particolareggiata e minuziosa era inoltre l'anamnesi e la prognosi si basava sullo stu-dio degli esiti delle varie patologie: essa era considerata infausta se si notavano fattori quali disturbi visivi, sudore freddo, anemizzazione delle mani, cianosi delle unghie e stato di agita-zione.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;">La chirurgia</span></b> - La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Scuola di Ippocrate</span></b> disponeva di uno strumentario abbastanza fornito comprendente coltelli e bisturi di varie forme e dimensioni. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Gli interventi più frequentemente eseguiti erano la </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">riduzione di lussazioni e di fratture</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, la <b><span style="color: #45818e;">tr<u>a</u> panazione del cranio</span></b> e la <b><span style="color: #38761d;">cura dei piedi torti</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Assai particolareggiata era inoltre la tecnica delle fasciature.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.sagittabarbarica.org/foto/Cranio.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.sagittabarbarica.org/foto/trapanobronzo.jpg" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;">La terapia</span></b> - Varie erano le piante usate come farmaci; tra le più importanti ricordiamo: l'elle-boro nero e la scilla </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(cardiotonici e diuretici)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, la coloquintide </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(purgante drastico)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, il veratro bianco </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(antireumatico, ipotensivo, contro le affezioni cutanee)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, l'issopo </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(espettorante)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, il giu<u>s</u> quiamo </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(antidolorifico, sedativo)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, l'oppio, la mandragora e la belladonna </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(narcotici, analgesici locali)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, la ruta </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(abortivo)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, la menta </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(stomachico)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Venivano inoltre praticati salassi, cure idroterapiche, inalazioni, irrigazioni e lavaggi vaginali.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> Gli </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">antichi</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> chirurgi avevano a disposizione molti antidolorifici e sedativi.</span></span><br />
<img height="211" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQNK4LvhJhsusNluQn_Y1yA1_SLFm0bHAMYqVGssZ5h6xmDIoUM" width="640" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;">La dietetica</span></b> - Lo scopo ultimo era il ripristino dell'equilibrio degli umori tramite la prescrizione di cibi che, a seconda dei casi, erano umidi, caldi, freddi, o asciutti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Si consigliavano la tisana, cioè un decotto di orzo macinato, e l'idromele, una bevanda data dalla fermentazione di acqua e miele.</span><br />
<img height="289" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRHJrYgaOdhM9Xh6F_WvUshoXSHVYJs6TQFM81LFtMp1Y4v9gcJ" width="640" /></div>
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" 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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Rimane onnicomprensivo sui dettami, tutt'oggi ritenuti validi e condivisi dalla classe medica, il suo celebre Giuramento </span><span style="line-height: 24px;">18</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 15.981481552124023px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: #ff3300; font-size: small;">Fig. 18. </span></span><span style="color: #ff3300; font-size: x-small; line-height: 15.981481552124023px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Ippocrate, Galeno e Avicenna.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Illustrazione su legno da una edizione veneziana del 1520.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a 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" 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<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: #20124d;">- </span><span style="color: blue;">Giuramento di Ippocrate</span><span style="color: #20124d;">: «Giuro per Apollo medico e Asclepio e Igea e Panacea e per gli dèi tutti e per tutte le dee, chiamandoli a testimoni, che eseguirò, secondo le forze e il mio giudizio, questo giuramento e questo impegno scritto: di stimare il mio maestro di questa arte come mio padre e di vivere insieme a lui e di soccorrerlo se ha bisogno e che considererò i suoi figli come fratelli e inse- gnerò quest'arte, se essi desiderano apprenderla; di rendere partecipi dei precetti e degli insegna-menti orali e di ogni altra dottrina i miei figli e i figli del mio maestro e gli allievi legati da un con-tratto e vincolati dal giuramento del medico, ma nessun altro.</span></b></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><b>Regolerò il tenore di vita per il bene dei malati secondo le mie forze e il mio giudizio, mi asterrò dal recar danno e offesa.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><b>Non somministrerò ad alcuno, neppure se richiesto, un farmaco mortale, né suggerirò un tale consi glio; similmente a nessuna donna io darò un medicinale abortivo.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><b>Con innocenza e purezza io custodirò la mia vita e la mia arte.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><b>Non opererò coloro che soffrono del male della pietra, ma mi rivolgerò a coloro che sono esperti di questa attività.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><b>In qualsiasi casa andrò, io vi entrerò per il sollievo dei malati, e mi asterrò da ogni offesa e danno volontario, e fra l'altro da ogni azione corruttrice sul corpo delle donne e degli uomini, liberi e schiavi.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><b>Ciò che io possa vedere o sentire durante il mio esercizio o anche fuori dell'esercizio sulla vita de-gli uomini, tacerò ciò che non è necessario sia divulgato, ritenendo come un segreto cose simili.</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><b>E a me, dunque, che adempio un tale giuramento e non lo calpesto, sia concesso di godere della vita e dell'arte, onorato degli uomini tutti per sempre; mi accada il contrario se lo violo e se spergiuro».</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Giuramento di </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Ippocrate</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(IV Secolo avanti Cristo)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Il giuramento di</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Ippocrate</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> da un codice bizantino </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-size: x-large;">Il dogmatismo post-ippocratico</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">La </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola dogmatica</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, che vide come maggiori esponenti </span><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: #f1c232;">DIOCLE di Caristo</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(grande studio- so di anatomia)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e </span><b><span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #351c75;">PRASSAGORA di Coo</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(famoso per i suoi studi di semeiotica)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, ebbe il meri-to di riconoscere il valore dell'esame del polso. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Tra i dogmatici va ricordato anche il filosofo <b><span style="color: magenta;">PLATONE</span></b> che in due delle sue opere </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(il "Timeo" e il "Simposio")</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> traccia una visione d'insieme sul livello della medicina a quei tempi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">La fine di questa scuola si può collocare intorno al <b>310 a.C.</b>, quando la filosofia storica vi si i<u>n</u> filtrò alterandone i principi e mutandone la fisionomia: la dialettica e la speculazione astratta sostituirono infatti l'osservazione dei reali fenomeni patologici.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Molteplici furono di seguito gli esponenti di spicco della <b><span style="color: blue;">scuola ippocratica</span></b> e si distribuirono nei luoghi in cui nacque e prosperò la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">"civiltà medica"</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">: dalla </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Grecia antica</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> alla </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Roma Imperiale</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> e si possono citare i <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Centri</span></b> più importanti: assieme al già citato </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Crotone, Agrigento, Locri</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> e poi </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Alessandria, Pergamo, Rodi, Roma</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> stessa, dove si fondarono altre scuole di pensiero e di pratica medica </span>19<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Fig. 19. I SS. Cosma e Damiano, che furono martirizzati nel 303 a Ciro </span><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">(Kyros, in Siria), sotto Diocle-ziano, da Lisia, </span><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">governatore della Cilicia, in</span><span style="color: #ff3300;">sieme ai loro fratelli </span><span style="color: #ff3300;">Antino, Eupreprio e Leonzio, prima di salire agli </span><span style="color: #ff3300;">altari </span><span style="color: #ff3300;">della santità. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Essi sono da allora considerati i Santi protettori </span><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">di medici, farmacisti, bar</span><span style="color: #ff3300;">bieri, parrucchieri, den</span><span style="color: #ff3300;">tisti e chirurgi. </span><span style="color: #ff3300;">Inoltre sono patroni della Boemia.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">La scuola di Alessandria </span><span style="color: red;">20</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA - <span style="font-size: 11px;">LA MEDICINA NELL’ETÀ ELLENISTICA</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">La scuola di Alessandria</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">Predica di San Marco ad Alessandria (1504-07) Giovanni Bellini, Milano, Pinacoteca di Brera</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Iniziano studi sistematici su sezioni anatomiche e comincia la pratica della vivisezione su ani-mali. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Prima della </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Scuola di Alessandria</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> fu però il filosofo </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: purple;">ARISTOTELE</span></b> <b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">(384-322 a.C.)</b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, definito da molti come il </span><span style="background-color: orange;">fondatore dell'anatomia comparata</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, ad intraprendere questo genere di studi fondendo scienza e filosofia in ragionamenti basati sui suoi famosi sillogismi: studiò a fondo l'anatomia con particolare attenzione per il sistema nervoso e per il cuore.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il modo con cui spiegò i processi vitali è tipicamente sistematico e quindi scientifico, ma i prin-cipi esplicativi derivano più dalla sfera concettuale che dalla natura ste</span> <img height="400" 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" 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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Parimenti, la fisiologia aristotelica sebbene altamente impregnata dei supremi principi, è orientata verso l'osservazione.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: orange;">Alessandria</span> fu indubbiamente il più <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">importante centro culturale</span> del <b>IV secolo a.C.</b>, e la medi- cina, come tutte le altre scienze e discipline, raggiunse un elevato grado di specializzazione dando il primo impulso all'anatomia patologica. </span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">EROFILO di Calcedone</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> viene in </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">genere </span></span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">considerato il fondatore dell'anatomia</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">; si distinse per le precise descrizioni del cervello e del sistema nervoso centrale, dell'occhio e del nervo ottico, distinse i vasi sanguigni dai nervi e dai tendini, i nervi sensori dai nervi motori.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Descrizioni accurate dette pure dell'anatomia degli organi genitali.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">Figura: Uno schizzo di Erofilo ridisegnato da un dipinto originale di Joseph F. Doeve <i>(che è nella collezione dell 'Accad<u>e</u> demia di Medicina di Houston-Texas Medical Center Library e disponibile a http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc / h.html)</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Menzioni: Nato nel 335 a.C. nella città di Calcedonia, l'Asia Minore, Erofilo si crede sia vissuto fino al 255 a.C. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Poco si sa circa le prime fasi della vita Erofilo, a parte il fatto che egli ha preso il volo per Alessandria in età giovanile, </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">per cominciare la sua educazione. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Erofilo è stato pensato per essere stato sotto la tutela e la guida di Prassagora di Cos (von Staden 1992), che aveva dato </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">un contributo significativo alla anatomia aristotelica differenziando arterie dalle vene. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avrebbe poi continuare la curiosità del suo mentore nel polso arterioso</span>.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="A sketch of Herophilus redrawn from an original painting by Joseph F. Doeve (which is in the collection of the Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library and available at http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc/h.html)." src="http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/rescaled512/3026179_acb-43-280-g001.png" /></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #7f6000; color: lime;">ERASISTRATO di Chio</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> <b>(304-250 a.C.)</b>, proveniente da una famiglia di medici, dopo aver studiato </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(ad Atene e Alessandria)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> i testi dei suoi predecessori, elabora una sua dottrina, se-condo la quale il <span style="color: magenta;"><b>corpo umano</b></span> è composto di atomi e animato dal calore proveniente dall'es-terno. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Fu uno dei più famosi esponenti di questa scuola: mise in dubbio la teoria umorale e ipotizzò che la causa delle malattie fosse da ricercarsi in un'alterazione dei vasi o dei tessuti; scoprì i </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">vasa vasorum</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, studiò le valvole cardiache, la vena e l'arteria polmonare, il fegato, il cervello ed il cervelletto.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Erasistrato di Ceo è stato un anatomista greco che ha lavorato come medico reale al servizio di Seleuco I Nicatore e, insieme a Erofilo, ha fondato la grande scuola medica di Alessandria d'Egitto</span></span></div>
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imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"></a> <img height="313" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/David-Antiochus_et_Stratonice.jpg/300px-David-Antiochus_et_Stratonice.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">La scuola empirica</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Si sviluppò tra il </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b>270 e il 220 a.C.</b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> grazie all'iniziativa di </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">FILINO di Coo</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #660000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: cyan;">SERAPIONE di Alessandria</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> all'interno della stessa </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola alessandrina</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">L'esperienza si basava essenzialmente su tre punti: l'autopsia </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">(cioè la diretta osservazione)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, l'</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">historicon</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">(la storia delle osservazioni proprie e altrui)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, l'analogia </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">(il confronto)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Si distinsero nella chirurgia </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">(soprattutto cura di lussazioni e fratture, cataratta e calcoli)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, nel trattamento delle ferite e nella tecnica delle fasciature; ritenevano che al medico interessa non la causa ma la cura della malattia, non come si digerisce ma ciò che è digeribile.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 36px;">ROMA</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Come professione, la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> non era più considerata in <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Grecia</span></b> di quanto lo fosse a <b><span style="color: purple;">Roma </span></b></span><span style="background-color: white;">22</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">I medici erano di base degli artigiani che probabilmente godevano di qualche considerazione presso i loro clienti, ma non erano parte della élite socio-politica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Molti erano schiavi Greci liberati, ed in effetti essendo la qualità di cura ed il successo tera-peutico così bassi, c'era un notevole scetticismo sulla loro capacità.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Anche </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: purple;">Gargilio Marziale</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, nel </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">III secolo</b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, ricordava </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(Prefatio, 7)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> che </span><span style="background-color: lime;">«Alcuni medici chiedono un prezzo eccessivo per la maggior parte delle inutili medicine e droghe, ed altri nel loro me<u>s</u> tiere cercano di trattare malattie che essi ovviamente non capiscono»</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Analoghi appunti di scherno vengono ritrovati nei </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">celebri Epigrammi</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(1.47; 5.9 e 8.74)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">La </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">medicina a Roma</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> per i primi secoli fu quasi esclusivamente magica. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Soltanto agli dèi veniva attribuita la facoltà di guarire.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di seguito sono riassunte le principali caratteristiche della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina romana </span></b></span><span style="background-color: white;">23</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">fig. 23. Pittura romana: intervento chirurgico su un soldato. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Da una pittura murale di Pompei.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Condizioni igienico-sanitarie nell'epoca romana</span></i></b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - Fin dai tempi della repubblica iniziò la costruzione di acquedotti, bagni e piscine, si presero provvedimenti atti a risanare luoghi ma<u>l</u> sani, si fecero studi per scegliere i luoghi dove costruire insediamenti urbani. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Vennero emanate vere e proprie ingiunzioni legali al fine di moderare l'alimentazione e di ev<u>i</u> tare malattie. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">CELSO</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, ad esempio, si dilunga parecchio su questo argomento nelle sue opere evidenzian-do particolarmente l'importanza della dieta, della moderazione nei rapporti sessuali, della n<u>e</u> cessità di scegliere un clima conveniente e di dedicarsi all'esercizio fisico ed ai bagni. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Tra gli aspetti di maggior rilievo trattati dall'</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">igiene romana</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> vanno ricordati l'</span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">igiene dell'acqua</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, quella </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">mortuaria</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, quella </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">alimentare</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> e l'</span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">esercizio fisico</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">L'</span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: blue;"><i>epidemiologia</i></span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> - Si pensava alla costituzione epidemica dell'atmosfera causata dagli ecces-si di calore, umidità, secchezza e freddo; si sospettava poi che una qualche sostanza velen</span><u style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">o</u><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> sa non bene identificata </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(ma che si pensava provenire dalla putrefazione dei cadaveri inse-polti)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> potesse penetrare nell'organismo principalmente attraverso le vie respiratorie. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Non mancavano però interpretazioni assolutamente fantastiche: le pestilenze potevano ave-re origine tellurica </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(il veleno esalava dalla terra dopo i terremoti)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, religiosa e astrologica.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Contro di esse si accendevano grandi fuochi in cui venivano bruciati fiori profumati ed un-guenti aromatici in modo tale da rinnovare e purificare l'aria.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">L'</span></i></b></span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><i><span style="color: blue;">ospedalità a Roma</span></i></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> - Bisogna ricordare la presenza dei </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">valetudinaria</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, cioè </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">infermerie priv<u>a</u> te</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> dove i patrizi erano soliti curare i propri famigliari e gli schiavi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Qui trovavano impiego sia medici che infermieri </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">(servi a valetudinario)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Inoltre erano famose le </span><b><span style="background-color: #674ea7; color: lime;">medicatrinae</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> adiacenti al tempio di <b><span style="color: red;">Esculapio</span></b>, sull'<b><span style="color: magenta;">isola Tiberina</span></b>, dove gli </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">ammalati</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> erano tenuti sotto la diretta osservazione di medici e dei loro discepoli.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> L'attuale </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Ospedale Fatebenefratelli</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> sull'isola Tiberin</span></span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">a</span></span></div>
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<img height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Roma-isola_tiberina01.jpg/250px-Roma-isola_tiberina01.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">L'insegnamento della medicina</span></i></b> - All'inizio l'istruzione in questo ambito fu affidata al <b><span style="color: magenta;">pater familias</span></b> poi alle <b><span style="color: #990000;">tabernae</span></b> e infine a varie scuole private. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non era previsto alcun esame di idoneità alla professione: l'abilitazione veniva attestata dal giudizio insindacabile del maestro. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">In seguito la teoria era trattata nelle biblioteche e nelle </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">scholae medicorum</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, mentre le le-zioni pratiche in cui si apprendevano i rudimenti della </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">semeiotica</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, della </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">clinica</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e della </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">chirur-gia</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> venivano impartite nei </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">valetudinari</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e durante le visite private che il maestro faceva nelle case dei suoi clienti. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">In realtà la prima testimonianza di una </span><span style="background-color: lime;">cattedra statale di medicina</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> si ebbe sotto l'impero di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Alessandro Severo</span></b> nel <b>III secolo d.C.</b>, e in seguito <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Giuliano l'Apostata</span></b> decretò nel <b>IV sec<u>o</u> lo d.C.</b> la legge sull'idoneità dei medici stabilendo un programma di studi comprensivo di fre-quenze obbligatorie.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Alessandro Severo</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> (n. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Arca Caesarea</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">1º ottobre</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">208</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> – m. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Mogontiacum</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">18</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> o </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">19 marzo</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">235</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">), n</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">ato</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Marco Bassiano Ales-siano</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">(latino:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Marcus Bassianus Alexianus</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">) e appartenente alla</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">dinastia severiana</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, fu adottato dal cugino e imperatore</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Eliogabalo</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">(</span>222<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">)</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, che lo nominò</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">cesare</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">e gli fece assumere il nome di</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Marco Aurelio Alessandro</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">(latino:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Marcus Aurelius Alexander</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">); alla morte di Eliogabalo, assassinato dai soldati, Alessandro salì al trono assumendo il nome di</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Marco Aurelio Severo Alessandro</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">(latino:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Data la sua giovane età (salì al trono a tredici anni), il potere fu effettivamente esercitato dalle donne della sua famiglia, la nonna</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Giulia Mesa</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">e la madre</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Giulia Mamea</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span style="color: red;">Amato dalla classe senatoriale, cui mostrò sempre rispetto, non riuscì a guadagnarsi il favore dell'esercito. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Nel</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">235</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">fu assassinato dai soldati durante una campagna contro le tribù germaniche in quanto stava trattando un accordo col nemico: fu succeduto da un generale di origine barbarica e di grandi capacità militari,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Massimino Trace</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">.</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbUcu_T2FvoAUJGjahdHbIDF7xnEkjHU-SQOJ7u07g27oEswrsWw" style="line-height: 24px;" width="298" /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Ritratto di </span>Giulia Avita Mamea<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> madre di Alessandro e influente consigliera del figlio durante i suoi anni di regno.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Julia_mammea02_pushkin.jpg/220px-Julia_mammea02_pushkin.jpg" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/061_iuliamaesa.jpg/220px-061_iuliamaesa.jpg" style="line-height: 24px;" /> <span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Denario<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> con l'effigie di </span>Giulia </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Mesa<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">, nonna materna di Alessandro e principale artefice della sua ascesa al potere, insieme alla figlia.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="Giuliano" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg/250px-JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg" /> <img height="200" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpNmKcD6ZR2o_Bj8PFj-hg6rWMYwqoSgDpQ029qMyHYQRctbJz" style="line-height: 24px;" width="165" /></div>
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" 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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Flavio Claudio Giuliano </span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">detto l'</span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">apostata, </i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">f</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">u chiamato anche </span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Giuliano II</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> o </span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Giuliano il Filosofo</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> (per distinguerlo da </span>Didio Giuliano<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> o da </span>Giuliano di Pannonia<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, usurpatore dell'epoca di </span>Carino<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">) o </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Giuliano l'<i>Apostata</i></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> dai </span>cristiani<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, che lo presentarono come un persecutore, ma in realtà nel suo regno vi fu tolleranza nei confronti di tutte le religioni, comprese le diverse dot-trine cristiane. </span></span></div>
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" 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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Giuliano scrisse numerose opere di carattere filosofico, religioso, polemico e celebrativo, in molte delle quali criticò il cris-tianesimo. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">La sua ispirazione filosofica fu in gran parte </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">neoplatonica</span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">La prima attestazione scritta dell'appellativo di </span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">apostata</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;"> rivolto a Giuliano è in </span>Gregorio Nazianzeno<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">Orazione</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;"> IV, 1, scri<u>t</u> ta dopo la morte dell'imperatore. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">D'altra parte l'appellativo gli era rivolto ancora in vita e lo stesso Giuliano ne era a conoscenza, negando di essere tale e ri-torcendolo contro i cristiani: «noi non ci siamo abbandonati allo spirito dell'apostasia» (</span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">Contro i Galilei</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">, 207) o «quelli che non sono né Greci né Ebrei, ma appartengono all'eresia galilea. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">[...] apostatando hanno preso una via loro propria» (Ivi, 164).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><i>La medicina militare</i></span></b> - Nell'esercito romano c'era un medico per ogni corte e due per quella in prima linea. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Dipendevano dal </span><b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #660000;">praefectus castrensis</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e da un medico capo che spesso era anche il medico personale dell'imperatore, ma non potevano passare al rango di ufficiali in quanto non parte-cipavano direttamente alle battaglie.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">L'assistenza ai feriti veniva prestata direttamente sul campo, all'aperto; per i casi più gravi c'era il </span><b><span style="background-color: magenta; color: lime;">valetudinarium in castris</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, una sorta di ospedale da campo che poteva contenere fino a 200 pazienti e in cui trovavano impiego anche infermieri, massaggiatori ed inservienti.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: blue;">Celso e Plinio</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Il più illustre scrittore </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">medico latino</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> fu sicuramente </span><b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">AULO CORNELIO CELSO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> <b>(14 a.C. – 37 d.C.) </b></span></span>24<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">, vissuto a Roma al principio dell’<span style="color: magenta;"><b>era volgare</b></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">I suoi scritti </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">De artibus</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> e </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">De re medica</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> costituiscono la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">prima storia organica della medici-na</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">Troviamo i termini greci tradotti in latino e tale nomenclatura rimase quella ufficiale per circa <b>due millenni</b>. </span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">CELSO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> divise l’opera a seconda delle cure usate per la guarigione delle malattie: Dietetica, Farmaceutica e Chirurgia. </span></div>
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" 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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Per quanto riguarda patologia ed eziologia, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">CELSO</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;"> si atteneva agli insegnamenti ippocratici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Febbre, sudore, eccessiva salivazione e stanchezza sono indicati quali sintomi di gravi malat-tie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Altri segni di patologia speciale sono: emorragia dalla bocca, orina densa, sangue nell'orina, dolori renali, vomito, poliuria, emoftoe, sputo purulento, sete, diarrea., ecc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Le terapie attentamente descritte, comprendono: salasso, dieta, cataplasmi ma anche diure-tici, bagni caldi, proibizione di cibi salati ed eccitanti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">L'igiene, l'idroterapia, la farmacologia </span><span style="background-color: orange;">(con rimedi di purganti, sudoriferi, diuretici, vomitivi, na<u>r</u> cotici, ecc.)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> sono parimenti indicate e consigliate a seconda dei loro effetti.</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">CELSO</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;"> descrisse la trapanazione cranica, la paracentesi, la cucitura dell'intestino, il cancro, le ragadi, l'atresia vulvare, l'ascesso, l'oculistica, la ricostruzione plastica ed in particolare la chirurgia vescicale.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Accanto a </span><b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">CELSO</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> può essere ricordato </span><b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #274e13;">CAIO PLINIO SECONDO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> <b>(23-79 d.C.) </b></span></span>25<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">, perché la sua opera fu testo di medicina per secoli.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Aulo Cornelio Celso</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> (</span>14 a.C.<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> circa – </span>37<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> d.C. ca.) è stato un </span>enciclopedista<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> e </span>medico<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> </span>romano<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, probabilmente nativo della </span>Gallia Narbonense<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">.</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">«</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">C'imbattiamo finalmente in un uomo sovranamente benemerito della scienza, e degno del nome di medico; e questi è Aulo Cornelio Celso</span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">».</b></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus.jpg/220px-Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus.jpg" /> <img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS2nr-LDWFNGO6BO3HG_0F2uc2K24h8NnUgpApGZT1GCfoFRg7URw" style="line-height: 24px;" width="251" /> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Caio Plinio Secondo, detto il Vecchio o il Naturalista, nacque a Como, nel 23 dopo Cristo, da ricca famiglia equestre. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel secolo scorso si concluse, dopo fasi alterne che duravano dal 1300, una polemica sulle vere origini di Plinio: una tesi voleva che la nascita dello Scienziato fosse veronese, l'altra, comasca. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il trionfo della tesi comasca fu totale e oggi non è più lecito neppure il dubbio.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Uno dei suoi pregi maggiori è la citazione di molte fonti nel testo, così che venga descritto un quadro fedele della medicina del suo tempo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">In particolare può essere ricordata la descrizione della medicina di origine vegetale, animale o minerale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">La terapia è spesso indicata e talvolta raccomandata.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Claudio GALENO</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Nato a Pergamo </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">(130-200 d.C.)</b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, </span><b><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Claudio Galeno</span><span style="background-color: white; color: yellow;"> </span></b></span>26,<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> fondò una teoria della medicina che ri-formulò i </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">principi ippocratici</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> e si protrasse e perdurò nell’</span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">epoca medievale</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Medico imperiale a Roma</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, è considerato il più grande </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">medico dell’Antichità</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> dopo <b><span style="color: purple;">Ippocrate</span></b>. Dichiarava: </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">«Lo scopo dell'arte medica è la salute, il fine è ottenerla»</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Galeno di Pergamo</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> (</span>Pergamo<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, </span>129<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> – </span>Roma<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, </span>216<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">) è stato un </span>medico<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> </span>greco antico<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, i cui punti di vista hanno dominato la medicina europea per più di mille anni.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Galeno nacque a </span>Pergamo<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> (oggi </span>Bergama<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, in </span>Turchia<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">), da una famiglia di architetti.</span></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 24px;"> <img height="400" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcREcBxLUqEVcyjOYaCpVhpArSFN1-wm1zdgp804THEepw-a4DKhcuQ6y0KJ" width="330" /></span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Galeno e Ippocrate in un dipinto del XII secolo (Cattedrale di </span>Anagni<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">).</span></span></div>
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<img alt="File:Galenoghippokrates.jpg" height="480" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Galenoghippokrates.jpg/800px-Galenoghippokrates.jpg" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 23.981483459472656px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’istruzione di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Galeno</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> fu eclettica e sebbene la sua opera fosse prevalentemente in biologia e medicina, fu anche conosciuto quale filosofo e filologo. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In particolare riteneva che la filosofia fosse parte indispensabile degli studi di medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Il medico doveva conoscere il disprezzo del denaro e spesso accusò i colleghi di avarizia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">La sua prima attività fu quale </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">chirurgo dei gladiatori a Pergamo</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Dopo quattro anni emigrò a </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Roma</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> dove godette di una brillante reputazione, tanto da dive-nire il medico dell’imperatore </span><b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: cyan;">Marco Aurelio</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, di </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #3d85c6;">Lucio Vero</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e di </span><b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: magenta;">Settimio Severo</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Galeno</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"> descrisse la dottrina dei quattro temperamenti </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(sanguigno, flemmatico, collerico, bilio so)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">, che influenzerà per molti secoli la medicina, e la <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">dottrina del pneuma</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(il respiro e il tono) </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">come </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">essenza della vita nelle sue tre forme</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">: psichica, che ha sede nel cervello e percorre i nervi; vitale, che ha sede nel cuore e si dirama nelle arterie; naturale, che risiede nel fegato e circola nelle vene.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Rimase l’autorità medica indiscussa per più di mille anni: infatti da quando morì, nel <b>203 d.C.</b>, seri studi di anatomia e fisiologia si arrestarono. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Sebbene non fosse cristiano, nei suoi scritti appaiono il credo in un solo dio ed il concetto che il corpo sia strumento dell’anima.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli non fece solamente progredire la conoscenza dei dettagli anatomici, ma valorizzò per pr<u>i</u> mo anche l’esperimento morfologico per l’interpretazione funzionale dei singoli organi.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ampliò e approfondì la metodica fisiologica, ma finì per lasciarsi dominare dalle interpretazioni mitico-speculative dell’epoca, ricorrendo anche a <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">tre ipotetiche forze spirituali</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(animale, vitale e naturale)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> per spiegare il finalismo dell’organismo </span>27<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Galeno</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si battè con decisione contro l’imperversare delle scuole che, in ultima analisi, stava-no portando la medicina verso un periodo di decadenza ergendosi ad arbitro di tutto lo scibi- le medico.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dal momento che diede anche particolare valore alla clinica ed alla patologia, si può certa-mente dire che<b><span style="color: lime;"> </span></b></span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: lime;">fu l’artefice della più completa forma di medicina mai concepita fino a quel momento</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le parti più minuziosamente trattate furono l’osteologia e la neurologia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Scoprì la differenza tra nervi motori e sensitivi, distinse le lesioni degli emisferi cerebrali da quelle del cervelletto, valutò la funzione escretrice dei reni, la circolazione fetale e si occupò particolarmente degli organi di senso.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si soffermò inoltre a lungo sulla funzione circolatoria che, nonostante grossolani errori, avre<u>b</u> be formato un caposaldo della </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fisiologia medievale fino al Rinascimento</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">; i suoi punti fermi er<u>a</u> no i seguenti: il fegato è il centro del sangue venoso, il cuore di quello arterioso; il cuore de<u>s</u> tro e quello sinistro comunicano tra loro; il sangue si esaurisce negli organi; le vene polmo-nari portano sangue sporco ai polmoni e lo riportano purificato al cuore </span>28<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
<img border="0" height="239" src="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/images/stmedantica20.jpg" style="background-color: #f2e2c1; line-height: 23.981483459472656px; text-align: -webkit-center;" width="640" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #38761d;">pneuma</span></b>, che è l’essenza della vita, è di </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tre qualità</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: <b><span style="color: red;">“pneuma psychicòn”</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(spirito animale)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che ha sede nel cervello; <b><span style="color: blue;">“pneuma zoticòn”</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(spirito vitale)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che risiede nel cuore; <b><span style="color: magenta;">“pneuma physicòn”</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(spirito naturale)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che ha sede nel fegato. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il corpo non è che uno strumento dell’anima e per tale concezione le sue osservazioni anato-miche furono considerate come canone assoluto e non criticabile.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua posizione rimase inattaccabile per secoli </span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.mondimedievali.net/medicina/storiamedantica03.htm#29" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"></a></span>29<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Galeno</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> inserì peraltro nella sua dottrina una gran quantità di termini astrusi, suddivisioni spesso artificiose, cause e concause, portando talvolta la formulazione della diagnosi in un campo puramente astratto tramite </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sillogismi aristotelici</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> senza dar luogo all’esame diretto del malato.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il suo genio fu evidente negli esperimenti condotti sugli animali, allo scopo di comprendere la fisiologia umana.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In diciassette libri descrisse le funzioni dei <b><span style="color: orange;">reni</span></b>, dei <b><span style="color: purple;">muscoli</span></b>, della <span style="color: #783f04;">spalla</span>, dei <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">nervi del collo</span></b> e della <b><span style="color: blue;">interruzione della voce dopo resezione del nervo laringeo ricorrente</span></b>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cercò di capire la funzione e la finalità di ogni singola parte dell’organismo, anche se sezionò più che altro corpi di animali </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(principalmente maiali, cani, bovini e scimmie)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.wsimagazine.com/images/galeno_compie_una_vivisezione_su_un_maiale.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di conseguenza, al confronto con l’<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> riportò incredibili errori ed inesattezze, commessi forse per rispondere ad esigenze razionali, che si perpetuarono fino a <b><span style="color: #45818e;">Vesalio</span></b>, l’anatomo del <b>XVI secolo </b></span>30<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli non fu un anatomico nel senso moderno del termine, bensì un pratico.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Concepiva l’anatomia e la fisiologia unicamente quali cardini scientifici della medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come tale fu l’ultimo anatomico per oltre un millennio </span>31<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In clinica fu invece assai minuzioso: era in grado di spiegare fatti e fenomeni che sfuggivano ai medici della sua epoca.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Degna di essere ricordata è la diagnosi differenziale tra </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">emottisi</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ematemesi</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sputo sangui-gno da epistassi</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">; descrisse inoltre vari tipi di febbre, i sintomi dell’infiammazione e sottolineò l’importanza dell’esame delle urine e della valutazione del polso di cui distinse non meno di 40 varietà.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Galeno</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> fu poi il <b><span style="color: red;">primo vero esperto di medicina legale</span></b>: si occupò di morti vere ed apparenti, iniziò la pratica della </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">docimasia idrostatica polmonare</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> per constatare, in caso di sospetto in-fanticidio, se il feto avesse o no respirato, e delle simulazioni delle malattie.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ogni medicamento doveva essere di provata efficacia e prescritto per una ragione plausibile; conosceva quasi 500 sostanze semplici di origine vegetale e una vasta gamma di origine ani-male e minerale.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra quelli composti i più famosi erano la </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">picra</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <b><span style="color: #38761d;">(purgante amaro a base di aloe)</span></b> e la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">hjera</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">(purgante sacro a base di coloquintide)</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Frequente era anche il ricorso al salasso.</span></div>
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<img height="378" src="http://www.zappingrivista.it/gallery_images/galeno2.jpg" width="400" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> Medicina post-galenica</span></span><br />
<img src="http://www.sognidimenticati.net/files/83-GALENO.JPG" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Generalmente con la morte di </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Galeno</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si rappresenta la chiusura del periodo aureo della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina romana</span></b>, anche se per almeno altri tre secoli la scienza medica sarebbe stata anc<u>o</u> ra sulla cresta dell’onda.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: blue; color: yellow;">Galeno</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, ad ogni modo, si sviluppò una sorta di dogmatismo e uno sterile canonismo portato avanti da figure a volte degne di nota che tuttavia non aggiunsero nulla di nuovo a quanto già era noto.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oltretutto iniziò la tendenza allo sconfinamento del conoscibile nel campo dell’inconoscibile, caratteristica peculiare della successiva <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina nel Medioevo</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Da ricordare <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Leonida di Alessandria</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(studiò la filaria e fu esperto negli interventi su ernia e gozzo)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, il famoso chirurgo <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Filagrio</span></b> e suo fratello <b><span style="color: #783f04;">Poseidonio</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(si occupò delle malattie del cervello descrivendo molto accuratamente i deliri acuti, gli stati comatosi, quelli catalettici, la epilessia e la rabbia)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">MEDICINA BIZANTINA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">La cultura si trasferì ad </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Oriente</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, in seguito allo sviluppo dell’</span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Impero Bizantino</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Analogamente le arti e la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina</span></b> stessa al loro seguito trovarono nuova e fertile area di diffusione. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">La <b><span style="color: magenta;">Chiesa</span></b> ebbe parte preponderante ed infatti i primi medici si formarono con tale propen-sione </span>32<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #505000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-size: small; text-align: center;"> </i><i style="background-color: #f0dc96; color: #505000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-size: small; text-align: center;">Palermo, Museo etnografico siciliano "G. Pitrè", santi Cosma e Damiano </i><span style="background-color: #f0dc96; color: #505000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;"> </span><i style="background-color: #f0dc96; color: #505000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-size: small; text-align: center;">- (litografia)</i></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://www3.unict.it/aos/images/Cosma%20e%20Damiano2.jpg" width="480" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Si possono ricordare in particolare i fratelli medici </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">COSMA</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> (Cosimo) e </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: purple;">DAMIANO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> che, di origi- ne </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">siriaca</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e poi operanti in </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Cilicia</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, guarivano con l’aiuto della fede.</span></span></div>
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<i style="color: #505000; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f0dc96;">Catania - Chiesa parrocchiale dei santi Cosma e Damiano, quadro non firmato (datato 1775)</span></span></i></div>
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<img src="http://www3.unict.it/aos/images/Cosmo%20e%20Damiano.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molti altri santi ebbero virtù risanatrici e furono </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(e sono)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> oggetto di specifica venerazione: san <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Rocco</span></b> e san <b><span style="color: #990000;">Sebastiano</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(peste)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, san <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Giobbe</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(lebbra)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, sant'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Antonio Eremita</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(ergotismo o Ignis sacer o Fuoco di S. Antonio)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed inoltre sant'<b><span style="color: #783f04;">Antonio da Padova</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(fratture, affezioni di stomaco e intestino)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, sant’<b><span style="color: purple;">Apollonia</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(mal di denti)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, santa <b><span style="color: magenta;">Lucia</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(occhi)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Per meriti particolari si può ricordare il medico </span><b><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #783f04;">ORIBASIO</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(nativo di Pergamo, 325-403 d.C.)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, che divenne accompagnatore dell’imperatore <b>Giuliano</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">I suoi libri </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Sinagoghe Mediche</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e </span><span style="background-color: orange;">Euporista</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> furono testi di </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">automedicazione ante litteram</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> per lievi malattie o improvvisi accidenti.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molti altri medici scrissero compendi e trattati, basati sulla cultura esistente e che furono uti-lizzati per i secoli a venire </span><span style="background-color: white;">33</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<img height="356" src="http://www.eosrivista.com/images/MEDICINA.gif" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Così </span><b><span style="background-color: lime; color: #990000;">EZIO o AEZIO D’AMIDA</span></b> <b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">(VI sec. d.C.)</b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; </span><b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #783f04;">ALESSANDRO DI TRALLES</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> <b>(620 d.C.)</b> per alcuni studi sulla patologia e la terapia delle malattie interne </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(frenite, malinconia, pazzia, malattie oculari, tratto respiratorio, pleurite, parassiti, gotta, dieta, ecc.)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">; </span><b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #f4cccc;">PAOLO D’EGINA</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> <b>(VII sec. d.C.)</b> per <b><span style="color: magenta;">malattie tricologiche, cervello, nervi, orecchi, occhi, naso, bocca, lebbra, pelle, ustioni, chirurgia generale</span></b> </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(in particolare utero e mammelle)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, <b><span style="color: magenta;">emorragie, veleni, farmacologia</span></b>, ecc.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/a/Alessandro%20di%20Tralles%20Tralles.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Medico greco (ca. 527 - ca. 565) nato a Tralles</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;"> in Caria e considerato uno dei maggiori esponenti della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina bizantina</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Di indirizzo pratico, esercitò la sua attività in Roma. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Fu uno dei pochi studiosi ad avanzare dubbi sulle teorie galeniche, allora in auge, e sostenne che anche ne<u>l</u> l'arte sanitaria la verità deve essere anteposta a ogni influenza trascendente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Diede importanti contributi alle conoscenze sulle affezioni oculari e sull'ascite, ma è soprattutto ricordato come </span><i style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Padre dell'elmintologia</i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Infatti oltre alla sua opera di terapeutica in 12 libri - </span><i style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Therapeutiká</i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;"> - con indicazioni che rimasero alla base dell'insegnamento medico per alcuni secoli, disponiamo anche della sua </span><i style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Lettera sui vermi intestinali</i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;"> - </span><i style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Perì hel-mínthøn epistolë</i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Famoso è rimasto anche il suo trattato </span><i style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Sulle febbri</i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">, </span><i style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 16px;">Perì pyret<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">ô</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">n</span></i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<img height="285" src="http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/a/Alessandro%20di%20Tralles%20Aydin.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">La peste si manifestò a </span><span style="background-color: orange;">Costantinopoli</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, sotto <b><span style="color: red;">Giustiniano</span></b>, nel <b>542</b>, giungendovi dall’<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Egitto</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Morirono in molte migliaia ogni giorno e si diffuse violentemente in più del 50% dell’</span><span style="background-color: lime;">Impero Romano d’Oriente</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Si considera che tale pestilenza contribuì alla decadenza dell’Impero e quindi anche della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">m<u>e</u> dicina </span></b></span></span>34<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTYJFRyaCzc795_8UciorKS0oiYGlAsrIZeQxorkMTkxk5EfGNZ" width="544" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">misticismo cristiano</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> predicava la fede e contemporaneamente, a causa delle gravi ripercus-sioni politiche ed economiche, si ebbe anche il </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ritorno al culto</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> di </span><b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Esculapio</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il dovere religioso ed etico di assistere i malati fu sempre più sentito come dovere del singo-lo e della comunità.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Iniziarono a fiorire </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">ospedali pubblici</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> ed il primo fu a </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: blue;">Cesarea</span></b> <span style="background-color: white;"><b>(370 d.C.)</b></span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> e poi a </span><span style="background-color: magenta;">Roma</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> <b>(400 d.C.)</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I primi <b><span style="color: purple;">ospizi</span></b> furono chiamati <b><span style="color: #783f04;">xenodochia</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">nosocomia</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #38761d;">brephotropia</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Analogamente iniziarono a formarsi le prime </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">facoltà mediche di tipo universitario</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b>, dopo essere stata mitologica e poi empirica, sacerdotale, sperimentale e filoso- fica, politica e igiene di Stato, diventa dogmatica sotto l’influsso del cristianesimo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rimanevano ancora tradizioni teoriche e trattamenti terapeutici, veri o falsi che fossero, fon-dati su insegnamenti privi di una valida e diffusamente riconosciuta critica scientifica o speri-mentale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">Come tale si affaccia al </span><b style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"><span style="color: #990000;">Medioevo</span></b><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;">, con alcune certezze, tutte da verificare, e molti dubbi, in attesa di nuove </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(o ulteriori)</span><span style="background-color: #f2e2c1;"> verità.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 11 gennaio 2013 alle ore 20,10 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-38186195486930214352013-01-09T17:31:00.002+01:002015-03-17T22:32:26.750+01:00(Scheda 248- 9) STORIA della MEDICINA OMERICA.<h2 class="storytitle" id="post-257" style="margin: 15px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA OMERICA</span></h2>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/match/" rel="attachment wp-att-999" style="color: #5b211a; line-height: 22px;"><img alt="match" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-999" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/match.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="match" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Articolo informativo di</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">per</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” Onlus </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">«Centro Servi zi Informativi On-line per Pazienti Osteomielitici e non»; che ci addentra in un percorso storico, narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici vecchi e nuo vi, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica"</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 3600 a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 14.9500007629395px;">É del tutto a noi chiaro f</span><span style="color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">in dai primordi che l'</span><b style="background-color: yellow;">uomo</b><span style="background-color: yellow;">, ha dovuto fronteggiare la </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">malattia</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue;">Ma se la </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: midnightblue;">malattia</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: midnightblue;"> veniva dagli dèi, ecco che un buon dio tra di essi dà all'</span><b style="color: midnightblue;">uomo</b><span style="color: midnightblue;"> l'arma con cui com batterla: la </span><b><span style="color: red;">medicina</span></b><span style="color: midnightblue;">. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: midnightblue;">Noi tutti sappiamo che </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Asclepio</span><span style="color: midnightblue;"> </span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">(Esculapio)</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">era il dio della </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">guarigione</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> e della </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">salute</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="color: midnightblue;">, educato dal centau ro </span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Chirone</span></b><span style="color: midnightblue;">, che gli insegnò a sanare tutti i mali. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e06666;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Apollo, Chirone e Asclepio - da un affresco pompeiano</span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://img00.elicriso.it/it/mitologia_ambiente/dei/chirone/chirone3.jpg" height="513" width="640" /><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I </span><span style="color: midnightblue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">primi medici furono i due figli di </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="color: midnightblue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ricordati da </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Omero</span></b><span style="color: midnightblue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Podalirio</b></span><span style="color: midnightblue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Macaone</span></b><span style="color: midnightblue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue;">In </span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: magenta;">Omero</span></b></span><span style="color: midnightblue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> <i>(VIII sec. a.C.),</i> difatti, si trovano i primi riferimenti alla </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">malattia della letteratura occidentale</span></span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Siamo così altrettanto soliti considerare la</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Medicina greca</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">come il momento iniziale dell'</span></span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">arte medica occiden tale</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ch</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">e, di conseguenza, questa nient'altro è che la</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Medicina contemporanea</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Eppure, la </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Medicina greca</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> non rappresentò, a sua volta, che il punto di arrivo di esperienze antecedenti di millenni, relative principalmente alle </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">civiltà assiro-babilonese</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">indiana</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">egizia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">, le quali emergono chiara mente dalle prime documentazioni di una </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">medicina in terra ellenica</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, databili alla </span></span><b style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">guerra di Troia</b><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <i>(XIII secolo a.C.). </i></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(</span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.1200008392334px;"><i><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nella mitologia greca, la guerra di Troia fu una sanguinosa guerra combattuta tra gli Achei e la potente città di Troia, presumibilmente attorno al 1250 o al 1194 a.C., nell'odierna Turchia).</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa storia della </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Medicina greca</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> non poteva quindi non partire dalle notizie che -pur con le dovute riserve circa la loro attendibilità- il grande rapsodo </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Omero</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ci ha lasciato nei suoi due più celebri poemi epici -l'</span></span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Iliade </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">e l'</span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Odissea</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">- in merito alle ferite dei combattenti, al loro trattamento, ai medici che operarono nei due schiera menti, primi tra i quali</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Podalirio</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Macaone</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, figli come già detto, nientemeno che del grande </span></span><b style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: yellow;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, il qua le sarebbe poi assurto alle glorie dell'Olimpo.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Medicina e Sanità - Nelle prime fasi la medicina occidentale era una medicina teurgica, in cui la malattia era considerata un castigo divino, concetto che si trova in moltissime opere greche, come l'Iliade.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Asclepio</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> Sarebbe errato credere che<span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Asclepio</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">(Esculapio)</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> sia stato un personaggio mitico.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img height="353" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSk1DV2TREYCm4maxp_bGZxO1O8IVgFZoEHAeRlftiwVQlnXnsS" style="font-size: 32px; text-align: start;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> Asclepio, dio greco della medicina, Esculapio per i Romani.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7395/images/484458a-f1.2.jpg" height="591" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; text-align: start;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Difatti, nel </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">I libro</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> dell'</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: midnightblue; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Iliade</span><span style="font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="color: midnightblue;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">il dio </span></span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">Apollo</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue;">, sdegnato contro </span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;">Agamennone</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue;">, duce degli </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Achei</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: midnightblue;"> che da 10 anni assedia la città di <b>Troia</b>, provoca una epidemia del campo degli assedianti. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;"> Xilografia del </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;">Maestro del Virgilio di Gruninger – Il cavallo di Troia – Lione, 1529</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.artribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/6-ex-libris.jpg" height="640" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="494" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> Omero</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/o/Omero_British_Museum.jpg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img alt="Risultati immagini per omero" height="303" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQaPZAKdJI4dCMc2MYte15tHVYHBlPsR--6X4nDrCTbBvSwYB4RwA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img alt="Risultati immagini per omero" height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQo8rICA-ZnNh-RKml_Oo2PnkJaJJMJFNt4ubKCp5bckF1wH33v" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="265" /> </span><img src="http://www.newtoncompton.com/upload/isbnjpg/hires/978-88-541-2966-5.jpg" height="400" width="256" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;"> Macaone e Podalirio curano la ferita di </span>Menelao<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;">, causata da una freccia di </span>Pandaro<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;">. Opera tratta dal </span><i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;">Diario medico</i><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Illus-035.png/350px-Illus-035.png" height="413" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;"> Statua di Podalirio</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Statue_of_Podalirius.JPG/220px-Statue_of_Podalirius.JPG" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/e/Esculapio%20Macaone.jpg" style="text-align: start;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Solo oltre mezzo millennio dopo </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Asclepio</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> i filosofi cominceranno ad interrogarsi sulla natura delle cose e dell'<b>Uomo</b>, sulla costituzione dei corpi animati, sul significato della vita e della morte, sulle cause delle malat tie e sul modo di curarle.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel II libro, <span style="color: magenta;"><b>Omero</b></span> ricorda lo sfortunato caso dell'eroe <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">Filottete</span></b>, che morso da un serpente, riporta una ferita al piede che diventa una piaga dolorosa e maleodorante e viene abbandonato dai compagni nell'</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">isola di Lemnos</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Urna con Ulisse e Filottete nell'isola di Lemnos</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.scalarchives.com/scalapic/150304/c/0124970c.jpg" height="412" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Circa 300 anni dopo il tragediografo greco <b><span style="color: blue;">Sofocle</span></b> <i>(V sec. a.C.)</i> scriverà una tragedia sul caso di <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Filottete</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Comunque, ben sappiamo che in tutta l'</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Iliade</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si trovano numerosi riferimenti anatomici la cui precisione sor prende, considerata l'epoca a cui risalgono. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/s/Sofocle%20di%20Giovanni%20Pietro%20Bellori.jpg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nelle </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Trachinie</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, <span style="color: blue;"><b>Sofocle</b></span> descrive la morte di <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Eracle</span></b>, dovuta ad una veste avvelenata <i>(o infetta)</i> donatagli dal la moglie <b>Deianira</b>, nel tentativo di riconquistarlo. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://thule-italia.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/evidenzaercole.jpg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"> Ercole e Deianira</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.unitreostiantica.it/WebFiamminghi/ercole%20e%20deianira%20(1517).jpg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Allo scoppio della </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Guerra del Peloponneso</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> una terribile epidemia infuriò ad </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Atene</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">; la malattia fu descritta da <b><span style="color: red;">Tucidide</span></b> ma tutt'oggi non è stata ancora identificata.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><b> L'enigma del morbo di Tucidide</b></span></center>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Nel </span><span style="background-color: lime;">II libro</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> della </span></span><i style="background-color: lime; color: #cc0000;">Guerra del Peloponneso</i><span style="background-color: aquamarine; color: #cc0000;"> </span><b style="background-color: aquamarine;"><span style="color: red;">Tucidide</span></b><span style="background-color: aquamarine; color: #cc0000;"> descrisse il morbo che sconvolse </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #cc0000;">Atene</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine; color: #cc0000;"> nel 430 a. C. Infatti molti studiosi dell'età moderna, filologi e medici, hanno analizzato il racconto dello storico greco nel tentativo di dare un nome alla malattia.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://xoomer.virgilio.it/cylagu/PeloWar.jpg" height="552" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="640" /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: aquamarine; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Presupposto a questi studi è l'attendibilità di </span><b><span style="color: red;">Tucidide</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000;">, scrittore che si avvale di uno studio rigoroso dei fatti e che interpreta razionalmente gli eventi, senza ricorso a cause o interventi soprannaturali.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: aquamarine; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Tucidide</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> inoltre fu testimone in prima persona del morbo, essendone stato colpito egli stesso, e si propose esplicitamente di fornirne una descrizione dettagliata, affinché altri potessero riconoscerlo, se in futuro si fosse ripresentato.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Il morbo, descritto dettagliatamente nel cap. 49 del </span><span style="background-color: lime;">II libro</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">, presentava il seguente quadro clinico: i malati im provvisamente erano colti da forti calori </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(<i>thermai</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> alla testa, da arrossamento </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">(<i>erythemata</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e bruciore </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">(<i>phlo gosis</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> agli occhi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Il faringe e la lingua, diventavano rosse come il sangue </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">(<i>haimatodes</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e l'alito disgustoso </span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">(<i>atopos</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e maleo dorante </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(<i>dysodes</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Successivamente sopraggiungevano starnuto </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">(<i>ptarmos</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e raucedine </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(<i>branchos</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e forte tosse </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(<i>bex</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Allorché la malattia si fissava all'orifizio dello stomaco </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(<i>kardia</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e si verificavano evacuazioni di bile </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(<i>chole</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">, conati di vomito </span><span style="background-color: #93c47d;">(<i>lynx kene</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e violenti spasmi </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(<i>spasmos</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Il corpo non era troppo caldo, né giallo, ma arrossato, livido e cosparso di piccole bolle o pustole </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">(<i>phlyk taina</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e di ulcere </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(<i>helkos</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">I malati internamente si sentivano bruciare tanto da non sopportare addosso vestiti e lenzuoli e si gettavano nell'acqua fredda, spinti da una sete </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(<i>dipsa</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> inestinguibile. Inoltre vi era una continua impossibilità </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(<i>aporia</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> a riposare e insonnia </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">(<i>agrypnia</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">I più morivano in settima o nona giornata, se si superava questa fase, la malattia scendeva nell'intestino </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(<i>koilia</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">, dove provocava una grave ulcerazione </span><span style="background-color: #e69138;">(<i>helkosis</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e violenta diarrea </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">(<i>diarrhoia</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Il male colpiva anche i genitali </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(<i>aidoia</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> e le punte delle mani e dei piedi, e molti la scampavano perdendo queste parti e alcuni anche gli occhi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: aquamarine;">Una amnesia </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(<i>lethe</i>)</span><span style="background-color: aquamarine;"> prendeva quelli che tra tutti si erano appena ripresi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Le ipotesi sulla malattia di </span><b><span style="color: red;">Tucidide</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> sono state varie, comprendendo malattie virali e batteriche, stati tossici, oppure, anche, combinazioni tra questi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'elenco delle malattie proposte comprende: vaiolo, tifo, peste, febbre tifoide, morbillo, scarlattina, ergotismo, morva, leptispirosi, tularemia, influenza complicata da sindrome da shock tossico, febbre di Rift Valley, febbre di Lassa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Tuttavia malgrado i numerosi studi, la malattia di </span><b><span style="color: red;">Tucidide</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> non è stata ancora oggi identificata. </span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;"> ...Ma sarebbe opportuno fare un passo indietro</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">I primi elementi dell'antichissima </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">medicina greca</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, che raccoglieva precedenti esperienze dalle </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">civiltà preelle niche</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> fiorite sia a <b>Creta</b> e nell'<b>Egeo</b>, li si può ritrovare nell'attenta lettura delle imprese che <span style="color: magenta;"><b>Omero</b> </span>ci ha così traman</span></span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dato. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Difatti, nell'<b>Iliade</b> egli descrive ben 147 ferite... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">della <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">testa</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">del <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">collo</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">del <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">torace</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">della <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">colonna vertebrale</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di esse, 106 sono prodotte da <b>lance</b> (con una mortalità dell'80%), 17 da <b>spade</b> (tutte mortali), 12 da <b>frecce</b> e 12 da <b>fionde</b> (con una mortalità rispettivamente del 42% e del 66%).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il poeta descrive inoltre: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">una </span><span style="background-color: lime;">frattura del femore</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">e parla della prognosi di alcune malattie, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">riporta tecniche di intervento, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">di </span><span style="background-color: orange;">fasciatura</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">di </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">emostasi</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">di </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">anestesia</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">di estrazione di frecce e giavellotti, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">prospettando alcune interessanti ipotesi di </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">fisiologia</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e usa non meno di 150 termini anatomici.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKy-7wcQ60m9uW-CfnbL8iO3nZobGnLmkWMKg4Jc1A_MDBiMyl81ktcMZAudoiyRRRDIKUIGdbAdl-o6Gb1HlyE7A2Q_PO_CG6Humvr9Eqf8vGSI3g3y8b6TmjjkS0KZcp0U0bjas8O4/s660/IMG_0025.JPG" height="480" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: xx-small;">Strumentario chirurgico rinvenuto al tempio di Asclepio (V-IV sec. A.C.), oggi al Museo Archeologico</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_uAMqw1B26ezGUOtQ7mTfj9SmDknGeNzwBGpw-J_zCNcIqOH0ZBUC2uRHbioHZ3Pp6zW0BSZ_a8PI3RNbPGYuoQF-Jf5gs-7FqqHWTHvRU3HuBGpdyg75pNrk6kU8w1CblkOwLpBeOXG8/s1600/instrumentsepidauro.jpg" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.altopascio.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/strumenti-medici.jpg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"> STRUMENTI CHIRURGICI</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8UppxiNjEbFLyPlvhF47pQKbTo3mb57H134Q1SuNm_OFH_bFMuHeIrR7YXIwkSS4vBrgqRGc5xOlptN2zotgNWeTOsNHIF6uS9IISFd00XpMFx-Z7pVy56EqgTLcIFCELWpp_v9aK9AhM/s640/strumenti-chirurgici.jpg" height="640" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" width="480" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.duepassinelmistero.com/auro-03.jpg" height="411" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.silverflower.org/forum/ricerche/surgery1.jpg" height="524" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" width="640" /></span><br />
<img src="http://www.lalimonaia.pisa.it/aree/medicina/pannelli%20mostra%20medicina/pannello-6.jpg" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ed è sempre <b><span style="color: magenta;">Omero</span></b> a parlare, a proposito dell'</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">assedio di Troia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, di </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"esimi medici"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che operano nell'una e nel l'altra schiera, citando lo stesso <b>Asclepio</b> <i>(che non era ancora assurto a dio)</i> e dei suoi due figli <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Podalirio </span></b>e <b><span style="color: #990000;">Macaone</span></b>, che militavano rispettivamente come medico e come chirurgo nelle file de gli </span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Achei</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Rari sono, specie nell'ultima parte dell'</span><span style="background-color: lime;">Iliade</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e nell'</span><span style="background-color: orange;">Odissea</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> <i>(scritta posteriormente), </i>gli accenni agli incante simi e alle pratiche occulte, mentre numerose sono le piante medicinali citate, anche se non di tutte si riesce a cogliere l'identità. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina omerica</span></b> è insomma poco magica e sacerdotale, anche se <b>Apollo</b> e gli altri dèi non mancano di apparire di tanto in tanto personalmente per dispensare - a seconda delle opportunità - malattie contagiose o prodigiose guarigioni.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le cognizioni anatomiche della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina omerica</span></b> sono ancora piuttosto rudimentali se si escludono quelle riguardanti le ossa, i muscoli e le articolazioni, pur non mancando osservazioni piuttosto acute, come quan do il </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Poeta</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> fa riferimento alle contrazioni cardiache di un ferito, così violente da far pulsare un oggetto infisso nella parete toracica, o quando accenna alla topografia degli organi del torace e dell'addome.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I medici del tempo di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Omero</span></b> erano certamente tenuti in alta considerazione, se nell'</span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Odissea</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> è detto aperta mente che </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"il medico è un uomo che vale più di tanti altri e non ha pari nel cavar dardi dalle piaghe e spar gerle di balsamiche stille"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il culto di <b>Asclepio</b> si diffuse rapidamente in tutta l'</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ellade</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, e in poco tempo furono eretti in suo onore non me no di 200 templi <i>(asclepieia</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non tutti sanno che <b>Asclepio</b> era in realtà un principe della </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tessaglia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> che visse durante la </span><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">guerra di Troia </b><span style="background-color: yellow;"><i>(XII secolo a.C.)</i> e che, come già detto, ebbe anche dei figli: Podalirio e Macaone (due fratelli) e... </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Igea </span></b>e <b><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">Panacea</span></b> (due sorelle) </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 32.2222213745117px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17.3185615539551px;">Statua di Igea, copia romana da originale greco del 290 a.C., in marmo pentelico; </span><span style="line-height: 17.3185615539551px;"><span style="background-color: white;">ritrovata nel 1876, ora nei Musei Capito lini. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: start;">Qui sotto raffigurazione di Panacea</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hygeia_Musei_Capitolini_MC1099.jpg/150px-Hygeia_Musei_Capitolini_MC1099.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; text-align: start;" width="270" /> </span><img src="http://www.formazionenaturopatia.com/uploads/2/6/2/6/2626191/8687506.jpg?220" height="640" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px;" width="343" /><br />
<img src="http://www.tanogabo.it/mitologia/greca/seconda/asclepio_igea.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;" width="369" /><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Castello di Bodrum, torre del serpente, piano superiore, statuetta di Igea e Asclepio</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img alt="File:Castello di bodrum, torre del serpente, piano superiore, statuette di asclepio e igiea.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Castello_di_bodrum%2C_torre_del_serpente%2C_piano_superiore%2C_statuette_di_asclepio_e_igiea.JPG/399px-Castello_di_bodrum%2C_torre_del_serpente%2C_piano_superiore%2C_statuette_di_asclepio_e_igiea.JPG" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Asclepius et Igea - bassorilievo</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Asclepius_and_hygieia_relief.jpg/395px-Asclepius_and_hygieia_relief.jpg" height="640" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="526" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Asclepio e sua moglie Epione, rilievo votivo. 400 a.C.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ancient_greek_votive_relief._400_BC.jpg" height="480" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.tanogabo.it/mitologia/greca/seconda/Epione.jpg" height="400" style="font-size: medium;" width="168" /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quando <b>Asclepio</b> morì, </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">essi gli eressero un'ara votiva e ne divennero i sacerdoti</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Poi i figli dei figli, e così via, continuarono questo culto, che si diffuse a macchia d'olio oltrepassando i confini della </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tessaglia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, estendendosi al </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Peloponneso</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.vapatours.it/images/tour_individuali/cartina_Tour_individuale_del_Peloponneso.jpg" style="text-align: start;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Culto che nel IV secolo penetrò in </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Asia Minore</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, dove in onore di <b>Asclepio</b> fu eretto il celebre superbo e <i>(oggi rovinoso)</i> </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">tempio di Pergamo</span>.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 32.2222213745117px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #888888; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.ilnavigatorecurioso.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/asclepios.jpg" style="text-align: start;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center; text-indent: 13px;"> Altri ruderi del Tempio di Asclepio</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.miti3000.it/mito/luoghi/img/messene/1/tempio_asclepio.jpg" style="text-align: start;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white;"> Bambino malato al tempio di Esculapio</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.aladinpensiero.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/John-W.Waterhouse-il-bambino-malato-al-tempio-di-Esculapio.jpg" height="503" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; text-align: start;" width="640" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Così, dai discendenti di </span><b style="background-color: yellow;">Asclepio</b> <i style="background-color: lime;">(Asclepìadi)</i><span style="background-color: yellow;"> nacque una casta alla quale era devoluto tra l'altro l'insegna mento della medicina e l'esercizio e medico. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">I templi eretti in suo onore possono essere considerati una sorta delle prime espressioni di una ospedalità privata così come il simbolico </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">bastone</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Spesso il </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">bastone di Asclepio</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">è confuso con il</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">caduceo di Ermes (vedi foto sulla sinistra).</span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://blog.libero.it/Archetipi/getmedia.php?Bor%60zo%26imJwm5%27%7F434337%3Cc%3B%2518%25%3Aaalaemk-pr%7Ca%60mrciA%3F%271%3D%27z%05kgonmghom%05jJ" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /> </span><img src="http://animaki.altervista.org/images/index.jpg" style="font-size: medium;" /><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://ilnavigatorecurioso.myblog.it/images/cerchi2011/esculapio-caduceo-enki.jpg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: cyan; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bastone-serpente</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> spesso rappresentato in compagnia di un </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">gallo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, perché gli si sacrificava in genere... dei volatili: </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"Dobbiamo un gallo a Esculapio"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> sovea dicere <b>Socrate</b> prima di morire, per provare che egli non era affatto irreligioso.</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Particolare estrapolato da un bassorilievo </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">rinvenuto nel tempio di Asclepio) </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">che è una specie di ex voto: queste offerte votive solitamente rappresentavano la parte del corpo che era stata guarita. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Atene, Museo Archeologico Nazionale</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.akisrx.com/antichita/medantica/greca.2.jpg" height="640" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.3333330154419px; line-height: 20px;" width="566" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-size: x-small;">In quanti sanno che</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"><b>Ippocrate</b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;"> viene considerato il diciottesimo discendente diretto di </span><b style="color: black; font-size: small;">Asclepio</b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">?</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img height="416" src="https://cuadernodelaspinturasradiounam.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/205david.jpg?w=400&h=259" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; text-align: start;" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Così come che nei templi di </span><b style="background-color: yellow;">Asclepio</b><span style="background-color: yellow;"> il </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">paziente</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> sottostava ad un periodo preparatorio, </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">prima di essere sotto posto al trattamento medico vero e proprio, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dedicato quasi interamente all'igiene del corpo e ad una dieta particolare. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHcheIuNjPmRKHP0Jc6jwOmUpwjgmjZJGiadcOpaxFj-dS-Sjzg7XyqaxAqimi5SKx3HmL-ON9R0BHvhyIokC97wJwihawF4vmOP58riWOsYYe8dWHWiJwQFju_cuR_mx-OPHwiTCDTDT/s640/roma.gif" height="511" style="text-align: start;" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="https://g1b2i3.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/edward-poynter-a-visit-to-aesculapius.jpg" style="text-align: start;" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una volta </span><span style="background-color: red; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"purificato"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, veniva ammesso al </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sacro recinto</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, dove vigevano regole igieniche e dietetiche ancora più severe.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Anche pregare la dea Igea, che aiutasse a espletare il bisogno qualora si presentasse difficoltoso.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAB0vLRG1HMoY_R6bReCnHDz3pOYz3brBgZg2W8WDtvJwaqtAKWEVDmnQYz0LhJW7IKVLHuYAahEYJfBJpe7wi8stlgDal8UMMCSxkOgvAi_86FnlzItB_GJjtKEsae2jkJbs3KZOlG56o/s640/1187198_570985499630233_1651961972_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAB0vLRG1HMoY_R6bReCnHDz3pOYz3brBgZg2W8WDtvJwaqtAKWEVDmnQYz0LhJW7IKVLHuYAahEYJfBJpe7wi8stlgDal8UMMCSxkOgvAi_86FnlzItB_GJjtKEsae2jkJbs3KZOlG56o/s640/1187198_570985499630233_1651961972_n.jpg" height="480" style="text-align: start;" width="640" /></a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A questo punto gli era concesso di dormire nell'</span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">àbaton</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, sotto i portici del tempio, ed in questo recinto avveni va l'</span><span style="background-color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">incubatio</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, cioè il sogno profetico.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">paziente</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> disteso su pelli di capra, durante il sonno <i>(probabilmente indotto dalla somministrazione di bevan de drogate)</i> credeva di vedere il dio che gli elargiva consigli terapeutici e operava magiche guarigioni. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella realtà i </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sacerdoti-medici</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ricorrevano a trucchi grossolani camuffandosi da divinità e aggirandosi notte tempo tra i degenti addormentati nell'</span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">àbaton</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e praticando veri e propri atti terapeutici e talora piccoli interven ti chirurgici.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con l'andar del tempo questi templi -per lo più situati in luoghi ameni, prossimi a boschi e a sorgenti purissi me- furono sempre meglio attrezzati e organizzati, dotati di palestre e convalescenziari in cui si praticavano massaggi, bagni e frizioni. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In molti luoghi i pazienti potevano anche assistere a rappresentazioni sceniche.</span></div>
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<i style="background-color: #fefef1;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">(Ogni notte, per quasi mille anni, i pellegrini malati e afflitti si radunavano all'interno dei templi greci di Asclepio, o nei vicini àbata, per parteci pare al rito chiamato 'incubazione'. Se erano fortunati, l'antico e benevolente dio della medicina appariva loro in sogno, mentre si trovavano in uno stato a metà tra il sonno e la veglia, li guariva o prescriveva farmaci, diete e metodi di cura. </span></i><br />
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<i style="background-color: #fefef1;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">Gli unici requisiti erano di essere puliti e di 'avere pensieri puri'. </span></i></i></div>
<i style="background-color: #fefef1;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">A dimostrazione della propria riconoscenza, coloro che ricevevano una grazia da Asclepio facevano fare delle offerte votive (riproduzioni in terracotta o in pietra delle parti del corpo malate che si supponeva fossero state guarite), debitamente inscritte e appese ai muri del tempio. </span></i><i style="background-color: #fefef1;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">I templi sorgevano in luoghi ameni, non diversamente dai centri benessere o dai santuari di oggi).</span></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: #353500; font-family: Arial;">NOTE</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">1</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">- Nel VII secolo Asclepio era già diventato un eroe, figlio di Apollo e di una mortale, Coronide, figlia di Flegia; la ragazza aveva amato il dio ed era rimasta incinta, ma, volubile, prima ancora di metter al mondo il figlioletto, non aveva tardato a trovarsi uno sposo mortale. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Furente, Apollo uccide i due sposi, ma salva, traendolo dal grembo materno, suo figlio Asclepio. </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Lo affida al centauro Ghirone, che lo alleva, lo educa, gli insegna l'arte del guarire; ma Asclepio sorpassa ben presto il maestro e abusa della sua scienza, resuscitando un cadavere. </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Giove, non tollerando che si violino le leggi del fato, scaglia una saetta e uccide il figlio di Apollo.<br />Può sembrare strano che un uomo venale, Asclepio, così duramente punito da Giove per aver resuscitato i morti in cambio di denaro, sia poi diventato un dio. </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Alla fine del V secolo la punizione inflitta ad Asclepio non era più attribuita all'avidità del medico, bensì alla gelosia di Plutone, cui l'attività gua ritrice spopolava il regno infernale; quindi il fulmine che lo uccide serve ad accontentare Plutone, a ristabilire l'eterno fato dei mortali, ma an che a chiamarlo sull'Olimpo tra gli dei, dove egli si trovava certamente già nel V secolo, se le tracce del suo santuario più celebre, quello di Epidauro, risalgono a quell'epoca. Cfr. Esiodo, III Ode Pitica (465 a.C.).</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">2</span><span style="color: blue; font-style: italic;"> - </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Al tempo del massimo splendore, nel primo e secondo secolo dopo Cristo, l'Asclepièion doveva essere un complesso davvero imponente.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">3</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"> <i>- Quello che rimane di questo edificio è abbastanza strano: si tratta di un basamento costituito da sei muri circolari concentrici; i tre più in terni sono interrotti da passaggi, in modo che i corridoi tra un muro e l'altro comunichino tra loro. Ma i passaggi sono disposti in modo che per passare da un corridoio all'altro bisogna percorrere un giro quasi completo. Insomma un piccolo labirinto: ma quello che stupisce è che i tre muri esterni non hanno passaggi, in modo che il labirinto è chiuso, senza accessi dall'esterno. </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i>A che cosa serviva? </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Si pensa che quella specie di sotterraneo (si trovava sotto il pavimento del tempio) costituisse la fossa dei serpenti sacra al culto di Asclepio, quegli stessi che ancor oggi, insieme alla verga del dio, costituiscono l'emblema della professione medica.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">4</span><i style="color: blue;"> - </i></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Un archeologo greco, il Cavvadias, già nel 1883 aveva dissotterrano delle stele contenenti elenchi di guarigioni miracolose. Inoltre, nella prima saletta del museo di Epidauro si trovano numerose iscrizioni col racconto di casi risolti favorevolmente. «Mentre egli dormiva -racconta quella di Enippo, che da sei anni aveva una punta di freccia conficcata in una guancia- il dio gliela estrasse». </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Di questa iscrizione, che a prima vista racconta un vero e proprio miracolo, esiste un'interpretazione più scientifica. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Molto semplice del resto: basta sostituire la parola 'dio' con quella 'sacerdoti'.</i></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">5</span><i style="color: blue;"> - </i></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Secondo Polibio gli Asclepiadi (nome che indica la casta dei medici che, detentori della diretta tradizione del dio, praticavano l'arte medica nei santuari a lui dedicati e si ritenevano tutti più meno direttamente discendenti dal dio stesso), traditi da alcuni iniziati che avevano co minciato a praticare la medicina per loro conto fuori dei templi, furono costretti ad aprire i loro santuari al popolo; ciò non appare verosimile, in quanto le scuole mediche non hanno origine dai templi e la medicina civile non ha che scarsi legami con l'importante capitolo della storia della medicina costituito dal culto di Asclepio.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red;">6</span><i style="color: blue;"> - Che ad Alessandria la medicina rimanesse in mani greche era cosa naturale; è invece notevole il fatto che tutti i grandi medici dell'Impero Romano furono greci e che la loro pratica e i loro precetti continuarono a prevalere durante il periodo medioevale, finché il Rinascimento non portò idee nuove e una scuola più illuminata.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">7</span><i style="color: blue;"> - </i></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Siamo nel VII secolo a.C.: Talete diventerà celebre per aver predetto l'eclissi di sole del 585 a.C., in Egitto era ià iniziato il Basso Impero, a Sais regnava l'ultima dinastia prima dell'invasione persiana.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">8</span><i style="color: blue;"> - </i></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Il sangue come principio di vita è un'immagine immediata, evidente, facilmente accettabile; più rara doveva essere l'osservazione della bile di cui gli scienziati di allora potevano veder le tracce solo nel vomito e nelle feci. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Cosa intendessero per fiegma è ignoto: questo umore bianco e freddo, la cui esistenza era dedotta dalla secrezione nasale e forse dalla saliva, dal sudore, aveva, come vedremo in Ippocrate, una origine e una funzione troppo fantasiosa per corrispondere a qualcosa di reale; chi ne postulò l'esistenza non aveva il minimo sospetto che vi fosse un sistema linfatico. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Va aggiunta una curiosità linguistica che complica il problema e della quale si era accorto Galeno: il significato di questa parola greca non corrisponde né alla derivazione né all'etimologia: deriva da phleghéin, «bruciare», e quindi dovrebbe significare acecensio, «infiammazione», mentre viene usata per indicare qualcosa di freddo. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Il concetto di flegma non nasce a Crotone, ma più di mille anni prima la parola egizia setet, che vi corrisponde, era stata scritta nel Papiro di Ebers.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">9</span><i style="color: blue;"> - </i></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>Si racconta che un giorno, passeggiando per le vie di Roma, Asclepiade incontrasse un funerale; i portatori, deposta la salma per terra, si riposavano, quando Asclepiade, passando vicino, notò segni di vita nel cadavere; convinse i parenti a rimandare il funerale e a trasportare il corpo nella casa di un vicino, dove, dopo qualche manipolazione - e con quale meraviglia degli astanti! - richiamò il morto in vita. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><i>La fama di questo fatto si sparse rapidamente per Roma e, come si può immaginare, procurò una quantità di clienti ad Asclepiade, peraltro già noto in precedenza per la sua arte.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://torremolfese.altervista.org/medicina/foto/05.JPG" height="506" style="text-align: start;" width="640" /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In quest'epoca la </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina greca</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si basava quindi essenzialmente sulla forte combinazione di tre pratiche fondamentali</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la terapia medica, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la terapia fisica, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la psicoterapia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questi luoghi, con la continua pratica dei malati e delle malattie, i sacerdoti cominciarono a delineare le prime basi concrete della patologia e della terapia; ma la legge del tempio continuava ad esigere che tutto si svolgesse nel segreto, e che le prescrizioni apparissero sempre dettate non dagli uomini ma dalle divinità.</span></div>
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://s1.wdstatic.com/images/it/ll/f/f6/Madeleine.jpg" height="400" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; text-align: center;" width="264" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia, con il passar del tempo le cure diventarono sempre meno magiche e sempre più razionali, e in quest'attività s'inserirono in modo sempre più massiccio </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medici empirici</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> "laici" che si andavano via via for mando nelle scuole annesse ai templi.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://www.storiadellamedicina.net/images/p190_1_00.jpg" height="443" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;" width="640" /></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.tanogabo.it/mitologia/greca/seconda/Esculapio,%20Musei%20Capitolini,%20Roma.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" width="329" /></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><img src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Grecia2.jpg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Queste speculazioni ed esperienze prenderanno poi corpo nel V secolo a.C. nella figura di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate di Cos</span></b> sempre più arricchite di nuove acquisizioni e sempre più depurate dalle influenze </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">magico-teurgiche, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">es</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">se evolveranno nella </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"quasi-scienza" </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dei post-ippocratici.</span></div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq7hRVi80_9g5pS7RdVH211c7GLsQTVIccLCPQ2iyx5jykoAMI0hHPMYrBglrpU1nWnODAZ7HEWOUTqGUiN8-xCFWFH7wEKFAp4Mk258NKZxzZ2jgC14oGiuNeGVX7rPetpEyQT_F1Fmo/s1600/Hipocrates+Galeno.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo la conquista romana, l'arte medica codificata dai Greci verrà </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"traghettata"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> a </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Roma</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> con l'arrivo dei primi medici dalla </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, culminando tre secoli dopo nell'opera di <b>Claudio Galeno di Pergamo</b>.</span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Galen_detail.jpg/220px-Galen_detail.jpg" height="640" width="512" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Galeno e Ippocrate in un dipinto del XII secolo (Cattedrale di Anagni).</span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Galenoghippokrates.jpg/220px-Galenoghippokrates.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un percorso millenario, svoltasi ininterrottamente nel tempo in un susseguirsi impetuoso e coinvolgente dì idee, esperienze, false verità, verifiche, intuizioni, scoperte, la cui eco si farà ancora sentire, con il </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">neo-ippo cratismo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, sino alle soglie del XX secolo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nelle prime fasi la </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina occidentale</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era una </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina teurgica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, in cui la malattia era considerata un cas tigo divino, concetto che si trova in moltissime opere greche, come l'</span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Iliade</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, e che ancora oggi è connaturato nell'uomo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il simbolo della medicina è il </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">serpente</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, animale sacro perché ritenuto, erroneamente, immune dalle malattie. Secondo un'altra versione nel simbolo non è rappresentato un serpente, ma l'estirpazione della </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Filaria</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> o </span><span style="background-color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ser</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">pente di Medina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<img height="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7cZLf0e15zU44SxM65cCVld8YThGH4evdd7F9886CiHv22826LrAQKWJVPCWPhYTMBPDsDBDCWlcXMnVqAZ2drMTuK0XsrZ79HqO5hFDAjDg6pO_sUkl9rAneiWX7zykSF3Gs3RPEztQ/s1600/-+immagine+dfcvwzx.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Comunque, il </span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">serpente</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> aveva un'importante funzione pratica nella </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina antica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: tanto che nel tempio di ogni città c'era una sorta di cunicolo con i serpenti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il tempio, infatti, non era solo un luogo di devozione, ma anche un luogo dove si portavano i malati: la </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fossa dei serpenti</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> serviva a spaventare il paziente a cui, probabilmente, venivano date anche delle pozioni per in durre uno stato di shock e fargli apparire il dio che cosi lo guariva.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Col passare del tempo la medicina si distanziò sempre più dalla religione sino ad arrivare alla <b><span style="color: red;">medicina razionale di Ippocrate</span></b>, che segnò il limite tra razionalità e magia.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.akisrx.com/antichita/medantica/greca.3.jpg" height="640" width="435" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le prime scuole si svilupparono in </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e nella </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Magna Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, cioè in <b><span style="color: purple;">Sicilia</span></b> e in <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Calabria</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra queste, fu importantissima la </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola pitagorica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">La Testa del Filosofo, parte di una statua bronzea custodita al </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Museo nazionale della Magna Grecia di Reggio</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"> è un probabile ritratto di Pitagora di Samo</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Reggio_calabria_testa_del_filosofo.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://cdn.timerime.com/cdn-4/upload/resized/40345/435104/resized_image2_cd379fb29ea188fffef0c459f2d816c6.jpg" height="325" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Pitagora</b></span>, fu grande matematico, che operava nell'</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">isola di Samo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, ma si spostò a </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Crotone</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <i>(Magna Grecia) </i>quando il tiranno <b>Policrate</b> prese il potere nella sua città.</span></div>
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<img src="http://areeweb.polito.it/didattica/polymath/htmlS/argoment/Matematicae/Ottobre_06/Img/image002.jpg" /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2qUZmd3G61oUfrY1G8hCdyuDty5DjEzCocCCiWnA97sA2V9U95uD1sbsavSRX09J-WH4kkAlS7kyeco_DyGHpR_WlNQtSRNXeoEGxtdVGBHMxLT4mmoWz7My6PI2c9F4mLgaP2MYKnfU/s1600/-+immagine+dfcvzx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2qUZmd3G61oUfrY1G8hCdyuDty5DjEzCocCCiWnA97sA2V9U95uD1sbsavSRX09J-WH4kkAlS7kyeco_DyGHpR_WlNQtSRNXeoEGxtdVGBHMxLT4mmoWz7My6PI2c9F4mLgaP2MYKnfU/s1600/-+immagine+dfcvzx.jpg" height="328" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"> Chi conosce il volto di Pitagora?</span></div>
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<img src="http://utenti.quipo.it/base5/pitagora/voltopit8.jpg" height="400" width="396" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli portò nella </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scienza naturale</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, ancora non definibile </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, la </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">teoria dei numeri</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: secondo <b><span style="color: blue;">Pitagora</span></b> al cuni numeri avevano significati precisi e fra questi, i più importanti erano il 4 e il 7; difatti il 7 ha sempre avuto un significato magico, per es. nella </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bibbia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> un numero infinito è indicato come 70 volte 7.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra l'altro il 7 moltiplicato per 4 dà 28, cioè il mese lunare della mestruazione, e 7 per 40 dà 280, cioè la durata in giorni della gravidanza.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E così, sempre per la connotazione magica del 7 si diceva che era meglio che il bambino nascesse al 7° me se piuttosto che all'8°.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche il periodo di quarantena, cioè i 40 gg. che servirebbero per evitare il contagio delle malattie, è deriva to dal concetto di sacralità del numero 40. Tuttavia la </span><span style="background-color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola pitagorica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> non si limitò a questo, ebbe importan ti allievi e in quel periodo nacquero delle scuole filosofiche molto importanti.</span></div>
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<img alt="Risultati immagini per Policrate" height="481" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQD0ApovjpyWBXxTzaVVJvIionoFvr3VGSooEHir9EqLSj08d-tPQ" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Talete</span></b> elaborò un'importante sistema secondo cui l'</span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">universo era costituito da 4 elementi fondamentali</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: aria, acqua, terra e fuoco. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questo periodo venne dato grande rilievo anche alle qualità, secco e umido, freddo e caldo, dolce e ama ro, etc...</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.orianapagliarone.it/immagini%20pitagora/pitagora.jpg" height="640" width="616" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;">Talete, circa 640 - 546 a. C. E' stato probabilmente uno dei maestri di Pitagora. Inizia con lui il processo di astrazione della matematica. </span></div>
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<img src="http://areeweb.polito.it/didattica/polymath/htmlS/argoment/APPUNTI/TESTI/Gen_02/IMG/fig4.jpg" height="400" width="328" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un grande allievo di <b><span style="color: blue;">Pitagora</span></b>, <b>Alcmeone di Crotone</b>, nel VI-VII secolo a.C. fu il primo ad avere l'idea che l'uomo fosse un microcosmo costituito dai 4 elementi individuati da <span style="color: magenta;"><b>Talete</b></span>. Secondo lui dall'equilibrio degli elementi, che chiamò </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">isonomia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> o </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">democrazia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, derivava lo stato di salute, mentre lo stato di malattia derivava dalla </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">monarchia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, ovvero: <i>dal prevalere di un elemento sugli altri.</i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"> Conosciuto come Alcmeone di Crotone, nacque nella suddetta città nel 560 a.C., è stato un medico e filosofo greco antico.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.ottoetrenta.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/alcmeon0.jpg" height="400" width="278" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Alcmeone</b> fu anche il primo ad individuare nel cervello l'organo più importante.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sino ad allora era stata data pochissima importanza al cervello, che era sempre sfuggito all'osservazione: <i>all'epoca greca il corpo era sacro e non si praticavano dissezioni, ma veniva visto negli animali sacrificati co me una massa gelatinosa e fredda di scarso interesse</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Alcmeone</b> stabilì che il cervello doveva essere l'organo che comandava l'organismo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pare che si fosse anche reso conto, fatto poi smentito da altri, che i nervi servissero per condurre gli impulsi nervosi, ma questa notizia non ha lasciato traccia nella storia della scienza di allora.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Va da se riconoscere che la vera e propria </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina razionale</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> è da attribuire ad <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> <i>(V sec. a.C.), </i>padre della medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> visse tra il 460 e il 370 A.C. nell'isola di </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Coo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> o </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cos</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, nel </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dodecanneso</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, dove si sviluppò la </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola razionale</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, cui vanno ascritti molti dei pensieri attribuiti ad <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b>, che visse nei 50 anni di pace </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">periclea</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, periodo in cui fiorì la filosofia. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Operò nell'</span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">area del Mediterraneo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e nei suoi viaggi toccò la Sicilia, l'Egitto, Alessandria, Cirene, Cipro.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La base della </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina razionale</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> è la negazione dell'intervento divino nelle malattie. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche la </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">famosa malattia sacra</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, l'<b>epilessia</b>, fu attribuita ad una disfunzione dell'organismo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La concezione di<b><span style="color: red;"> Ippocrate</span></b> si rifaceva a quella di <span style="color: magenta;"><b>Talete</b></span> ed in parte anche a quella di <b>Alcmeone di Crotone </b>quando affermava che l'uomo è il </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">microcosmo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed il corpo è formato dai </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">4 elementi fondamentali</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, nell'ordine aria, fuoco, terra ed acqua. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> e la sua scuola <i>(pare che addirittura si trattasse di suo genero Polibio),</i> agli elementi del corpo umano corrispondevano, in base a delle qualità comuni, degli </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">umori</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: all'<b><span style="color: purple;">aria</span></b>, che è dappertutto, corris pondeva il sangue; al <b><span style="color: #e69138;">fuoco</span></b>, caldo, corrispondeva la bile; alla <b>terra</b>, per il colore, corrispondeva un umore scuro in realtà inesistente, forse osservato nella pratica dell'auruspicina, durante il sacrificio degli animali. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Difatti, il sangue della milza, venoso, molto scuro fu forse ritenuto essere un altro umore, diverso dal sangue, e fu chiamato bile nera, atrabile in latino e o <span style="color: blue;"><b>melaina kole' </b></span>in greco; infine all'<b><span style="color: purple;">acqua</span></b> corrispondeva il muco, o pituita o flegma, comprendente tutte le secrezioni acquose del nostro corpo <i>(saliva, sudore, lacrime, etc. .),</i> localizzato principalmente nel cervello, che era umido e freddo come l'acqua.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Agli </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">umori</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> furono fatte corrispondere anche le </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">stagioni</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: la <b>prima stagione</b>, quella del sangue e dell'aria corrispondeva alla </span><span style="background-color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">primavera</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, l'</span><span style="background-color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">estate</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era quella del fuoco e della bile, l'</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">autunno</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era quella della terra e dell'atrabile e l'</span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">inverno</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era la stagione dell'acqua, della pituita e del cervello. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fu fatto anche un parallelismo con le <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">quattro età della vita</span></b>: infanzia e prima giovinezza, giovinezza matura, età virile avanzata ed, infine, età senile.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b>, rifacendosi a quello che aveva detto <b>Alcmeone di Crotone</b>, sosteneva che la malattia derivasse dallo squilibrio, senza parlare più di </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">democrazia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> o </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">monarchia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> per non offendere i tiranni, e che dove c'era equilibrio tra gli umori c'era la salute; le cure consistevano nel rimuovere l'umore in eccesso. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua teoria spiegava anche i vari temperamenti: un soggetto collerico aveva troppa bile, quello flemmatico troppo muco.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al centro della concezione di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> non c'era la malattia, che si spiegava in modo olistico, ma l'elemento più importante era l'<b><span style="color: blue;">uomo</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo fece la fortuna della </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola ippocratica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> nei confronti della </span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola rivale di Cnido</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, che invece era foca lizata sulla malattia con una concezione riduzionistica, simile a quella odierna. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Così ché la <b><span style="color: red;">scuola di Ippocrate</span></b> prevalse proprio perché si occupava dell'<b><span style="color: blue;">uomo</span></b>, mentre l'altra occupandosi delle malattie e non avendo gli elementi necessari per farlo: si estinse.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alla base delle concezioni di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> c'era una filosofia profonda e pratica e un notevole buonsenso. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I principi fondamentali erano di lasciar fare alla forza guaritrice della natura, di osservare attentamente il ma lato ed intervenire il meno possibile, di prestare attenzione all'alimentazione e alla salubrità dell'aria. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per eliminare lo squilibrio era necessario rimuovere la materia in eccesso, detta </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">materia peccans</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I mezzi a disposizione per l'eliminazione della </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">materia peccans</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> erano il <span style="color: magenta;"><b>capipurgio</b></span> <i>(= purga del capo),</i> che consisteva nell'indurre lo starnuto con droghe come il pepe, il clistere, oppure il salasso o sanguisugio. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quest'ultima pratica fu molto usata dai seguaci di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b>, soprattutto nell'epoca romana di <b><span style="color: #990000;">Galeno</span></b>, con conseguenze gravissime perché il levare il sangue ad un malato non era utile ed era spesso causa di morte. <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> comunque raccomandava di utilizzare questi mezzi con la massima parsimonia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I testi di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b>, o i presunti tali, furono commentati nelle università sino al 1700. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questi testi comprendono una serie di aforismi tra cui il famoso <b><span style="color: #38761d;">"La vita è breve, l'arte è lunga, l'occasione è fuggevole, l'esperienza è fallace, il giudizio è difficile"</span></b>, che sono alla base della sua filosofia ed invitano a pensare attentamente e ripetutamente prima di intervenire.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> creò, quindi, una </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina olistica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, basata sull'<b><span style="color: blue;">uomo</span></b> o <b>microcosmo</b>, predicando l'uso della tera pia disponibile con il massimo della parsimonia. Tra l'altro i rimedi erano pochi perché allora non esisteva la </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">farmacologia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ed un primo accenno all'</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">erboristica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> venne da un allievo di <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Aristotele</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #e06666;">Teofrasto</span></b>, circa un se colo dopo.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Aristotele</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">Teofrasto</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> è ricordato anche perché espresse i primi concetti di </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">etica medica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, arrivati sino ai giorni nostri, ed è infatti attribuito alla sua</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola il</span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">giuramento di Ippocrate</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, che codifica la figura del medico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">- "Giuro ad Apollo medico, Asclepio, Igea e Panacea, prendendo come testimone tutti gli dei e le dee, di tenere fede secondo il mio potere e il mio giudizio a questo impegno: giuro di onorare come onoro i miei genitori colui che mi ha insegnato l'arte della medicina </span><i style="background-color: yellow;">(concetto di allievo e maestro)</i><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> e di dividere con lui il mio sostentamento e di soddisfare i suoi bisogni, se egli ne avrà necessità;</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">· di considerare i suoi figli come fratelli, e se vogliono imparare quest'arte, di insegnarla a loro senza salario né contratto; · di comunicare i precetti generali, le nozioni orali e tutto il resto della dottrina ai miei figli, ai figli del mio maestro e ai discepoli ingaggiati ed impegnati con giuramento secondo la legge medica, ma a nes sun altro </span><i><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(concetto della casta)</span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></i></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">- Applicherò il regime dietetico a vantaggio dei malati secondo il mio potere e il mio giudizio, li difenderò con tro ogni cosa nociva ed ingiusta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">- Non darò </span></span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">chiunque me lo chieda, un farmaco omicida </span><i style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(rifiuto dell'eutanasia)</i><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> né prenderò iniziativa di simile suggerimento, né darò ad alcuna donna un pessario abortivo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con la castità e la santità salvaguarderò la mia vita e la mia professione. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non opererò gli affetti da calcoli e lascerò questa pratica a professionisti"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, <i>(è questo è un anatema contro la chirurgia, che trova la sua giustificazione nel fatto che la chirurgia allora aveva esiti disastrosi. </i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Non c'era nessuno stimolo a studiare l'anatomia, perché si pensava che le malattie fossero causate dallo squilibrio degli umori e gli organi non avessero nessuna importanza; quindi la chirurgia era un qualcosa di empirico, si incideva senza sapere cosa andava ad incidere, non c'erano i concetti della asepsi, della anes tesia. </i></span><i style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">La chirurgia fu considerata una pratica artigianale secondaria senza utilità, non una scienza, sino alla fine del 1700. </i></div>
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<i style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gli artigiani la praticavano di nascosto, tramandandosi tra loro i segreti. </i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: yellow;">I chirurghi e i medici indossavano anche un diverso abbigliamento: i </span><span style="background-color: lime;">medici</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, in quanto laureati e magistri to gati, potevano portare la toga a differenza dei </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">chirurghi</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, che invece erano persone indotte e non conosceva no il latino, che in </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">epoca medioevale</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">moderna</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> era ed è la lingua dei dotti </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">-nelle incisioni del '500, del '600 e anche del '700 si distinguono i </span><span style="background-color: lime;">medici</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"> con la toga lunga sino ai piedi dai </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">chirurghi</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"> con le gambe scoperte-</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">. Questo corollario fu benefico nell'immediato, ma portò alla pratica della chirurgia da parte di persone prive di ogni conoscenza teorica).</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"In qualunque casa io entri sarà per utilità dei malati, evitando ogni atto di volontaria corruzione e soprattut to di sedurre le donne, i ragazzi, liberi e schiavi.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le cose che nell'esercizio della mia professione o al di fuori di essa potrò vedere o dire sulla vita degli uomi ni e che non devono essere divulgate le tacerò, ritenendole come un segreto </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: yellow;">(concetto di segreto professio nale).</span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> </span></i></span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se tengo fede sino in fondo a questo giuramento e lo onoro, mi sia concesso godere dei frutti della vi ta e di quest'arte, onorato per sempre da tutti gli uomini e se lo violo e lo spergiuro che mi accada tutto il con trario".</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Va da se che anche se in </span><span style="background-color: #d0e0e3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> il corpo era tabù, l'enorme sviluppo delle </span><span style="background-color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">arti figurative</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, soprattutto della scultura, presuppone delle conoscenze anatomiche tali da far ritenere che in </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> venisse praticata la dis sezione. <b>Di certo si sa comunque che la dissezione venne praticata poco dopo gli ippocratici</b> e trovò la massima espressione nella </span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola alessandrina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Il più grande scienziato e biologo dell'antichità fu </span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Aristotele</span></b> <i style="background-color: yellow;">(384/3 A.C.-322/1 A.C.),</i><span style="background-color: yellow;"> che contribuì enorme mente non tanto alla medicina in sé, quanto alla scienza naturale, ed a lui si deve la prima classificazione degli animali </span><i style="background-color: #ffe599;">(al suo allievo Teofrasto quella delle piante).</i><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Purtroppo alcuni passi di </span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Aristotele</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow;">, forse interpretati male, portarono ad un errore che ebbe gravi consegue nze sull'evoluzione della scienza: pare che egli sostenesse che certi animali inferiori gli </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">insetti</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><i style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(il cui nome deriva dalla evidente segmentazione del corpo nelle sue componenti)</i><span style="background-color: yellow;"> originassero dalla materia in decom posizione per generazione spontanea e che quindi non fosse possibile limitarne la crescita. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo concetto iniziò ad essere attaccato alla fine del '600.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Aristotele</span></b> elaborò un sistema fisiologico incentrato sul cuore, in cui, secondo lui, ardeva una fiamma vitale mantenuta da uno spirito, detto pneuma o spirito vitale, che dava calore. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il polmone e il cervello avevano soprattutto una funzione di raffreddamento. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il cuore era l'organo più importante perché quando il cuore si ferma l'uomo muore. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Inoltre <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Aristotele</span></b> nei suoi studi di embriologia notò che il cuore comincia a battere nelle fasi iniziali dello svi luppo dell'organismo: <b><span style="color: blue;">primum oriens</span></b>, <b><span style="color: magenta;">ultimum moriens</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella sua teoria il calore era la cosa più importante e dava la vita. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli sosteneva che l'<b>uomo</b>, avendo molto calore, riusciva ad utilizzare tutte le risorse del suo organismo e a produrre lo </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sperma</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b>donna</b>, invece; non aveva abbastanza calore, per cui parte del sangue era eliminata come sangue mes truale. Lo </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sperma</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> col calore agiva sul mestruo, producendo l'</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">embrione</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La riprova, secondo <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Aristotele</span></b>, della validità della sua teoria era che questo calore derivato dallo </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sperma</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, nel periodo del puerperio, faceva sì che la <b>donna</b> producesse il latte: nella maggior parte dei casi non si pre sentava la mestruazione proprio perché questo sangue in abbondanza veniva trasformato in latte grazie al calore. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Aristotele</span></b> fu anche maestro di <b><span style="color: purple;">Alessandro Magno</span></b>, che portò al massimo la fioritura della </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cultura ellenica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, che si espanse in tutto il </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mediterraneo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma la massima espansione portò successivamente al crollo.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.akisrx.com/antichita/medantica/greca.4.jpg" height="640" width="544" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.morasta.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ippocrate.jpg" height="454" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Aristotele insegna ad Alessandro</span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alexander_and_Aristotle.jpg/800px-Alexander_and_Aristotle.jpg" /></div>
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<b style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.033332824707px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: magenta;">La Terra secondo le descrizioni di Omero</span></span></b></div>
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<img src="http://divulgazione.uai.it/images/Ilcielodeinavigatori_OMERO.GIF" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; color: lime;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">La Terra secondo un ignoto cartografo babilonese del VII secolo a.C. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: magenta; color: lime;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">I due cerchi rappresentano le </span></b></span><b style="background-color: magenta; color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">sponde del fiume Oceano. </span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: magenta; color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">I piccoli cerchi all'interno indicano regni confinanti.</span></b></div>
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<img src="http://divulgazione.uai.it/images/Ilcielodeinavigatori_BABILON.GIF" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Omero</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhVIu80SIMYpb0MzG8u5fEOVo7xdFF-6k5wFtbpWveIFR5Ks3uADRRhDVufvWfQuUcJ5wDrYhRQEoWIWd8KRpHZfnFogqPrX7grzI8lcUMfoq9zvdod08Efwk6UrOugAMUM2E5S0im0VTihyphenhyphenw=" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://www.miti3000.it/mito/image/Omero.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">antichissima </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tradizione</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Omero</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> è stato il più </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">illustre poeta epico in lingua greca</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, il <b>primo</b> di cui ci siano pervenute le opere e uno dei maggiori di ogni età. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Insieme ai due grandi poemi </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Iliade</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Odissea</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, una più tarda tradizione greca gli attribuiva molte altre opere: gli Inni omerici, la Batracomiomachia, ecc. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le vicende della sua vita erano scarsamente note anche agli antichi e leggendarie. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le biografie tramandateci sono tarde, fabulose e contraddittorie. </span><br />
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_UD5sYwFsOXwhTYZwfQgEYKKBKqZF5IuVkd6mvSutkDzEg3CGisRM2omU1KhYJc6hqI4kTOAU-391yGRsARmBvmPVsIrHhAlEWLgPI7u3ndsrnUyaxgvsn3IOhUmmlwjSni59yDU9Xw/s640/Medicina+terapia.jpg" height="279" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sebbene gli scrittori più antichi, fra essi <b><span style="color: red;">Pindaro</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Semonide di Amorgo</span></b>, concordemente lo dicano </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">jonico</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e nato in </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Chio</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> o a </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Smirne</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, più tardi, come ci informa un noto distico dell'</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Antologia Palaina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, molte città si conte sero l'onore di avergli dato i natali: Smirne, Chio, Colofone, Itaca, Pilo, Argo, Atene; secondo una variante, invece di Itaca, Cyme. </span><br />
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pindar_statue.jpg/200px-Pindar_statue.jpg" height="640" width="433" /><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Statua attribuita a Semonide </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Museo del Louvre)</span><br />
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Pitagora_da_Reggio_-_Louvre_-_Statua_di_un_suonatore_di_lira2.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La tradizione lo dice </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cieco</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La moderna indagine critica ci porta a ritenere che egli fu verosimilmente dell'</span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Asia Minore</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, di </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Smirne</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> o dell'</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">isola di Chio</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che le è davanti, che fu un poeta di Corte e che probabilmente visse per qual che tempo alla Corte di un Eneade e che l'attività poetica si svolse fra la seconda metà del sec. VIII e gli inizi del VII. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Statua di Omero</span><br />
<img src="http://www.miti3000.it/mito/musei/img/napoli/omero.jpg" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A queste conclusioni, sia pure scarne, si è giunti oggi dopo tutti i travagli della cosiddetta </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">«questio ne omeri ca»</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, della lunga disputa cioè, non ancora conclusa, sulla </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">personalità storica di Omero</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e su gli autori o l'auto re e il modo di redazione dell'</span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Iliade</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e dell'</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Odissea</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua grande abilità narrativa si avvale di strumenti quali una </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">lingua ionica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ricca di lessico e duttile di forme e il verso esametro che fluidamente si adatta ai diversi stati d'animo descritti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di grande fantasia che spazia dal mare alla terra, dall'</span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Olimpo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> all'</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oltretomba</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, modella paesaggi e personaggi che vivono le più diverse avventure guerresche, politiche, idilliche; sensibile al mondo del la natura e a tutte le sue creature animate e inanimate, alla sorte e alle vicende della vita che viene colta nei suoi aspetti più vari e reconditi. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Suggestiva è la naturalezza con cui il divino si mescola all'umano e al fantastico. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grande fu il successo di questo poeta fin dal VII sec. a.C., considerato maestro e creatore di ogni forma di poesia; forte e prepotente l'influsso che esercitò su lirici e tragediografi, su filosofi e pedagogisti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Studiato e commentato in tutte le epoche letterarie; tradotto in tutte le lingue e in tutti i tempi, è entrato nel vi vo della cultura moderna europea.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"> Geografia e Storia della Medicina Antica</span></span></div>
<img alt="Geografia e Storia della Medicina Antica" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Storia-Medicina.png" height="426" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.9500007629395px;">É</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> importante ricordare che molti </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">medici di formazione empirista</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> si sono spostati dalla </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Ionia</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> <i>(oggi Turchia) </i>al l’</span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Italia</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> <i>(Magna Grecia)</i> per paura di una invasione persiana e hanno fondato o si sono uniti alla </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Scuola di Agrigento</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> o alla </span><span style="background-color: #93c47d;">Scuola di Crotone</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non ci dobbiamo stupire quindi se la maggior parte dei medici di queste scuole continuarono la tradizione </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">empirista di origine Ionica,</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> mentre altri si unirono più tardi alla nuova squadra: all’astro nascente della </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medi cina indiziaria ippocratica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per esempio la prestigiosa </span><span style="background-color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Scuola di Crotone</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> attraversò una <b>prima fase</b> empirista caratterizzata dalla ricer ca di una </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Teoria Unificata dell’Universo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e una <b><span style="color: magenta;">seconda fase</span></b> in cui aderì alla T</span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">eoria dei 4 Elementi della Scuola Empirista di Agrigento</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia nella fase più tardiva, soprattutto a partire dal grande <b><span style="color: blue;">Alcmeone di Crotone</span></b>, assunse posizioni mol to più vicine al </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">metodo indiziario della Medicina Ippocratica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e oggi della più <span style="color: red;"><b>Moderna Medicina</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Alcmeone di Crotone </span></div>
<img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSmp7lCCcWsxfppkdP4EGBD891Gt66FSjvUVOLTSVueXs3Fmw1m7A" style="background-color: white; font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold;" width="523" /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">La nascita della Medicina Ippocratica </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">come esempio di metodo indiziario</span></span></div>
<img src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/medicina-indiziaria.png" height="433" width="640" /><br />
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<table id="t5" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><thead>
<tr style="background-color: whitesmoke;"><th class="t5" id="n1" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: lime;">Tradizione Empirista</span></th><th class="t5" id="n2" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: cyan;">Medici</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr class="table-alternate row1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 304px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Scuola di Cnido</span></strong></span><br />
Teorie Unificate dell’Universo</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 303px;">Callifonte<br />
Eudosso<br />
Eurifonte<br />
Erodico di Cnido</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 304px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: #e06666;">Scuola di Cirene</span></strong></span><br />
Teorie Unificate dell’Universo</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 303px;">Non si sa quasi nulla</td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row3" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 304px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Scuola di Agrigento</span></strong></span><br />
Teoria dei 4 elementi</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 303px;">Empedocle di Agrigento<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row4" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 304px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: purple;">Scuola di Crotone</span></strong></span><br />
Medici di impostazione metodologica diversa:<br />
- Teorie Unificate dell’Universo<br />
- Teoria dei 4 elementi di Empedocle<br />
<i style="background-color: yellow;">- Nota bene:</i> Alcmeone di Crotone e altri medici di questa<br />
scuola appartengono alla tradizione indiziaria</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 303px;">Democede <span style="background-color: orange;">(Medico Empirico)</span><br />
Acrone<br />
Ippone <span style="background-color: lime;">(Teoria 4 Elementi della scuola di Agrigento)</span><br />
Filistione <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(Teoria 4 Elementi)</span></td></tr>
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<table id="t7" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><thead>
<tr style="background-color: whitesmoke;"><th class="t7" id="n1" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: yellow;"> </span><span style="color: blue;"> Tradizione Indiziaria</span></th><th class="t7" id="n2" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: magenta;"> Medicina Ippocratica</span></th></tr>
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<tr class="table-alternate row1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 304px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: purple;">Scuola di Crotone</span></strong></span><br />
La maggior parte dei medici nelle fasi precedenti<br />
della scuola era legata alla tradizione empirista</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 303px;">Alcmeone</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 304px;"><span style="color: maroon; font-size: 14px;"><strong>Scuola di Atene</strong></span><br />
Non è un medico, ma un filosofo molto vicino ai medici della tradizione ippocratica nell’Atene di Pericle</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 303px;">Anassagora</td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row3" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 304px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">Scuola di Cos – Scuola Ippocratica</span></strong></span><br />
Molti medici ippocratici si spostarono ad Atene ai tempi<br />
di Pericle ed entrarono in contatto con Anassagora, Socrate e Platone</td><td id="n2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 303px;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Erodico di Cnido<br />Eurifonte<br />Diogene di Apollonia<br />Ippocrate<br />Polibo </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(genero di Ippocrate)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"> Empedocle di Agrigento Alcmeone di Crotone</span> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 29.7000007629395px; line-height: 37.7999992370606px;">
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.1111116409302px; line-height: 17.981481552124px;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/empedocle-300x298.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #6699cc; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Empedocle di Agrigento" border="0" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/empedocle-300x298.png" height="196" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.2em; position: relative;" width="200" /></a><a href="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/alcmeone-300x300.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #6699cc; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Alcmeone di Crotone" border="0" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/alcmeone-300x300.png" height="200" style="border: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 18px; position: relative;" width="200" /></a></div>
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<div>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell’</span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Atene di Pericle</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, <b>Anassagora</b> entrò in intimo contatto con i </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medici della Scuola Ippocratica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, come <b><span style="color: blue;">Erodi co di Cnico</span></b>, <b><span style="color: magenta;">Eurifonte</span></b> e lo stesso giovane <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> <i>(la vera rock star della medicina),</i> e tra gli uditori delle sue lezioni c’erano personaggi come <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Socrate</span></b> e lo stesso <b><span style="color: purple;">Tucidite</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Louis Agostine Belle: Pericle e Anassagora </span></div>
</div>
<img alt="Louis Agostine Belle: Pericle e Anassagora" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/anassagora.jpg" height="486" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center;" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;"> Pericle </span></div>
<div>
<img alt="Busto di Pericle riportante l'iscrizione "Pericle, figlio di Santippo, ateniese". Marmo, copia romana di un originale greco del 430 a.C. circa." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269.jpg/640px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;"> Anassagora</span></div>
<div>
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Anaxagoras.png" /><img src="http://www.globalhealth.it/sn/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/anassagora-2.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> ERODICO di Leontini o ERODICO di Cnido</span></div>
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<img src="http://ilmedicodifamiglia.altervista.org/alterpages/medium/leontinoi_tetradracma_480_ac._ca_testa.......jpg" height="640" width="625" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> EURIFONTE di Cnido</span></div>
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<img src="http://ilmedicodifamiglia.altervista.org/alterpages/medium/knidos-coin-aphrodite.jpg" height="400" width="397" /></div>
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<div style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: magenta;"> Biblioteca della Scuola Ippocratica</span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">Complessità irriducibile dei sistemi viventi</span></div>
</div>
<img alt="Complessità irriducibile dei sistemi viventi" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/300-x-240.png" height="512" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;" width="640" /><br />
<div>
<table id="t6" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><thead>
<tr style="background-color: whitesmoke;"><th class="t6" id="n1" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: lime;">Tradizione Empirista</span></th><th class="t6" id="n2" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #eeeeee; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"></th><th class="t6" id="n3" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;">Tradizione Indiziaria</span></th><th class="t6" id="n4" scope="col" style="background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0% 0%, 0% 100%, from(rgb(102, 0, 0)), to(rgb(143, 0, 0))); border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(255, 255, 255) rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #eeeeee; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr class="table-alternate row1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Venti</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Probabilmente è l’obiettivo polemico di Antica Medicina<br />
Empirismo dogmatico<br />
Empirismo logico<br />
Tentazione logico-filosofica</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Antica Medicina</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Opera fondamentale<br />
Manifesto metodologico e teorico della Medicina Ippocratica e della Medicina Moderna<br />
Werner Jaeger e Gadamer ritengono sia l’opera a cui fa riferimento Platone nel Fedro (270 c-d) e sia l’opera guida per capire il metodo ippocratico</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Affezioni interne</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Scuola di Cnido</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Arie acque luoghi</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Esempio paradigmatico del metodo indiziario in azione<br />
Emerge l’enorme potenzialità della medicina nell’orientare le scelte politiche e individuali</td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row3" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Regime<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
Sentenze Cnidie<br />
Bersaglio polemico del Regime delle malattie acute</div>
</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Non confondere con il “Regime delle malattie acute” della tradizione indiziaria<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
Separabilità dei principi attivi<br />
Elementi essenziali<br />
Ingredienti attivi isolabili<br />
Elementi o umori separabili</div>
</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Regime delle malattie acute</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Non confondere con il “Regime” della tradizione empirista<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
Non separabilità dei principi attivi<br />
Alimenti e medicinali naturali<br />
Processi patogenetici complessi</div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row4" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Malattie II</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Scuola di Cnido<br />
Metodo analogico<br />
Somiglianze / differenze<br />
Generico principio di non contraddizione<br />
Empirismo dogmatico<br />
Empirismo logico</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Il male sacro</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Manifesto metodologico e teorico della medicina laica<br />
Contiene aspetti del pensiero di Diogene di Apollonia</td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row5" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Malattie IV</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Scuola di Cnido<br />
Tentativi di spiegazione basati su analogie meccaniche o formali<br />
Precursore della Teoria delle Simpatie all’epoca di Paracelso</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Natura dell’Uomo</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Aristotele la cita come opera di Polibo genero di Ippocrate<br />
<strong><span style="color: red;">Teoria dei 4 umori </span></strong>nell’interpretazione non ontologica e non logico-ontologica della scuola ippocratica<br />
Descrive i paradossi e le diagnosi errate a cui porta l’empirismo e una concezione ontologica delle manifestazioni cliniche e delle malattie</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row6" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;"><strong><span style="color: magenta;">Trattati ginecologici</span></strong><br />
- Natura delle donne<br />
- Malattie delle donne</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Scuola di Cnido<br />
Empirismo con terapie improvvisate: prova a dare…</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Prognostico</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"></td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row7" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Malattie del bambino</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Scuola di Cnido<br />
Tentativi di spiegazione basati su analogie meccaniche o formali<br />
Precursore della Teoria delle Simpatie all’epoca di Paracelso</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Epidemie<br />
- Libro I<br />
- Libro III<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
- Libro II<br />
- Libro IV<br />
- Libro VI</div>
</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"></td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row8" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Arte</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Atteggiamento sofistico<br />
La medicina non è una vera scienza<br />
La realtà è ciò che diciamo della realtà<br />
Ermeneutica e metodica universale di Gadamer<br />
Spettacolare sopravvalutazione del linguaggio, pensiero e dialogo<br />
Concezione ontologica del linguaggio (verbum)</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Aforismi<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
Prorretico<br />
Prenozioni Coe</div>
</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"></td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row9" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;"></td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"></td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Luoghi nell’uomo</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Non esistono principi attivi separabili e elementari (molecole, geni, componenti elementari, principi attivi) tutto è integrato e complesso<br />
Sistemi viventi integrati e complessi<br />
Influenza teorica di Anassagora</td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row10" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;">Legge</td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Decadenza<br />
Ambiente stoico<br />
Vuota retorica filosofica</td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Giuramento di Ippocrate</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Rigore etico<br />
Scienza nell’interesse pubblico<br />
Bene comune<br />
Conflitti di interessi</td></tr>
<tr class="table-alternate row11" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;"></td><td id="n2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"></td><td id="n3" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;">Altre opere<br />
- Donne sterili<br />
- Acque (uso dei liquidi)<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
…</div>
</td><td id="n4" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"></td></tr>
<tr class="table-noalt row12" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat;"><td class="start" id="n1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;"></td><td id="n2" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"></td><td id="n3" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0px 1px 1px; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2; padding: 5px; vertical-align: top; width: 146px;"><strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">Trattati chirurgici e ortopedici</span></strong><br />
- Articolazioni<br />
- Fratture<br />
- Ulcere<br />
- Ferite e armi<br />
- Ferite della testa<br />
- Ferite pericolose<br />
- Strumenti di riduzione</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<div>
<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La compilazione della tabella si basa sulle seguenti ipotesi:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* I Testi del Corpus Ippocratico non furono scritti da Ippocrate ma sono i documenti della biblioteca della Scuola Ippocratica</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Si tratta di circa 70 opere</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* I molteplici tentativi di identificare i testi veramente scritti da Ippocrate sono falliti</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Il nostro obiettivo è identificare i testi che contribuiscono al metodo indiziario, non identificare gli </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">autori o l’epoca esatta della stesura</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Orientativamente la stesura è avvenuta tra il 440 e il 400 a. C</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Ippocrate nacque a Cos verso il 460</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Forse figlio del medico Eracide</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Studiò medicina sotto la guida del padre e di Erodico di Cnido</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Compì numerosi viaggi</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Tenne ad Atene corsi accademici di medicina</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Ebbe figli che studiarono medicina (Dracone, Tessalo)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Anche suo genero era un medico (Polibo)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Visse molto a lungo (circa 90 anni) (sapeva come dobbiamo vivere!)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Probabilmente morì in Tessaglia verso il 370 a.C</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Ippocrate fu molto famoso e conosciuto mentre era in vita, ma diventò un mito soltanto dopo la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">morte</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* Molte generazioni di medici ed epoche storiche riscoprirono la Medicina Ippocratica lungo tutta la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">storia della Medicina</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* La Medicina Moderna è solo l’ultima riscoperta del grande metodo indiziario che ha attraversato </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tutta la storia del pensiero medico.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">Ippocrate</span></span></div>
</div>
<img alt="Ippocrate" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Hippocrates_rubens-214x300.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;" width="456" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ai tempi di <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate</span></b> non c’era un tempio o culti sacerdotali, ma nella sua </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola laica di medicina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che fiorì a partire dal V secolo a.C., senza dubbio c’era, e c’è ancora un grande platano e, la leggenda narra che i </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medici della scuola di <b>Ippocrate</b></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si riunivano all’ombra della pianta a discutere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;">Albero di Ippocrate</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<img alt="Albero di Ippocrate" src="http://www.globalhealth.it/bepperocca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Albero-di-Ippocrate-300x224.jpg" height="475" style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: start;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> IPPOCRATE</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1) <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate di Coo</span></b> o di <b><span style="color: red;">Chio</span></b>, fu il più grande medico dell'antichità, <b>detto il padre della medicina</b> <i>(460-370 a. C.).</i> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Egli per primo distinse la </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">medicina</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> dalla </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">tradizione sacerdotale</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e la fondò sulla </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">ricerca scientifica</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e sul la </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">osservazione</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I suoi numerosi scritti e quelli degli alunni furono raccolti nel <b><span style="color: blue;">Corpus hippocraticum</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">che fu il trattato più diffu so nell'</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">antichità</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e nel </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Medioevo</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I suoi Aforismi in particolare furono considerati come dogmi fino al sec. XVIII. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">giuramento ippocratico</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> è una formula di giuramento che i suoi discepoli e poi tutti i medici fino al secolo scorso pronunciavano al momento della laurea, promettendo di esercitare la professione con assoluta mora lità, di difendere il segreto professionale, ecc. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con esso si apre il <b><span style="color: blue;">Corpus hippocraticum</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2) <b><span style="color: red;">Ippocrate di Chio</span></b>, matematico e filosofo greco del V sec. a.C., si occupò prevalentemente di </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">geometria</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e compose un'opera perduta dal titolo </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"Elementi"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che lo fa considerare precursore di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Euclide</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’approccio empirico è il punto di partenza per l’evoluzione della medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Tuttavia, nelle prime fasi persistono residui della concezione magico-demoniaca e di quella teistica; i primi grandi medici sono divinizzati. </span> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">Euclide</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
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<img src="http://digilander.libero.it/domodosso/euclide.jpg" height="640" width="540" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">La Grecia di Omero</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.tanogabo.it/mitologia/greca/seconda/Grecia_Omero2.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: lime; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;">LA MEDICINA OMERICA</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: cyan;">La dialettica - malattia/guarigione agli albori della civiltà occidentale -.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E’ in </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Magna Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> che nasce la medicina: con <b><span style="color: blue;">Alcmeone di crotone</span></b>.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.duesicilie.info/images/ALCMEONE.jpg" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo la caduta di </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Troia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si verifica un fatto eccezionale che capovolgerà in </span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e nel mondo intero il con cetto teurgico-sacrale di medicina, aprendo la via ad una nuova mentalità tutta proiettata all'interpretazione razionale dei fenomeni naturali e della stessa natura umana.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo evento, battezzato </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"filosofia della Natura"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> ha inizio quando l'<b>Uomo</b> prende coscienza del proprio dirit to di pensare, di interpretare, di giudicare, divenendo </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"misura di tutte le cose"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b>Uomo</b> non vuol più subire passivamente i dogmi della conoscenza imposti dalla tradizione e dalla religio ne, e comincia a chiedersi </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"il perché delle cose"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e dei </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"fenomeni naturali"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nasce il filosofo, nel senso etimologico di chi ama il sapere, il quale è al tempo stesso matematico e biologo, fisico e musico, astronomo e medico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">E il primo problema dei filosofi che vissero tra il VII e il VI secolo a. C. </span><i style="background-color: lime;">("presocratici")</i><i style="background-color: yellow;"> </i><span style="background-color: yellow;">fu quello di spiegare il mistero dell'essenza della materia, dapprima cosmica e poi umana.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'idea che tutte le cose riconoscessero un'<b><span style="color: red;">archè</span></b>, un principio unico, si forma nella cosiddetta </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Scuola jonica </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">a Mileto</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><i style="background-color: yellow;">(VII secolo)</i><span style="background-color: yellow;">. </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' l'idea di un'entità unica capace di trasformarsi in varie forme sensibili, di un primo principio dal quale si forma ogni cosa, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-weight: bold;">un principio unico</span>,<b> <span style="color: #38761d;">fondamentale e incorruttibile</span></b>, un qualcosa che ri manesse identico nell'</span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">eterno mutare della materia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e che spiegasse la natura di tutti i fenomeni naturali allora conosciuti. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ne consegue che la materia stessa è già dotata di una vitalità intrinseca.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rappresentanti di questa scuola sono <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Talete</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b> e <b>Anassìmene</b>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">per il <b><span style="color: magenta;">primo</span></b> il principio naturale che produce e fa sviluppare ogni cosa è rappresentato dall'acqua;</span><span style="background-color: white;"> per <i><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Talete</span></b></i></span></span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">, il quale gode degli onori di essere considerato il primo filosofo occidentale,<b> </b>questo</i><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i> </i>arché</b><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: bold;"> </i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">è </i><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">l'</i><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">acqua</b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Tutto è composto d'acqua, le molteplici forme della materia </i>fuoco, terra, aria, e la stessa acqua, <i>ad esempio sono composte di acqua. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Tuttavia quest'acqua non è da intendersi come il solo e semplice elemento che genera e compone il mare, i fiumi e la pioggia, l'acqua di </i><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Talete</span></b><i> è un principio superiore ai semplici elementi sensibili: l'acqua di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Talete</span></b> è appunto il principio, l'</i><b>arché</b>, <i>la forza sempre identica a se stessa che genera la molteplicità delle sostanze e lo stesso continuo mutare di tali sostanze</i> (il divenire).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Probabilmente</i> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Talete</span></b> <i>ricava l'indicazione dell'acqua come </i><b>arché</b> <i>dall'osservazione diretta della</i> <i style="background-color: lime;">physis</i> (la natura materiale), <i>dove tutto ciò che è vivo sembra abbisognare d'acqua per generarsi o semplicemente per continuare a vivere: il nutrimento dei viventi è umido, i semi che generano le piante sono umidi</i> (come anche gli ovuli degli animali o il liquido amniotico dei mammiferi), <i>l'acqua poi assume diversi stati, quello liquido, quello gassoso e quello solido. L'acqua è inoltre presente nei miti già come entità generatrice</i> (ad esempio, <i><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Oceano</span></b></i> dal quale tutto si genera, citato da <b><span style="color: magenta;">Omero</span></b>).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per il <b><span style="color: magenta;">secondo</span></b> è invece un'entità indefinibile, l'<b><span style="color: #990000;">apéiron</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b>,<i> forse discepolo di </i><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Talete</span></b>,<i> riflette sempre sulla medesima tematica, ovvero la ricerca dell'</i><b>ar ché</b>, <i>ed amplia di molto l'orizzonte e la complessità della risposta: per </i><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b> <i>l</i>'<b>archè</b> <i>è l'</i><b><span style="color: #990000;">àpeiron</span></b> (l'io che non ha forma, l'indefinito, il non particolare).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Se </i><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Talete</span></b> <i>individua il principio che genera le diversità in qualcosa che comunque è definito </i>(l'acqua di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Tale te</span></b> è un per sempre una qualcosa di definito e preciso). <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b><i> replica affermando che il principio e la forza che genera il molteplice e le diversità tra le cose non può essere qualcosa di definito, ma in realtà è il</i> <span style="background-color: cyan;">"tutto indefinito"</span>, <i>il </i><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">"tutto molteplice"</span>, <i>ovvero il</i> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">"rodo primordiale"</span> <i>in cui tutti gli elementi esistenti non hanno ancora trovato la loro forma: appunto, l'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Nell'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b> <i>il <span style="background-color: yellow;">tutto</span> esistente si trova in una situazione eterna, nell'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b> <i>ogni cosa si trova nella condizio ne della coincidenza degli opposti: ovvero, il <span style="background-color: yellow;">tutto</span> racchiude in se anche le cose contrarie tra loro, come, ad esempio, il giorno e la notte. Mentre nel mondo sensibile il giorno, subentrando alla notte, dissolve e distrug ge la notte stessa, e così, in un eterno gioco di distruzioni conseguenti, la notte subentrando al giorno dissol ve il giorno, l'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b> <i>è la dimensione eterna entro la quale tutti i contrari sono custoditi in attesa di essere richiamati nel mondo degli uomini, soggetti alla legge del tempo</i> (solo dove c'è tempo c'è mutamento, e quin di diversità e molteplicità). <i>Ecco come l'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b> <i>è il principio di tutte le cose, secondo </i><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Da notare che per </i><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b>, <i>l'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b> <i>non genera le cose casualmente, egli parla infatti di governo dell'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b>, <i>esso non è un qualcosa di cieco e insensibile, ma conoscente e vivo, intenzionale.</i></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/AnaximanderRelief.jpg/800px-AnaximanderRelief.jpg" height="640" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mentre per il <b><span style="color: magenta;">terzo</span></b> esso è l'aria, con il qual termine egli indica i vapori, i venti e le nuvole. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Tuttavia,</i> <b><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b> <i>lascia in sospeso </i>(necessariamente) <i>la domanda attorno alla vera natura dell'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpei ron</span></b>: <i>che cos'è che permette all'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b> <i>di generare e mettere in moto le diversità del molteplice? </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Per </i><b><span style="color: red;">Anassimene</span></b>, <i>amico di </i><b><span style="color: #e69138;">Anassimandro</span></b>, <i>ciò che permette all'</i><b><span style="color: blue;">àpeiron</span></b> <i>di mettere in moto la diversità è la </i></span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"condensazione e la rarefazione dell'aria"</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>L'aria è quella sostanza infinita che costituisce tutte le cose. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Le sostanze differiscono tra loro per il diverso grado di condensazione dell'aria: l'aria, attenuandosi, diventa va fuoco, condensandosi, diventava vento, nuvola, acqua, terra e così via, verso una<span style="background-color: white;"> </span></i><span style="background-color: cyan;">"durezza"</span> <i>sempre mag giore. Il mondo, secondo</i> <b><span style="color: red;">Anassimene</span></b>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">"è come un animale gigantesco che respira e il respiro è la sua vita e la sua anima"</span>. <i>L'aria appare come elemento incorporeo, priva di materia, l'aria, per</i> <b><span style="color: red;">Anassimene</span></b>, <i>è</i> <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">"il respiro del mondo"</span>, <i>ciò che muove le cose senza essere nessuna cosa.</i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIft3vmQp6fG_y5p0DL3zFAzFuQMus4ILGLsDzfdPZtL5uZuEKlW4YDVwPptFdgOLcdAf3CFztvLbYnhyphenhyphen-fhpqiBAlNsrP5_rIeC6btxjT8ZcjhD4RKYUTjR_w7Xn0-zKImOakpcP2j3A/s1600/-+immagine+bhrt+Anassimene.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIft3vmQp6fG_y5p0DL3zFAzFuQMus4ILGLsDzfdPZtL5uZuEKlW4YDVwPptFdgOLcdAf3CFztvLbYnhyphenhyphen-fhpqiBAlNsrP5_rIeC6btxjT8ZcjhD4RKYUTjR_w7Xn0-zKImOakpcP2j3A/s1600/-+immagine+bhrt+Anassimene.jpg" height="640" width="600" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La maggiore o la minore condensazione di questo elemento produce le altre forme, cioè l'<span style="color: blue;"><b>acqua</b></span> e la <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">terra</span></b>, cui <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Eraclito di Efeso </span></b></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">aggiungerà il </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>fuoco</b></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Siamo a questo punto verso la metà del VI secolo a.C., e fa la sua comparsa sulla scena un personaggio fittamente avvolto dalla leggenda e dall'apoteosi: <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Pitagora di Samo</span></b>, un profeta e un mistico nonché profon do cultore di matematica e di astronomia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli sostiene che le vere entità che compongono la materia sono i numeri, intesi come quantità separate: tante quantità minori fanno la quantità maggiore e più complessa, che è appunto la materia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il numero è però anche ordine, armonia e ritmo, proprio come la musica; è quindi l'armonia che regge e governa la composizione della materia, e quindi del Creato, compreso l'<b>Uomo</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Pitagora</span></b> l'armonia non è però qualcosa di statico, ma si trova continuamente in equilibrio instabile, e risulta dall'antagonismo bilanciato di forze opposte che sono insite nelle cose. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' questa la legge della</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"enanziosi"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, cioè dell'antagonismo interno.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E dall'<b><span style="color: magenta;">Universo</span></b> all'<b>Uomo</b> il passo sarà breve: l'<b>Uomo</b> viene inteso come un </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">microcosmo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> immerso nel </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">macro cosmo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. E' la nascita del pensiero biologico. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'armonia che regge l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">Universo</span></b> regge anche l'<b>Uomo</b>, dandogli la salute, e il turbamento di questa armonia provoca la malattia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non a caso, quindi, i pitagorici usarono la musica come terapia: essendo la musica perfetta espressione di armonia, il suono degli strumenti può ristabilire questa armonia negli organi in cui regna il disaccordo delle parti. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma l'influenza dei pitagorici sulla medicina va oltre. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per loro, la vita è costituita da </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quattro elementi</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: terra, aria, fuoco e acqua, cui corrispondono </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quattro qualità</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">: secco, freddo, caldo e umido. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questi </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quattro elementi</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e queste </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quattro qualità</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> formano i </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quattro umori</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> del corpo: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* sangue caldo e umido </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* flegma freddo e umido </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* bile gialla caldo e secco </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">* bile nera freddo e secco </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A sua volta, la combinazione di questi </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quattro umori</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> determina il </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"temperamento"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> dell'<b>individuo</b>, le sue quali tà mentali e il suo stato di salute. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ed è la </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">teoria degli umori</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, che dal 500 a.C. dominerà pressoché incontrastata sino alla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">rivoluzione di Vir chow</span></b> nel 1858.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rudolf_Virchow.jpg/640px-Rudolf_Virchow.jpg" style="font-size: medium;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' ancora a </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Crotone</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, dove non lontana da quella di <b><span style="color: blue;">Pitagora</span></b> è già fiorente una </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Scuola di Medicina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, che a partire dal VI secolo a.C. ha inizio l'</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"esperimento biologico"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, il primo tentativo concreto di chiarire le leggi che governano la vita, il corpo umano e le sue funzioni. </span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Filosofo_o_poeta_detto_archita%2C_da_villa_dei_papiri%2C_peristilio_quadrato.JPG/220px-Filosofo_o_poeta_detto_archita%2C_da_villa_dei_papiri%2C_peristilio_quadrato.JPG" height="640" style="font-size: medium;" width="396" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' proprio qui che l'<b>Uomo</b> finisce di essere il semplice tramite di volontà supreme per divenire il cosciente indagatore della natura che lo circonda e delle leggi della biologia.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il più significativo rappresentante della </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuola di Crotone</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> è <b><span style="color: magenta;">Alcmèone</span></b>, contemporaneo ma più giovane di <b><span style="color: blue;">Pitagora</span></b>. Nato nella stessa città intorno al 560 a.C., accetta come prima legge scientifica il concetto di </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">isono mia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, secondo cui la salute è la sintesi di una perfetta armonia, mentre la malattia è l'espressione del disaccordo delle parti. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pertanto guarigione vuol dire ripristino dell'equilibrio turbato, cioè ristabilimento dell'armonia. </span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Alcmeone_di_Crotone.jpg" style="font-size: medium;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' l'inizio di una profonda evoluzione, che dalle </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">coppie dei contrari</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (freddo-caldo, amaro-dolce, umido-sec co, ecc) giungerà agli <span style="color: #38761d;"><b>elementi</b></span> e agli <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">umori</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Alcmèone</span></b> è certamente tra i primi a praticare <b>sezioni anatomiche</b> sugli </span><span style="background-color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">animali</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e sull'<b>uomo</b>: scopre ad esem pio che è il <span style="color: red;"><b>cervello</b></span> e non il <b><span style="color: purple;">cuore</span></b>, la sede delle sensazioni e il centro della vita intellettiva e, che nei nervi ottici decorrono gli stimoli della visione.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' ancora lui a distinguere nel cadavere le <b><span style="color: blue;">vene</span></b> <i>(vuote di sangue)</i> dalle <b><span style="color: #e69138;">arterie</span></b>, a riconoscere nelle lesioni del cervello la causa di alcuni disturbi funzionali, e a spiegare il </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fenomeno del sonno</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> con un deflusso del sangue dal cervello. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' proprio <b><span style="color: magenta;">Alcmèone</span></b> a sottolineare per la prima volta la priorità del cervello nella fisiologia umana e nelle facoltà psichiche superiori, affermando che </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"esso fornisce le sensazioni dell'udire, del vedere e dell'odorare, dalle quali poi nascono la memoria e il giudizio e, da queste sensazioni -una volta posate- altresì la sapien za"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma forse il suo maggior merito sta nell'aver anticipato di oltre due millenni uno dei concetti fondamentali della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina moderna</span></b>, quello di prevenzione, indicando i possibili fattori del perturbamento di quell'armo nia che è alla base della salute: </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">predisposizioni individuali, iponutrizione o alimentazione irregolare o inade guata, fattori ambientali come il clima e l'ambiente esterno</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma <b><span style="color: magenta;">Alcmèone</span></b> non è il solo rappresentante di quest'epoca. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;">Empedocle</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;">di Agrigento</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><i><span style="background-color: yellow;">(più verosimilmente appartenente alla </span><span style="background-color: white;">Scuola siciliana</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> che quella di </span><span style="background-color: orange;">Crotone</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">) </span></i><span style="background-color: yellow;">non si mostra meno geniale: anticipando la concezione alchimistica della costituzione della materia, ritiene che ogni individualità <b>- </b></span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><b>vivente o inerte</b></span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><b> -</b>, è costituita da particelle elementari che si trovano in proporzioni ben definite, e che si sono combinate non solo in virtù di forze simili, ma anche di forze contrarie, per cui </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">"amore e contesa</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> - secondo le sue parole - </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">stanno all'origine delle cose, e quindi anche della vita"</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma <b><span style="color: #990000;">Empedocle</span></b> non fu solo un teorico. </span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Empedocles-2-sized.jpg/250px-Empedocles-2-sized.jpg" height="396" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli sostenne che la respirazione ha luogo, oltre che attraverso i polmoni, anche tramite i porri cutanei; inse gnò che il cuore è il centro del sistema vascolare dal quale si ha flusso e reflusso di sangue, scoprì il labi rinto dell'orecchio interno, fece importanti osservazioni sullo sviluppo del feto e anticipò alcuni aspetti della </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">teoria darwiniana dell'evoluzione</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;">Empedocle</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow;"> va infine considerato tra i grandi </span><b style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">igienisti</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow;">, dominatore di gravi epidemie: avrebbe addirittura liberato la </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">città di Selinunte</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> da una grave pestilenza </span><i style="background-color: yellow;">(probabilmente malaria)</i><span style="background-color: yellow;"> bonificando le paludi stagnanti intorno al </span></span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fiume Selino</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Accanto alle <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Scuole di medicina</span></b> si costituì anche l'organizzazione dei medici: essi vollero prendere sempre più le distanze dai sacerdoti, la cui arte era ormai organizzata su basi quasi industriali nei grandi santuari, e seguiva norme assai poco deontologiche per l'ammissione dei malati e il pagamento degli onorari.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Erano medici laici, che molto probabilmente avevano esercitato la medicina già prima dell'istituzione dei templi. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Erano questi i periodi de medici viaggianti, che itineravano di città in città per visitare gli ammalati e talora anche per operare.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dalle celebri </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">scuole di Cnido, Kos, Rodi, Cirene, Crotone</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, uscirono <b>medici indipendenti</b> dalla medicina sacer dotale, che esercitavano la propria disciplina nelle città, negli eserciti e nelle corti. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">All'</span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">acme</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> erano i medici dei ricchi e dei potenti e quelli stipendiati dal </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">pubblico erario</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> delle piccole e grandi città. </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcuni venivano chiamati dall'estero, per chiara fama.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Simultaneamente si formò in </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grecia</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> quello che oggi chiameremmo </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"il personale paramedico"</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Spiccava per perizia ed esperienza il <b>rizòtomo</b> <i>(tagliatore di radici),</i> considerato <b>aiutante del medico</b> a tutti gli effetti: raccoglieva le piante medicinali, le faceva asciugare al sole, le polverizzava, le dosava e ne pre parava miscugli e pozioni.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sono proprio i <b>rizotomi</b> che subito dopo il </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">periodo ippocratico</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> daranno il via allo studio sistematico e raziona le delle piante, lasciando le prime documentazioni scritte sulle proprietà terapeutiche delle singole piante.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il periodo aureo della </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina ellenica</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era alle porte. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b>uomo</b> aveva finalmente oltrepassato i limiti segnati e le esperienze raccolte dalle precedenti millenarie ci viltà, pronto ad affrontare in modo più concreto e razionale i tanti misteri che ancora avvolgevano la </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Natura umana</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e le sue leggi.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Stava finalmente per nascere la <span style="color: blue;"><b>medicina scientifica</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #274e13;">Nell'antica Roma: arriva Esculapio</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mitico eroe accolto tra le divinità come </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dio della medicina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, <b><span style="color: red;">Esculapio</span></b> </span><b style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> di Coo </b><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">visse intorno al secondo millen nio prima di </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cristo</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<img src="http://bms.beniculturali.it/ritratti/full/ritr0124.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: 32.2222213745117px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" width="337" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo <b><span style="color: blue;">Esiodo</span></b> e <span style="color: purple;"><b>Pindaro</b></span> era figlio di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Apollo</span></b> e di <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">Coronide</span></b>; secondo <b>Omero</b>, invece, era un mortale istruito nell’</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">arte della medicina</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> dal dotto centauro <span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><b>Chirone</b></span>, e in seguito incenerito da <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Giove</span></b> perché aveva osato re suscitare <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Ippolito</span></b> figlio di <b><span style="color: #351c75;">Teseo</span></b> ed <b><span style="color: red;">Antiope</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">"Pseudo-Seneca", poi identificato come busto di Esiodo</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pseudo-Seneca_BM_GR1962.8-24.1.jpg/640px-Pseudo-Seneca_BM_GR1962.8-24.1.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"> Busto di Pindaro </span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;">Apollo con in mano una lira, uno dei suoi simboli tipici, in una statua del</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;"> </span>primo secolo<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 17.3185615539551px; text-align: left;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pindar_statue.jpg/220px-Pindar_statue.jpg" height="400" width="270" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Apollo_Kitharoidos_Altemps_Inv8594.jpg/220px-Apollo_Kitharoidos_Altemps_Inv8594.jpg" height="400" width="242" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Apollo uccide Coronide</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.operedarte.nikla.net/opera/archivio/immagine/81/apollouccidecoronidenovelli.jpg" height="617" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"> Hippolytus</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/254223/1/Hippolytus.jpg" style="font-size: medium;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"> Teseo e il Centauro</span></div>
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<img src="http://40.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mbvtcv4v4G1rix1r7o1_1280.jpg" height="587" style="font-size: medium;" width="640" /></div>
</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Divinizzato, </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Esculapio</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> veniva raffigurato con dei galli, <i>(simbolo della vigilanza indispensabile ai medici)</i> e con il serpente (simbolo della longevità e della sanità conseguente alle cure mediche).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">In Viaggio sul Tevere verso l'isola Tiberina</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">L'<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">isola Tiberina</span></b>, per chi non lo sapesse, è congiunta alla terra ferma, da un lato, dall'antico </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Ponte Fabricio</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e, dalla parte opposta, dal </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Ponte Cestio</span>. </span></div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoEBH_aomtNqiw619_a0BzwijRYsEsF8IM7Pb1AOcIcIDeuPAFu5L6zg8n-CamoQcIKlnSaoCBd1g7uz-cpc6j-Yt_i47pGow-cZ4eL2oBvkTiQEVMDm58zhyc6cXAa3WrdBv1HA458ThB/s640/isola_tiberina.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="481" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">L'isola appare grossa e allungata, come una grande barca, grazie anche al rivestimento in travertino che in passato le conferì questa forma in ricordo di una leggenda: quando nel 293 a.C. una mortale epidemia infuriava a Roma, furono consultati </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">libri Sibillini</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> e gli </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">oracoli</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> rivelarono che un'ambasceria romana doveva recarsi da</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"> Epidauro</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, nella sede del </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">culto di Asclepio</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, Dio delle guarigioni </span><i style="background-color: yellow;">(salvato infante da un rogo da Apol lo, egli era stato infatti da questi affidato al centauro Chirone perché gli insegnasse la medicina) </i><span style="background-color: yellow;">e riportarne il serpente, simbolo del Dio. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">L'animale, continua la leggenda, scivolò via dalla nave che, lungo il </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">Tevere</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, lo portava a Roma, e si rifugiò nell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">isola Tiberina</span></b>. </span></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.silviadue.net/vari/isolatiberina.jpg" height="640" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="527" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Perciò fu eretto qui, nel 289 a.C., il tempio del dio, su modello di quello di </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Epidauro</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">: una piccola cella in fondo alla quale c'era la statua di <span style="color: blue;"><b>Esculapio</b></span><i> (questo è il nome che il dio greco assunse a Roma)</i> visibile oggi al </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Museo Nazionale di Napoli</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">, con un </span><span style="background-color: lime;">bastone intorno al quale si attorcigliava un serpente</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">; ampi portici late rali dove si trattenevano i malati in attesa della guarigione; un'ora per le offerte e una fonte sacra dove i mala ti venivano purificati prima di accedere alle visite del dio. Un<b> gallo bianco</b> animale sacro ad <b><span style="color: blue;">Asclepio</span></b>,veniva usualmente sacrificato in suo onore.</span></span><br /><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">Precedente e meno famosa di questa leggenda è quella che vuole l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">isola Tiberina</span></b> sorta da ingenti quantità di grano gettato nel fiume.</span><br /><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">Il prezioso cereale apparteneva a <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Tarquinio il Superbo</span></b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">Così, la popolazione, scacciato questo re, aveva gettato le sue scorte alimentari nel </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-size: x-small;">Tevere</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">Ma queste sono leggende. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">In realtà l'</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-size: x-small;">isolotto sul Tevere</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;"> è sempre esistito ed è fatta di tufo, una pietra lavica.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://digilander.libero.it/castellanivanda/tevere/images/tiberina.jpg" height="392" width="640" /></div>
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<img src="http://www.maquettes-historiques.net/R37X.jpg" height="454" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><img src="http://www.maquettes-historiques.net/R38d.jpg" height="346" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /><br />
<img src="http://www.maquettes-historiques.net/R39.jpg" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></b><img src="http://viajes.elpais.com.uy/wp-content/uploads/la_isla_tiberina_antigua_1-560x411.jpg" height="469" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><img src="http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/temple_aesculapius.jpg" height="268" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<img height="479" src="https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/27/62001113_b3ec700d57_b.jpg" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /><br />
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<img src="http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/insula_tiberina2.jpg" height="462" style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold;" width="640" /><br />
<a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" height="200" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.5454540252686px; line-height: 18.1818180084229px;" /><br />
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.1818180084229px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 09 gennaio 2013 alle ore 17,54 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/" rel="bookmark" style="text-decoration: initial;" title="Link Permanente: LA MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA EGIZIA</span></a></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA EGIZIA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 3600 a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’approccio empirico è il punto di partenza per l’evoluzione della medicina.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia, nelle prime fasi persistono residui della concezione magico-demoniaca e di quella teistica; i primi grandi medici sono divinizzati. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="640" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/horo-egyptedfutemple011.jpg?w=200" width="324" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">Horo</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #cc0000; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;">LA MEDICINA EGIZIA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;">La </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina egizia</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">(3000 a.C.-1000 a.C.)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"> è contemporanea alla <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">mesopotamica</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si passa da una fase teurgica-magica ad un empirismo estremamente illuminato: notevoli so-no la concezione biologica <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">(concetto umorale sanguigno e concetto pneumatico)</span>, la cono-scenza dei vari quadri sintomatologici e la farmacologia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Durante i </span>tremila anni<span style="font-weight: normal;"> della storia dell’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">antico Egitto</span> si sviluppò una grande, variata e fruttife- ra tradizione medica.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I più vecchi testi di </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> vengono datati verso il </span>II millennio a.C. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Ai tempi dei </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">babilonesi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e degli </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">egizi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">,<span style="background-color: yellow;"> i</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">l più famoso testo giunto fino ai nostri tempi è il diario diagnostico scritto dal medico</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;">Esagil-kin-apli di Borsippa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, vissuto durante il regno di </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Adad-apla-iddina</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (1069-1046 a.C.)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le prime informazioni </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">mediche egizie</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sono contenute nel papiro, il mezzo di scrittura degli </span><span style="color: purple;">egizi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, di </span><span style="color: red;">Edwin Smith</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">datate circa nel </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3000 a.C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Vigeva già allora una<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"> legislazione sanitaria</span> e un’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">arte medica</span> progredita, ricca di strumenti ch<u>i</u> rurgici ed elenchi di piante con proprietà medicinali.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A quei tempi era comune indicare come origine delle malattie eventi superstiziosi o l’implica-zione di demoni, come riportato nel </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #990000;">papiro di Ebers</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>(datato nel 1550 a.C. circa)<span style="font-weight: normal;">. anche se nello stesso papiro si descriveva quello che in seguito verrà denominato tumore.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Altrettanto importante fu la dottoressa </span><i style="background-color: yellow;">Peseshet.</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Questa visse tra la</span><span style="color: #38761d; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: #38761d;">V e la VI dinastia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e che fu </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-weight: normal;">"direttrice o supervisore dei medici"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, titolo con cui è menzionata nella </span><span style="color: #990000;">mastaba</span> <span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-weight: normal;">(tomba)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> di suo figlio a <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Giza</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per scoprire le conoscenze mediche degli <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Egizi</span> esistono tre strade: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">i segni lasciati dalle malattie sui cadaveri, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">le rappresentazioni nell'arte delle anomalie fisiche e...,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la lettura di alcuni papiri.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grazie a quest'ultimi sappiamo che per la prima volta nella storia i medici <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">egizi</span> seppero sfuggire ai limiti del magico e del religioso facendo riflessioni sul malato e sulla malattia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">papiro</span><span style="color: #bf9000;"> Ebers</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>(1550 a.C.)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> già si descrivono i sintomi dei disturbi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In essi sono contenuti rimedi di vario genere e le loro modalità d'uso. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Per esempio si suggeriva di curare le </span><span style="color: magenta;">infezioni</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> con del pane ammuffito e cioè con lo stesso principio poi sfruttato da </span><i style="background-color: orange;">Alexander Fleming</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> nel <span style="background-color: yellow;">XX secolo</span> per creare il primo antibiotico, la penicillina. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">O le ferite con il miele: un suo enzima infatti sviluppa <span style="background-color: lime;">acqua ossigenata</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Di particolare interesse è il capitolo del </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">"Trattato sul cuore"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dove si descrive la corrispon-denza tra frequenza cardiaca e pulsazioni. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ma è il </span><i><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Papiro</span><span style="color: #351c75;"> Edwin-Smith</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a segnare il passaggio alla modernità.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Scritto intorno al </span><span style="background-color: white;">XVI secolo a.C.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, ma con nozioni ancora più antiche, riporta, proprio come un vero trattato di chirurgia, una serie di casi clinici, a partire dalla testa e scendendo con ordine fino alle lesioni che riguardano la colonna vertebrale, punto in cui il testo si inter-rompe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">Erodoto</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> arrivò a chiamare gli <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">egizi</span> il popolo dei sanissimi, grazie all’importante sistema sani-tario che possedevano, ed alla esistenza di un medico per ogni infermità <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(prima segnala-zione della specializzazione in campo medico)</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">Erodoto</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> riferisce che la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina egizia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> era fortemente specializzata. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come attestano i papiri ritrovati dagli archeologi, gli <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">antichi Egizi</span> praticavano la medicina fin dai tempi più antichi, forse da prima delle dinastie faraoniche. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">All’interno della </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina egizia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> si potevano distinguere due diversi filoni: quello magico-reli- gioso <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">(non visibile)</span>, che comprendeva elementi molto primitivi, e quello empirico-razionale <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(vi-sibile)</span>, basato sull’esperienza e l’osservazione <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(traumi, ferite)</span>, privo di componenti mistiche.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Uno dei medici più antichi della storia <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">egizia</span> fu </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">Hesira</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, vissuto intorno al </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2650 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> durante la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">III dinastia</span>, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: lime;">"capo degli scribi reali"</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> ma anche </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">insigne </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta;">"capo dei dentisti"</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, ed ecco qui sotto: </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #783f04;">"Il primo ponte dentario"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">ORGANIZZAZIONE GERARCHICA DEI MEDICI EGIZI</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I medici dell’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">antico Egitto</span> erano molto numerosi, per questo motivo ognuno di loro si occupa- va quasi esclusivamente delle malattie che meglio conosceva. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I medici erano organizzati secondo una gerarchia ben precisa. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All’apice figurava il medico personale del faraone e a cui erano sottoposti i medici del Palaz-zo, dei quali uno era il <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">“supervisore”</span> di tutti gli altri.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Seguivano gli <span style="background-color: lime;">“ispettori dei medici”</span>, poi alcuni medici meno importanti, e infine la gran massa dei medici <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">“di base”</span>, mentre i <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">medici ordinari</span> erano affiancati dai professionisti di grado sup<u>e</u> riore, da ispettori e da sovrintendenti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Gli assistenti erano personale paramedico di sesso maschile; essi dovevano le loro conosce<u>n</u> ze anatomiche alla osservazione degli animali durante il macello e non alla imbalsamazione del defunto che era riservata ai sacerdoti devoti ad </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Anubi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> perciò la loro conoscenza dell’ana-tomia: ossia del tipo, della struttura e della disposizione degli organi, era modesta e, di con-seguenza, anche le procedure chirurgiche erano molto limitate: una pratica di antica tradizio- ne e ancora largamente applicata era la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #990000;">trapanazione</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, ossia la <span style="background-color: cyan;">perforazione del cranio</span> allo scopo di curare cefalee e disturbi mentali.</span></div>
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I medici egizi erano <b><span style="color: #990000;">altamente specializzati</span></b>, <span style="background-color: cyan;">(nelle malattie urinarie, nelle patologie delle orecchie, degli occhi e della pelle)</span> e godevano di molto prestigio. </div>
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Molti nobili venivano dall’estero per consultarli, oppure erano gli stessi medici, dietro autorizzazione o ordine del faraone, a recarsi presso i potenti vicini per prestare la propria opera.</div>
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Per ogni patologia vi erano veri e propri specialisti. </div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Così c’era il medico generico </span><span style="background-color: orange;">(termine egiziano sunu)</span><span style="background-color: white;">, l’oculista </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(sunu-irty)</span><span style="background-color: white;">, lo specialista per l’addo-me </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(sunu khef)</span><span style="background-color: white;">, lo specialista per le malattie di origine sconosciuta e altri ancora. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Il termine </span><b><span style="color: blue;">“sunu”</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> dovrebbe significare </span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: purple;">“colui che appartiene al malato”</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> o </span><b style="color: #333333; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">“</span></b><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 22px;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">colui che appartiene a chi è ammalato”</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Il numero degli specialisti era più alto nell’<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Antico Regno</span> che nelle epoche successive che videro le va-rie specializzazioni accentrarsi sempre più in un’unica persona. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Questi medici di alto rango si tramandavano la professione da maestro ad apprendista, sia nelle<b><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span></b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"><b><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">“</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"><b><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">ca-se di vita”</span></b> <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(istituzioni templari)</span>, che nelle scuole di palazzo, le cui più note erano quelle di <b>Eliopoli</b> e <b><span style="color: #741b47;">Sais</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Solitamente il medico trascorreva nelle scuole dei templi anni di duro addestramento, in modo da ap-prendere l’arte dell’interrogazione del malato, della sua </span><strong style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: red;">ispezione</span></strong><span style="line-height: 22px;"> e della </span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 22px;"><strong>palpazione</strong></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> <span style="background-color: lime;">(esame del co<u>r</u> po effettuato tastando con le mani la superficie corporea)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Queste </span><b style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">“Case della Vita”</span></b><span style="line-height: 22px;"> erano delle specie di biblioteche dove i giovani facevano esperienza con gli anziani, <span style="background-color: cyan;">leggevano e ricopiavano gli antichi testi gelosamente custoditi dai medici-sacerdoti di <b>Sek-hmet</b></span>, dea della <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>medicina</b></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">L’istituzione medica nell’<b><span style="color: #660000;">antico Egitto</span></b>, a partire dalla <b><span style="color: magenta;">prima dinastia</span></b>, fino alla <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">diciannovesima di-nastia</span></b>, dispone per i medici una <span style="background-color: orange;">assicurazione medica</span>, <span style="background-color: lime;">pensione</span> e la <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">licenza per malattia</span>, ed un <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">ora-rio di lavoro di otto ore giornaliere</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">Nella società </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Egizia</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"> i medici godevano di una posizione di prestigio e alcuni dipendevano diretta-mente dalla corte. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Venivano assistiti da <span style="background-color: orange;">infermieri</span>, <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">ortopedici</span> e <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">massaggiatori</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Veneravano </span><strong style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: red;">Duau</span><span style="color: #00ccff;"> </span></strong><span style="line-height: 22px;">e </span><span style="color: #00ccff; line-height: 22px;"><strong>Horus</strong></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> dei <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">della sanità degli occh</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">i</span>, </span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 22px;"><strong>Tueris</strong></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, </span><span style="color: #38761d; line-height: 22px;"><strong>Heget</strong></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> e </span><strong style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #990000;">Neit</span><span style="color: #00ccff;"> </span></strong><span style="line-height: 22px;">protettori<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">della gestante durante il parto</span>, il Dio </span><span style="color: purple; line-height: 22px;"><strong>Thot</strong></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, Dio <span style="background-color: lime;">della saggezza e della scienza</span>, ed erano sacerdoti di </span><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 22px;"><strong>Sekmet</strong></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, la dea <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">sanguinaria ma compassionevole e misericordiosa verso i sofferenti e Dea della salute</span>, il cui fi-glio, </span><span style="line-height: 22px;"><strong>Imhotep</strong></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, era considerato l inventore della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Durante la <span style="background-color: lime;">terza dinastia</span> il medico iniziò a distinguersi come figura, sia pure primitiva, di scienziato, diversa dallo stregone e dal sacerdote. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Il primo medico </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">egizio</span><span style="background-color: white;"> il cui nome è giunto fino a noi è appunto </span><b style="background-color: white;">Imhotep</b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">(vissuto intorno al </span></span><strong style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 22px;">2725 a. C</strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">.)</span>, famoso anche come costruttore di piramidi e come astrologo <span style="background-color: cyan;">(fu architetto della piramide a gra- doni del sovrano Djoser a Saqqara)</span>, </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;">che fu egli stesso divinizzato.</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: large;"> LE MALATTIE</span></span><b style="color: #00ccff; font-size: 14.545454025268555px;"> </b></div>
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Le malattie venivano considerate risultato di misteriose influenze esterne che sa<span style="line-height: 22px;">rebbero penetrate nel corpo attraverso gli orifizi naturali corrompendo gli <b><span style="color: #e06666;">“umori”</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Compito del medico era quindi quello di evacuare questi umori <b><span style="color: blue;">“corrotti”</span></b>, facendoli uscire attraverso le normali vie di escrezione. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Alcune malattie note erano: </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">l’</span><span style="color: #38761d; line-height: 22px;"><b>asma bronchiale</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">l’</span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b>epatite tropicale</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">la</span><span style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: red;"> </span><b><span style="color: #990000;">gonorrea</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">lo </span><span style="color: #783f04; line-height: 22px;"><b>scorbuto</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">l’</span><span style="color: blue; line-height: 22px;"><b>epilessia</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">, </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">e le numerose malattie da </span><span style="color: #674ea7; line-height: 22px;"><b>parassiti</b></span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22px;">così frequenti in <b><span style="color: #660000;">Egitto</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Ci furono più volte epidemie di </span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b>lebbra</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> e di </span><span style="color: purple; line-height: 22px;"><b>vaiolo</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> che colpì anche il faraone <b><span style="color: blue;">Ramesse V </span></b>come con-fermano gli esami sulla sua mummia. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Non mancavano neppure altre malattie oggi di grande attualità come quelle delle </span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b style="background-color: cyan;">arterie periferiche</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> e delle </span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b style="background-color: lime;">coronarie</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">: le mummie di <b><span style="color: purple;">Ramesse II</span></b>, <b>Ramesse III</b> e <b><span style="color: magenta;">Amenofi III </span></b>mostrano segni di <b><span style="color: red;">arterio-sclerosi</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">L’esame radiografico ha addirittura consentito di accertare l’esistenza di </span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b style="background-color: #f6b26b;">calcificazioni arteriose</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> in numerose mummie. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">La </span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">polmonite</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> e la </span><span style="color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b style="background-color: #ffe599;">tubercolosi</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> erano tra le malattie più diffuse a causa dell’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">inalazione di sabbia</span> o di <span style="background-color: cyan;">fumo dei focolari domestici</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Le </span><span style="background-color: #93c47d; color: red; line-height: 22px;"><b>malattie parassitarie</b></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> erano altrettanto comuni a causa della mancanza di igiene. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Le comuni malattie erano solitamente curate dai medici con il metodo empirico-razionale, grazie so-prattutto al fatto che questi organi sono direttamente accessibili; i disturbi di altre parti del corpo veni-vano, invece, curati da stregoni con magie e incantesimi.</span></div>
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<img src="http://digilander.libero.it/OsirideDioDeiMorti2/Great%20Pyramid%20of%20Giza.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #00ccff; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #00ccff; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">CONOSCENZA MEDICA</span></span><br />
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Presso il popolo l’<strong><span style="color: #3d85c6;">igiene</span></strong> della persona era molto seguita. </div>
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Esistevano norme ben precise <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(spesso sotto forma di precetti religiosi)</span>, come quelle di <span style="background-color: orange;">lavarsi regolar-mente al mattino</span>, di <span style="background-color: lime;">pulirsi bene la bocca e i denti</span>, di <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">lavarsi le mani prima di mangiare</span>, di <span style="background-color: cyan;">tenere i capelli e le unghie in ordine</span>, di <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">cambiare spesso le vesti</span>. </div>
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Le regole per una sana alimentazione erano piuttosto rigide <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(con la proibizione di mangiare carne di maiale e la testa di animali)</span>: </div>
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colazione leggera al mattino, </div>
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primo turno di lavoro, </div>
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pasto leggero a mezzogiorno e breve siesta, </div>
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secondo turno di lavoro, </div>
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poi cena abbondante al tramonto. </div>
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Ottima consuetudine era di dormire <b><span style="color: purple;">“dallo spuntar delle stelle fino all’alba”</span></b>. </div>
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<img height="400" src="http://digilander.libero.it/OsirideDioDeiMorti2/Akhenaton.jpeg" width="307" /></div>
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Al fine di migliorare le condizioni sanitarie, i medici si occupavano anche dell’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">igiene pubblica</span>. </div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">Nelle case degli </span><span style="color: #783f04;">Egizi</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">, non mancavano mai medicinali di primo soccorso contro </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">scottature</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">punture di insetti</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">infiammazioni causate da schegge o spine</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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Molti di questi farmaci vengono usati ancora oggi dai <b>fellahin</b>. </div>
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Alla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> erano collegate la cura dell’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">igiene e la bellezza</span>, a cui gli <b><span style="color: #660000;">Egizi</span></b> dedicavano molto tem-po. </div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Il medico forniva anche </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: #333333;">unguenti per la pelle</span><span style="color: #333333;"> e </span><span style="background-color: magenta;">tinture per i capelli</span><span style="color: #333333;">. </span></div>
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Durante lo studio delle varie malattie, delle cause che le hanno provocate e delle tecniche di guarigio- ne sono uno degli aspetti più sbalorditivi dell’<b><span style="color: #660000;">Antico Egitto</span></b>.</div>
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<img alt="Strumentario chirurgico nell' antico Egitto" height="640" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/ancient-egyptian-medical-instruments1.jpg?w=470" width="361" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">Assai progredita era la </span><strong style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #45818e;">chirurgia</span></strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"> e la </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">sutura delle ferite</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">Gli attrezzi più comuni di un medico erano: </span><b style="background-color: #a2c4c9; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: red;">pinze</span>, <span style="color: red;">forbici</span>, <span style="color: red;">coltell</span><span style="color: red;">i</span>, <span style="color: red;">fili di sutura</span>, <span style="color: red;">schegge</span>, <span style="color: red;">trapani</span> e <span style="color: red;">ponti dentari</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">.</span><br />
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Fin dall’<span style="color: #741b47;"><b>Antico Regno</b> </span>venivano utilizzati strumenti chirurgici del tutto simili a quelli in uso nei nostri ospedali per operare i malati. </div>
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Sembra siano stati effettuati con successo anche interventi per scongiurare <span style="background-color: orange;">tumori</span>, mentre sono noti i clamorosi successi in fatto di applicazione di <span style="background-color: cyan;">arti artificiali</span> che consentivano ai pazienti di proseguire in tutta normalità la loro vita <span style="background-color: yellow;">(un ritrovamento ha portato alla luce i resti di una donna alla quale fu <b>am-putata</b> una gamba e quindi applicata una protesi di legno che, nella sua semplicità, era di una efficacia straordinaria e permise alla donna di vivere ancora per molti anni dopo l’intervento)</span>. </div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"> </span><em style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">La protesi per alluce</span><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></em></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #333333; float: left; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>L'ALLUCE PROTESICO DEGLI ANTICHI EGIZI<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify;"> </span><img height="266" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQTjgD0RjkP36BeDkyCD33U0w-p-x_TmyyeIIQYyxGBOFXNb98Z1g" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify;" width="400" /></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La chirurgia nell’antico Egitto, riguardava soprattutto la riduzione: </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">delle fratture, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">l’estrazione di calcoli, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">le operazioni nell’occhio, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">l’asportazione di tumori esterni,</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">la circoncisione.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img src="http://digilander.libero.it/OsirideDioDeiMorti2/gatto-egizio-bastet-dea-gatto.jpg" /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">Di fatto, gli </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #660000;">Egizi</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> conoscevano vari mezzi per praticare una sorta di </span><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: magenta;">anestesia</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> con una speciale </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: blue;">“pie- tra”</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> che si trovava vicino a </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;">Menfi</b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> la quale, ridotta in polvere e applicata alla parte, faceva scomparire ogni dolore. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">Forse si trattava semplicemente di pezzetti di </span><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><b>bitume</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> che, a contatto con la fiamma, sprigionavano vapori che assopivano il paziente. </span></h1>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">Venivano anche sfruttati, a scopo anestetico, gli effetti sedativi del </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #990000;">coriandolo</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, della polvere di </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: orange;">carru- ba</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, e verosimilmente anche dell’</span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #e06666;">oppio</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">La </span><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #993366;">s</span><span style="color: #993366;">emeiotica: </span> </strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">sistematica della prassi appare ineccepibile come i loro colleghi moderni, i medici </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">egizi</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: red;">esaminavano</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> il malato, identificavano la malattia in base ai sintomi </span><b style="background-color: lime; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;">(<span style="color: #993366;">diagnosi</span>)</b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> e ne prevedeva- no il decorso e l’esito </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">(<strong><span style="color: #993366;">prognosi</span></strong>)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, e prescrivevano una </span><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: blue;">terapia</span></strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">Quando visitavano un malato i </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">medici egizi </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">compilavano un questionario annotandovi l’</span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">aspetto</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> del pa-ziente, lo stato di</span><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #274e13;">coscienza</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, il potere </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><b>uditivo</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, e persino l’</span><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><b>odore</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> del suo corpo, nonché l’eventuale presenza di </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">tremori</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, di </span><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">s</span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #990000;">ecrezioni</span></b><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">o </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">tumefazioni</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">Fatto questo valutavano la </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: purple;">temperatura</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> e le alterazioni del </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: magenta;">polso</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, eseguendo infine la </span><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><strong>percussione</strong></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">Venivano anche osservati alcuni particolari caratteri delle </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: red;">urine</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, delle </span><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><b>feci</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> o dell’</span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #45818e;">espettorato</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">Al termine dell’esame, mettevano per iscritto la </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: orange;">prognosi</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> indicando tre possibilità: </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">favorevole</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">“E’ un male che curerò”</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;">incerta</b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">“E’ un male che combatterò”</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">, </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: magenta;">infausta</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span style="background-color: #a64d79; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">“E’ un male che non curerò”</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;">.</span></h1>
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<img alt="Codice Egizio riportante i quattro segni dell' infiammazione" height="219" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/i-4-segni-dell-infiammazione-codificati-nel-i-sec-d-c-qui-in-un-codice-del-x-sec-ac.jpg?w=300&h=103" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;" width="640" /></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Gli </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Egizi</span><span style="background-color: white;"> avevano idee già abbastanza precise sul funzionamento del cuore e dei vasi sanguigni: </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">“Il cuore parla ai vasi di ogni membro”</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">, è detto nel </span><b style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333;">papiro di Ebers</b><span style="color: #333333;">, significando che il </span><span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="color: red;">cuore pompa sangue a tutto il corpo</span></strong></span><span style="color: #333333;">. </span></div>
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Non meno progredite erano le cognizioni relative ad altri organi come lo <span style="background-color: lime;">stomaco</span>, il <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">fegato</span>, la<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;"> vescica</span> e l’<span style="background-color: cyan;">utero</span>. </div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">Nel </span><b style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">papiro di Ebers</b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"> compare per la prima volta nella lingua dell’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"> la parola </span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">“cervello”</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">, del quale vengono accuratamente descritte la forma, le circonvoluzioni e le meningi. </span></div>
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Il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">cuore</span></b> era considerato sede delle emozioni e dell’<span style="background-color: #ffd966;">intelletto</span>. </div>
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Conoscevano e sapevano misurare il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">battito cardiaco</span> dal <span style="color: red;"><b>polso</b></span>. </div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Il benessere del corpo si doveva, a loro avviso, allo scorrimento dei suoi liquidi nei </span><span style="background-color: #bf9000;">metu</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">, i</span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-weight: normal;"> </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;">vasi</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">che lo attraversavano se uno di questi vasi si ostruiva si manifestava la malattia.</span></div>
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<img alt="Cura per l'emicrania nell' antico Egitto" height="640" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/papyrus-migraine-therapy2.png?w=470" width="481" /></div>
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La funzione di <strong><span style="color: #45818e;">farmacista</span></strong> veniva generalmente svolta dai sacerdoti e dai medici. </div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">La farmacopea del tempo includeva sostanze </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red;"><b>medicinali vegetali</b></span><span style="background-color: white;">: era comune l’uso di </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #b45f06;"><strong>lassativi</strong> </span><span style="background-color: white;">come </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;">fichi</span></b><span style="background-color: white;">, </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: magenta;">datteri</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> e </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">olio di ricino</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">,</span><span style="background-color: white;"> l’</span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">acido tannico</span></b><span style="background-color: white;">, derivato principalmente dalla </span><span style="background-color: orange;">noce di galla</span><span style="background-color: white;">, era considerato utile nel trattamento delle </span><b style="background-color: white;">ustioni</b><span style="background-color: white;">; risultano molto precise le indicazioni relative alla tera-pia </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(nel solo </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">papiro di Ebers</span><span style="background-color: cyan;"> sono menzionati 500 diversi medicamenti)</span><span style="background-color: white;"> ed alle sue varie forme di con-fezionamento e di somministrazione: </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red;">polveri</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red;">tisane</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red;">decotti</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: red;">macerazioni</span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">, </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">pastiglie</span> </span></b><span style="background-color: white;">erano perfet-tamente conosciuti. </span></div>
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Le <b><span style="color: #990000;">medicine</span></b> erano tutte a base di <b style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: red;">grasso</span>, <span style="color: red;">acqua</span>, <span style="color: red;">latte</span>, <span style="color: red;">vino</span> o <span style="color: red;">birra</span>,</b> ai quali si aggiungeva, per renderli più graditi, un po’ di <b><span style="color: blue;">miele</span></b>. </div>
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I medicamenti erano di origine <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">vegetale</span>, <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">animale</span> o, più raramente, <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">minerale</span> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(ferro, piombo, antimonio)</span>, mentre di alcuni non si conosce l’azione terapeutica. </div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel </span><b style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">papiro di Ebers</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sono citate circa 900 </span><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #e06666;">“ricette”</span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> di medicamenti, molte delle quali figurano ancora nelle moderne farmacopee, come la </span><span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;"><b>trementina</b></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, la </span>s<span style="color: #674ea7;">enna</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, l’</span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">olio di ricin<span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">, il</span> <b>timo</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">, la </span><b><span style="color: blue;">celidonia</span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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Una pianta certamente nota in <b><span style="color: #660000;">Egitto</span></b> era la <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">mandragora</span></b> che, per il suo inconfondibile aspetto antro-pomorfo, ha attirato su di sé leggende, credenze e superstizioni sino ai nostri giorni. </div>
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I suoi effetti <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">ipnotici</span></b> e <span style="color: #674ea7;"><b>analgesici</b></span> sono essenzialmente legati alla presenza di due sostanze, l’<span style="color: red;"><b>atro-pina</b> </span>e la <b><span style="color: purple;">scopolamina</span></b>. </div>
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Come <b><span style="color: magenta;">anestetico</span></b>, naturalmente in dosi molto basse essendo la pianta molto velenosa, si usava il <b><span style="color: blue;">guscuiamo</span></b> che contiene <b><span style="color: purple;">scopolamina</span></b>, potente sedativo del <span style="background-color: lime;">sistema nervoso centrale</span>. </div>
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Ma il rimedio più importante per gli <b><span style="color: #660000;">Egizi</span></b> fu la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">birra</span></b>. </div>
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Non solo come veicolante di numerosi medicamenti ma anche come <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> per i disturbi<span style="color: orange;"> <strong>intesti-nali</strong> </span>e contro le <strong><span style="color: #38761d;">infiammazioni</span></strong> e le <strong><span style="color: #674ea7;">ulcere</span></strong> delle gambe. </div>
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L’effetto disinfettante era verosimilmente dovuto al lievito e al complesso B contenuti nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">birra</span></b> che producevano un’azione antibiotica come anche il <b><span style="background-color: cyan; color: red;">"</span></b><b style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="color: red;">pane ammuffito"</span></b>, prescritto in altre formule, risul-tava efficace per la sua azione antibiotica.</div>
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Tra i <span style="color: red;"><strong><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">purganti</span> </strong></span>più in uso figurano l’<span style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">olio di ricino</b></span> e la <span style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: lime;">senna</b></span>. </div>
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Ma gli <b><span style="color: #660000;">Egizi</span></b> praticavano anche il <span style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">clistere</b></span>. </div>
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Sembra che questa pratica sia stata loro ispirata dall’<b><span style="color: blue;">ibis</span></b> che introduce il lungo becco aguzzo nel proprio retto, irrigandolo a scopo di pulizia. </div>
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L’enteroclisma veniva effettuato con l’aiuto di un corno, impiegando come lavanda <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">bile di bue</span>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">olii</span> o <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">sostanze medicamentose</span>. </div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">E’ certo che i medici </span><span style="color: #783f04;">egizi</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"> si servirono delle </span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: magenta;">sanguisughe</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"> per decongestionare le parti congeste, ma è dubbio se conoscessero la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">tecnica del salasso</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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Notevoli erano anche le conoscenze in tema di <strong><span style="color: #3d85c6;">ostetrica</span></strong> e di <span style="color: #993366;"><strong>contraccezione</strong></span>. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Non ci si limitava ad attendere la nascita del bambino, ma si cercava anche di prevederne il sesso.</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Un metodo molto diffuso era il seguente: </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-weight: normal;">“Metterai orzo e grano in due sacchetti di tela, che la donna ba-gnerà con la sua urina, ogni giorno; allo stesso modo metterai in sacchetti di sabbia i datteri. <br />Se orzo e grano germoglieranno entrambi, ella partorirà. <br />Se germoglierà per prima l’orzo sarà una femmina, se germoglierà per primo il grano sarà maschio. <br />Se non germoglieranno né l’uno né l’altro, ella non partorirà”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Questo è sorprendente se si pensa che solo nel 1933 </span><i style="background-color: yellow;">J. Manger</i><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">, dell’Istituto di Farmacologia dell'Uni- versità di Würzburg, dimostrò che l’</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-weight: normal;">urina della donna gravida che partorirà un maschio accelera la crescita del grano</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">, mentre se ella </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: normal;">partorirà una femmina la sua urina accelera lo sviluppo dell’orzo</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Altre </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #990000;">“prove di gravidanza”</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> si basavano sull’osservazione degli occhi, della pelle e del seno: nessuna me-raviglia visto le modificazioni che la donna subisce in gravidanza riguardo a questi organi. </span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Quando cominciavano le doglie, i metodi per facilitare il parto erano diversi: </span><br /><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-weight: normal;">accovacciarsi sui talloni su di una stuoia</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">, </span><br /><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-weight: normal;">oppure sopra quattro mattoni separati tra di loro per favorire l’uscita del bambino</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Anche la contraccezione veniva praticata con metodi magici, ma anche a base di pozioni o di applicazioni locali. </span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Un metodo molto in uso consisteva nello applicare un po’ di feci di coccodrillo nel profondo della vagina; l’effetto anticoncezionale era assicurato sia dall’azione di </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;">“pessario” </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">esplicata dalle feci, sia dalla loro acidità, notoriamente </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">spermicida</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Altro metodo era rappresentato dalla applicazione, sempre nel fondo della vagina, di un tampone imbevuto di succo d’acacia. </span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Oggi si sa che la gomma acacia, fermentando con il calore, produce acido lattico, anch’esso dotato di un intenso</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> potere </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">spermicida</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nella </span><span style="color: purple;">Odissea di Omero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, si afferma che l’</span><span style="color: #783f04;">Egitto</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è un paese </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">“la cui terra fertile produce tantissimi far-maci”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, e dove </span><span style="color: #e06666;">”ogni persona è un medico”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">E di loro </span><span style="color: purple;">Omero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> affermava che fossero i migliori. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">La </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina egizia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> mantiene in larga misura, una concezione magica della infermità, e comincia a svi-luppare un interesse pratico per l’anatomia, la salute pubblica e la diagnosi, la qual cosa presuppone un avanzamento importante nel modo di comprendere la genesi delle malattie. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo la tradizione </span><span style="color: #783f04;">Egizia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, il primo manuale medico, venne scoperto in un tempio durante il regno di </span><span style="color: #45818e;">Cheope</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, infatti i più </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">antichi papiri medici</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> risalgano al </span>1600 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il clima egiziano ha favorito la conservazione di numerosi papiri con riferimenti medici redatti in scrittura geroglifica <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(hieros = “sacro”, glypho=“registrare, scrivere” ossia “le parole sacre”)</span> o ieratica:</span></span><br />
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• Il <strong><span style="color: #993366;">papiro di Rameusseum</span> </strong>(<strong>1900 a.C</strong>.), nel quale si descrivono ricette e formule magiche.</div>
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• Il <strong><span style="color: magenta;">papiro Kahun</span></strong> (<strong>1850 a.C</strong>.) è un compendio di ginecologia, dove è riportata una malattia che <b style="background-color: cyan;">divo-ra i tessuti</b>: il <span style="background-color: orange;">cancro</span>; ma tratta anche materie tanto disparate come <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">ostetricia</span>,<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">veterinaria</span> ed <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">aritme-tica</span>.</div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">• Il </span><strong style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: blue;">papiro Ebers</span></strong><span style="color: #333333;"> (</span><strong style="color: #333333;">1550 a.C</strong><span style="color: #333333;">.) proviene sicuramente dalla biblioteca di una </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuola di medicina</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> ed è uno dei più importanti e dei più grandi documenti scritti dell’</span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #660000;">antico Egitto</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">: misura più di 20 metri di lunghezza e 30 centimetri di larghezza. </span></div>
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Libro medico modello, contiene nozioni di <span style="color: #993366;"><b>anatomia</b></span>, un elenco con patologie e relative cure, rimedi per moltissime malattie, dalla tosse ai problemi cardiaci e 900 ricette di farmaci. </div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Infatti, contiene 877 commi che descrivono numerose malattie in </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">vari campi della medicina</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> come la </span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">chirurgia</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">, la </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina generale</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> e parecchie specializzazioni fra cui </span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">pediatria</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">, </span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #38761d;">gerontologia</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">, l’</span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: blue;">oftalmologia</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">, la </span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: purple;">ginecologia</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">, la</span><strong style="color: #993366;"> </strong><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #e06666;">gastroenterologia</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">, </span><b style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">malattie dell’ano</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> e le loro corrispondenti prescrizioni. </span></div>
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Questo papiro include la prima relazione scritta sui <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">tumori</span></b>.</div>
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• Il <strong><span style="color: #45818e;">papiro Edwin Smith</span></strong> (<strong>1650 a.C</strong>.) un rotolo di 4.5 mt, è un trattato di <span style="color: #993366;"><b>patologia interna</b></span> e<strong style="color: #993366;"> </strong><b><span style="color: red;">chirur- gia ossea</span></b>. </div>
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Elenca 48 casi di <span style="background-color: yellow;">ferite</span> e <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">lesioni,</span> con le corrispondenti terapie. </div>
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Il suo contenuto è principalmente chirurgico: l’informazione medica contenuta nel <b><span style="color: #45818e;">papiro Edwin Smi-th </span></b>include l’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">esame obiettivo</span></b>, la <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">diagnosi</span></b>, il <b><span style="color: #660000;">trattamento</span></b> e la <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">prognosi</span></b> di numerose patologie, con speciale interesse a diverse <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">tecniche chirurgiche</span></b> e <span style="color: red;"><b>descrizioni anatomiche</b></span>, ottenute nel corso dei processi di <span style="background-color: cyan;">imbalsamazione</span> e <span style="background-color: lime;">mummificazione</span> dei cadaveri. </div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">In questo papiro, vennero stabilite per la prima volta </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: #333333;">tre livelli di prognosi</span><span style="color: #333333;">, in modo simile alla </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici-na moderna</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">: </span><em style="color: #333333;"><b><span style="color: purple;">favorevole</span></b></em><span style="color: #333333;">, </span><span style="color: red;"><em><b>dubbioso</b></em> </span><span style="color: #333333;">ed </span><em style="color: #333333;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">infausta</span></b></em><span style="color: #333333;">. </span></div>
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All’interno delle numerose descrizioni offerte dai testi egizi c’è da segnalare il cuore e l’apparato circola-torio, raccolto nel trattato: <b style="background-color: yellow;">“Il segreto del medico, conoscenza del cuore”</b>, incorporato nel <b><span style="color: #45818e;">papiro di Edwin Smith</span></b>: <span style="background-color: cyan;">Il cuore è una massa di carne origine della vita e centro del sistema vacolare</span> <span style="background-color: magenta;">(…)</span> <span style="background-color: cyan;">Attra-verso la pulsazione il cuore parla ai vasi ed alle membra del corpo</span>. </div>
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Il <b><span style="color: #45818e;">papiro Smith</span></b> descrive tre tipi di medici:</div>
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- i <strong><span style="color: red;">SUNU</span></strong>: medici civili, esercitano presso le classi più umili e traggono le proprie conoscenze dai libri </div>
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e <span style="font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">dalla pratica empirica;</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">- gli <strong>UABU</strong>: i sacerdoti di </span><span style="color: blue;">Sekmet</span><span style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">, curano le classi privilegiate. </span></div>
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Sono mediatori con le divinità e conoscitori di un ampio assortimento di droghe; la pratica medica è</div>
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piena di religiosità in quanto il potere di guarigione deriva dagli dei;</div>
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- i <strong><span style="color: blue;">SAU</span></strong>: maghi guaritori, specializzati nella riduzione di fratture e lussazioni, lottano contro i poteri in-</div>
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vi<span style="font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">sibili legati ai mali inspiegabili o contro i mali originati dagli animali che assalgono l’uomo come lo </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> scor</span><span style="font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">pione. </span><span style="font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">Per la cura si servono di formule, incantesimi, amuleti e statue guaritrici.</span></div>
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• Il <strong><span style="color: #993366;">papiro Hearst</span></strong> (<strong>1550 a.C.</strong>) che contiene descrizioni mediche, chirurgiche ed alcune formule ma-</div>
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gis<span style="font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">trali.</span></div>
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• Il <strong><span style="color: #bf9000;">papiro di Londra</span></strong> (<strong>1350 a.C</strong>.), dove si mischiano ricette e formule magiche.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">• I <strong><span style="color: blue;">papiri di Berlín</span></strong> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">(il “libro del cuore”</span><span style="background-color: white;">) (</span><strong style="background-color: white;">1300 a.C</strong><span style="background-color: white;">.) che descrivono con sufficiente precisione alcune</span></div>
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patologie cardiache.</div>
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• Il <strong><span style="color: #cc0000;">papiro médico Chester Beatty</span></strong> (<strong>1300 a.</strong>C.) ricettario vario.</div>
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• Il <strong><span style="color: #b45f06;">papiro Carlsberg</span></strong> (<strong>1200 a.C</strong>.) di tematica ostetrica ed oftalmologica.</div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><b> Il papiro di Ebers </b></span><span style="font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Il papiro di Smith</span></span><b style="color: #38761d; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </b></div>
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<img alt="Il papiro di Ebers" height="320" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/il-papiro-di-ebers1.jpg?w=470" width="236" /> <img alt="Il papiro di Smith" height="244" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/papiro-di-edwin-smith4.jpg?w=470" width="320" /></div>
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<b style="color: #00ccff; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: magenta;">I MEDICI</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I primi riferimenti appartengono alla <b><span style="color: purple;">prima epoca monarchica</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(<strong>2700 a. C</strong>.)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secondo <b><i style="background-color: lime;">Manetón</i></b>, sacerdote e storico egizio, <i style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="color: purple;"><strong>Atotis</strong><b>o</b> <strong>Aha</strong></span></i>, faraone della <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">prima dinastía</span>, praticó l’ar-te della <b><span style="color: #990000;">medicina</span></b>, scrivendo trattati sull’arte della dissezione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gli scritti di <b><span style="color: blue;">Imhotep</span></b>, visir del faraone <b><span style="color: red;">Necherjet Dyeser</span></b>, sacerdote, astronomo, medico e primo ar-chitetto conosciuto, datano lo stesso periodo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tra i primi medici vi è <strong><span style="color: blue;">Imhotep</span></strong>, personaggio dalle mille qualità, che sembra abbia ottenuto grandi successi in questo campo sia come medico operante che come ricercatore scientifico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fu probabilmente il primo a scoprire e a studiare i <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">batteri</span></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>e quindi a sperimentare soluzioni antibat-terio-logiche che diedero i loro più noti risultati per quanto riguarda le <span style="background-color: cyan;">malattie degli occhi</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In questo campo specifico si riuscì ad unire l’utilità della cura ad un gradevole aspetto estetico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Infatti i vari trucchi utilizzati non erano altro che polveri utilizzate per curare le varie <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezioni degli occhi</span></b> che, opportunamente colorate, davano un risultato estetico molto piacevole. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">La sua fama come medico fu tale che fu deificato, e considerato il </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">dio egizio della medicina</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Altri medici noti dell’</span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="color: #e06666;">antico impero antico</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #333333;">(dal 2500 al 2100 a. C.)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> furono </span><strong style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="color: magenta;">Sachmet</span></strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #333333;">(medico del faraone Sahura)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> o </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Nesmenau</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">, direttore di una delle </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="color: purple;">case della vita</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">, ovvero templi dedicati alla prote-zione spirituale del faraone ed al contempo </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: #333333;">proto-ospedali</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">, nei quali si insegnava agli alunni di </span><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medi-cina</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">, mentre si curavano i malati. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">Tra le varie applicazioni della </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> ve ne sono alcune molto curiose che però evidenziano il suo livello di qualità: </span><b style="background-color: #b4a7d6; color: #333333;">“Altro rimedio per eliminare i capelli bianchi e per il trattamento del cuoio capelluto è il sangue di bue nero</b><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; color: #333333;">. </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6; color: #333333; line-height: 22px;"><b><span style="line-height: 22px;">Immergere nell’olio ed ungere</span><span style="line-height: 22px;">”</span></b></span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 22px;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22px;">Inoltre la prima dottoressa conosciuta come anzidetto fu <b><span style="color: red;">Peseshet</span></b>, che esercitò la sua attività duran-te la <span style="background-color: orange;">quarta dinastia</span>, oltre al suo ruolo di supervisore ,</span><strong style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: red;">Peseshet</span> </strong><span style="line-height: 22px;">faceva la levatrice in una scuola me-dica a <b>Sais</b>.</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 07 gennaio 2013 alle ore 19,26 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-31427508236434404552013-01-07T19:20:00.001+01:002013-06-22T18:58:54.671+02:00(Scheda 246 - 7) STORIA della MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA INDIANA, BUDDISTA e TIBETANA.<h3>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">LA MEDICINA </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">INDIANA, BUDDISTA E TIBETANA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">“Ayurveda” deriva dal termine sanscrito “Ayus” che significa vita o durata della vita e “Veda” cioè conoscenza, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">quindi, si può tradurre come “Scienza della vita”</span></div>
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<img alt="Shri Dhanwantari" height="640" src="http://www.sahajayogaudine.it/sites/default/files/images/dhanwantari.jpg" width="374" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA</span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #660000;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">La Ruota della Medicina Indiana</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">LA MEDICINA INDIANA,</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">BUDDISTA E TIBETANA</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> (dal 3600 a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16.981481552124023px;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16.981481552124023px;"> Il dio della sofferenza e della guarigione</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/il-dio-shiva1/" rel="attachment wp-att-299" style="color: #5b211a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Il dio della sofferenza e della guerigione" class="size-full wp-image-299" height="640" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/il-dio-shiva1.png?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="il-dio-shiva" width="507" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L’</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">india</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> rappresenta la culla di un’altra forma di </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina tradizionale</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ancora contaminata profondamente dalla religione e dalla superstizione. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tremila anni prima di Cristo<span style="font-weight: normal;">, nella valle dell’</span><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Indo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, a <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">sud dell’Asia</span>, nel <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">continente indiano</span> so<u>r</u> se una società urbana con alcune similitudini con la </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">civiltà sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> della città stato. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Come avvenne tra i </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, anche nella cultura dell’</span><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">Indo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fu sviluppato un sistema di scrittu-ra, che permise di perpetuare ed aumentare le conoscenze, generazione dopo generazione.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina indiana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> vive <span style="background-color: orange;">tre fasi distinte</span>: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">è prima magica, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">poi sacerdotale per diventare </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dominio di pratici esperti.</span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il più <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">antico testo</span> </span>(3000-2000 a.C. – V sec. a.C.)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> contenente nozioni di </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina è india- no</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: si tratta dell’</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Atharvaveda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, uno dei </span><span style="color: #e06666;">quattro libri Veda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo la <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">religione indiana</span> questi testi furono dettati agli </span><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> direttamente dal dio </span>Bra-hma<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<img alt="AYURVEDA" height="320" src="http://api.ning.com/files/*YdQbUL-rfmAbtQZ48FUzOYURipEB2O5ZqaUpnwa9qeMu-mFg2tRc37CrBNH8BP7Je6naAq0VZGyPMmaDqIEZ1pTtbUUUfWG/trattamenti.jpg?crop=1%3A1&width=171" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La datazione dell’</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Atharvaveda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è incerta: probabilmente esso risale a </span>vari millenni prima di Cristo<span style="font-weight: normal;">. Si tratta di un tipico esempio di </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal;">medicina teurgica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: la terapia consiste sopratutto in formule magiche e preghiere.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Circa </span>1500 anni prima di cristo<span style="font-weight: normal;"> cominciarono ad essere redatti i </span><span style="color: #e06666;">Veda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, testi sacri nei quali si compendia la sapienza induista. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il superamento dell’approccio teurgico si ha in </span><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> intorno al </span>V sec a. C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> con l’</span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e il </span><span style="color: #e69138;">Libro di Sushruta</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8wpccA2AdK40yNauyvrkQ22WzB-LJVcZ3G_1I50MCgXu0CSeY" width="236" /> <img src="http://i811.photobucket.com/albums/zz39/dottore57/medicinaayurveda.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nell’</span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> si compilò il <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">sistema vedico della medicina</span> nato </span>1500 anni<span style="font-weight: normal;"> prima, che vedeva la salute come l’armonia all’interno del corpo, della mente e dello spirito. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’</span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è una raccolta di pratiche igieniche e nozioni di <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">medicina empirica</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il </span><span style="color: #e69138;">Libro di Sushruta</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, invece, è uno dei più antichi esempi di trattato sull’anatomia e la chirur- gia. </span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQR6GrrTJvEFyIKg5XbjnWBBYfe5coS0FpESeoVpT7folCHwkxenw" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Notevole è la cura nella preparazioni degli strumenti chirurgici, nelle tecniche di medicazione. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">due testi più famosi di questo sistema</span>, appartennero alla scuola di </span><span style="color: purple;">Charaka</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #e69138;">Sushruta</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(periodo ca. 2500 – 1500 a.C.)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Secondo la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">Charaka</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, né la salute, né la malattia sono predeterminate, e la vita può essere allungata con poco sforzo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">D’altra parte la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Sushruta</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> comprende la medicina come l’unione di tecniche utili per curare le malattie, proteggere la salute ed allungare la vita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">libri medici indiani</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> sono enciclopedie preziose e tutto il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sapere medico antico</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> è fedelmen- te conservato: </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Sashruta</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> è un testo considerato già antico del </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">V secolo</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> ed è tuttora studia-to. L’</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> comprende <span style="background-color: cyan;">otto discipline</span> differenti:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• kayachikitsa </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(medicina interna),</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• shalyachikitsa </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(chirurgia e anatomia),</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• shalakyachikitsa </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(otorinolaringoiatria),</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• kaumarabhritya </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(pediatria),</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• bhutavidya </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(psichiatria),</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• agada tantra (tossicologia),</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• rasayana</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> (scienza del ringiovanimento),</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">• vajikarana </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(scienza della fertilità).</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;"><img height="322" src="http://shivago.it/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ayurveda.png" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Prima di apprendere le suddette </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">otto discipline</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, l’</span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> esigeva il riconoscimento delle <span style="background-color: magenta;">10 arti</span> indispensabili per la preparazione e la applicazione delle medicine, ovvero:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">distillazione,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">abilità operative,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">cucina,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">orticoltura,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">metallurgia,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">manifattura dell’olio,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">farmacia,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">analisi e separazione dei metalli,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;">composizione dei metalli,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">preparazione degli alcali.</span> </span></span><br />
<img height="480" src="http://www.menshealth.it/var/menshealth/storage/images/media/immagini/salute/rimedi-superveloci/4_rimedi_ayurvedica/01_ayurveda/75263-1-ita-IT/01_ayurveda_image_gallery.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Determinate conoscenze venivano impartite durante l’istruzione nelle materie cliniche più im-portanti. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Per esempio l’insegnamento di anatomia era parte di quello di chirurgia, l’apprendimento del-l’embriologia era parte di quello di pediatria ed ostetricia, e la conoscenza della fisiologia e della patologia era parte delle materie cliniche. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alla fine della iniziazione il guru si rivolgeva in modo solenne ai suoi studenti per incamminarli in una vita di castità, onestà e vegetarianismo. </span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Si sperava dallo studioso che si sarebbe dedicato nel corpo e alla anima dei malati,... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">che non avrebbe utilizzato alcun paziente a proprio beneficio, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">che si sarebbe vestito in modo modesto, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">che avrebbe evitato di darsi al bere, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">che avrebbe avuto autocontrollo e moderazione nelle parole, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">che costantemente si sarebbe sforzato di migliorare le sue conoscenze e le abilità tecniche, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">che sarebbe stato amabile e modesto in casa dell’infermo, prestandogli massima attenzione,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">che non avrebbe diffuso dati sul paziente e la sua famiglia, prestandogli massima dedizione.</span></span></div>
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<img height="298" src="http://www.comune.torino.it/pass/php/4/img/salute/Medicina%20ayurvedica.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Questi precetti sono molto simili a quelli del </span><span style="color: red;">Giuramento di Ippocrate</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Si stima che la durata della formazione fosse di circa 7 anni. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Prima della laurea lo studente doveva superare un esame. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Anche così il medico non doveva interrompere di formarsi con i testi, le osservazioni dirette <span style="background-color: orange;">(pratyaksha)</span> e la inferenza <span style="background-color: magenta;">(anumana)</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Inoltre i </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">vaidyas</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> effettuavano riunioni periodiche dove ognuno scambiava le proprie espe-rienze. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tutto questo senza sottovalutare altri rimedi atipici come quelli che provenivano dal popolo delle montagne e foreste, o pastori. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La conoscenza segue il modello cosmico-religioso unificante caratteristico di questa cultura: <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">360 ossa sono stati descritti come i giorni dell’anno</span>, e come le pietre che dovrebbero stare sull'altare del sacrificio. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tutto è stato collegato e interconnesso, come nella </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina tradizionale cinese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Venivano anche individuati una serie di elementi che componevano l’universo equilibrato </span><span style="background-color: lime;">cin-que mahabhutà</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(luce, vento, fuoco, acqua e terra)</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Esistono parallelismi anche con l’<span style="background-color: orange;">Ovest</span>: ad esempio la condivisione con la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina greca della teoria degli umori</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="background-color: #990000; color: yellow;">or Dosh</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">il vento conformava prâna o alito di vita</span>; fuoco, la bile </span><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #f1c232;">(Pitt)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">; e acqua costituiva il muco </span><span style="background-color: #0c343d; color: cyan;">(Kapha</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Le varie combinazioni tra di essi hanno dato origine ai vari tessuti e fluidi del corpo umano e le alterazioni del suo naturale equilibrio hanno dato luogo alla </span><span style="background-color: purple; color: #bf9000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">teoria del tridosha</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(i tre umo-ri)</span> della malattia.</span></div>
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<img alt="Shri Ganesha" height="400" src="http://www.sahajayogaudine.it/sites/default/files/images/vina.gif" width="296" /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">La teoria ha una costruzione sistematica dove ogni concetto patologico ha il suo posto. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Le patologie sono considerate essenzialmente umorali: la malattia è praticamente un rapporto anormale fra i tre elementi vento, bile e flemma. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">L’arte della prognosi è molto evoluta e le prescrizioni hanno come base la dietetica con l’uso di cereali e leguminose. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fondamentali sono le regole igieniche severissime: dai lavacri dopo il pasto, alle norme igieniche per la donna, alla crema-zione dei morti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La chirurgia è molto evoluta, come d’altronde gli esercizi spirituali e l’attività fisica </span><span style="color: magenta;">(yoga)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <img height="396" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS_0hyTnym7YoGnC1vGiu3JUpgtIZSL42hY6RM7t6FqfJ7PcaHp" width="400" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’</span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è un antichissimo sistema medico tradizionale che veniva praticato in </span><span style="color: blue;">India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fino dal </span>4000 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le prime tracce scritte si possono ritrovare nei </span><span style="color: #e06666;">Veda</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, testi sacri indiani che sono stati redatti tra il </span>1500<span style="font-weight: normal;"> e il </span>1200 a.C. <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(anche se contengono alcuni riferimenti che fanno ipotizzare un’ori-gine molto precedente, risalente al </span>3000 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> o ancora prima)</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo la tradizione è stato un dono degli Dei per consentire all’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> di vivere a lungo e in perfetta salute in modo da potersi dedicare al raggiungimento dei <span style="background-color: orange;">quattro obbiettivi della vi-ta</span> che sono il </span><span style="color: purple;">dharma</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(la virtù, ciò che è giusto fare)</span>, </span><span style="color: #990000;">artha</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(i beni terreni, quindi i mezzi di sostentamento)</span>, </span><span style="color: #783f04;">kama</span> <span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-weight: normal;">(i desideri)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #38761d;">moksa</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (la liberazione).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">“Poiché nei tempi antichi l’</span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><i>Ayurveda</i></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"> è stato concepito e insegnato da alcuni saggi, certi studiosi sostengo- no che l’</span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><i>Ayurveda</i></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"> ha un inizio.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">In effetti non è così, non si conosce un periodo in cui l’</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"> non fosse esistente e dopo il quale venne alla luce.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20.149999618530273px;">Come il calore del fuoco e la liquidità dell’acqua, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.149999618530273px;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-weight: normal;">l'</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">Ayurveda</span></span></i><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20.149999618530273px;"> o scienza della vita è cosa innata e per esiste-re non ha bisogno di alcuno sforzo da parte degli umani.” </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20.149999618530273px;"> </span><em style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20.149999618530273px;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-size: xx-small;">(Caraka Samhita Su. XXX,27).</span></em><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"> <img src="http://www.vronline.it/public/news/ayurveda.gif" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 20.148149490356445px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"> Breve storia della Medicina Tibetana</span><br />
<img src="http://www.serindiagallery.com/wp-content/uploads/tmp-left-upper.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Anche la </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000;">Medicina Tibetana</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">, come la </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000;">Medicina Ayurvedica Indiana</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> e quella </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000;">Cinese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> è uno dei più </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">antichi sistemi medici praticati in Asia</span><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Queste tradizioni possiedono millenni di storia ed esperienza pratica. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nell'</span>VII° secolo d.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;">, il </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Buddismo Indiano</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fiorì nei paesi del nord ovest dell’</span><span style="color: blue;">India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e gli imperi <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">persiani</span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">godevano di grande prosperità.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.naturaltibetanmedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/buddha-c-dragons-640x360.jpg" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L’</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #990000;">Impero Cinese Tang</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, influenzato dal </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Buddismo Indiano Mahayana</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e dalla ricchezza della zona <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Trans-Arabica</span>, sviluppò una via verso ovest, la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta;">“Via della Seta”</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Questo periodo fu per il <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">popolo tibetano</span> uno slancio; infatti il giovane e potente Re </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Srongtsen Gampo</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(617-?)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> importò dall’</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">India</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> il </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">Buddismo</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Egli approfittò dell’opportunità della </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Via della Seta</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> per invitare studiosi dalla </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Persia</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e dai paesi limitrofi, con l’intento di sviluppare </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">“l’Arte della Guarigione”</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">In breve tempo il </span><span style="background-color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: cyan;">Tibet</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> diventò un centro di sviluppo culturale, artistico e spirituale.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I Re </span><span style="background-color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: cyan;">tibetani</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ufficializzarono </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: normal;">tre tradizioni mediche straniere provenienti</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> dalla </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Persia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, dall’</span><span style="color: blue;">In-dia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e dalla </span><span style="color: red;">Cina</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Inoltre, ne permisero la pratica e la diffusione unite all’autoctona </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Bon</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: #351c75; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: lime;">“L’Arte della Guarigione”</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> che oggi viene chiamata </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Tibetana</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, trae le sue caratte-ristiche da queste origini storiche e dai </span><span style="background-color: #660000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: yellow;">“Quattro Tantra”</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">Buddisti</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Con la loro esperienza arricchita dalle risorse ambientali, basata sull’</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #134f5c;">etica buddista</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e sulla r<u>e</u> lazione altruistica medico-paziente, i </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici tibetani</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> conquistarono il cuore del popolo e di-vulgaro</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">no questa preziosa arte nei paesi dell’<span style="background-color: lime;">Asia Centrale</span>, mantenendola viva fino ad oggi.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Medicina Tibetana</span></span><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Tibetana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, antico sistema medico basato sulla filosofia e la psicologia </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #134f5c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">buddista</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, spiega che tutto ciò che esiste e non esiste nel mondo dipende dalla mente e dai <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">cinque elementi</span>. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />La mente viene considerata la base di tutto, perché tutte le esistenze e tutti i momenti dipendono dai suoi movimenti; la mente è il creatore di ogni fenomeno esterno ed interno.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La mente e i <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">cinque elementi</span> si manifestano sotto forma di energia e di materia grossolana che assumono tre aspetti: il corpo, l’energia e la mente. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel corpo umano, gli elementi sono rappresentati da </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: normal;">tre energie</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, chiamate </span><span style="color: #38761d;">“umori”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: Vento <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(tibetano: rLung)</span>, Bile <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(mKhrispa, pronunciato: Tripa)</span> e Flemma <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">(Badken)</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Questi umori sono la quintessenza delle energie che fluiscono costantemente nel corpo umano e sostengono la salute e la consapevolezza mentale. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Quando questi <span style="background-color: #e69138;">tre principi</span> sono in armonia tra loro, generano la salute, nel caso contrario si manifesta la malattia. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Questo rappresenta il concetto centrale della teoria generale, dell’eziologia, della patologia, della diagnosi e della cura del corpo e della mente, secondo la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Tibetana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La teoria e la pratica di questo sistema medico si </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">basano sulla modulazione dell’energia me<u>n</u> tale e sul processo di formazione degli umori fisici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Numerosi medici hanno condotto ricerche e scritto commentari sul testo principale </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000;">Gyud-shi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: lime;">(Quattro Tantra)</span>, sulla pratica, sulla materia medica, sulle esperienze cliniche, sulla storia de<u>l</u> la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Tibetana</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, tramandando quest’arte per il beneficio delle generazioni future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> Buddismo e Medicina</span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Gautama Budda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Budda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> storico insegnò la dottrina </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">buddista</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> più di </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2500 anni</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> fa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Successivamente, il </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #134f5c;">Buddismo</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> diventò un’ancora di salvezza per il popolo alla ricerca della li-berazione dalla morte e dalla malattia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">È una dottrina rivolta a tutti senza discriminazione di casta, razza o ricchezza. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Con il tempo diventò una religione ed una via che tuttora aiuta milioni di persone che soffrono.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Per </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">46 anni</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Budda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> insegnò il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Dharma</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> ai suoi discepoli.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">prima ruota</span> del </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dharma</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> è composta dalle universali </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">“Quattro Nobili Verità”</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #e06666;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">“La sofferenza esiste</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">perché ha una causa,</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #e06666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fine della sofferenza esiste</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #e06666;">perché ha i sentieri </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">(causa)”</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Il </span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Buddismo</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> è una conoscenza vera e rappresenta un metodo di reale evoluzione per gli es-seri senzienti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Infatti </span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Budda</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> specificò:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #e69138; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">“La malattia esiste </span><span style="background-color: #e69138; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">perché ha una causa,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #e69138; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">la liberazione dalla sofferenza esiste </span><span style="background-color: #e69138; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">perché possiede i metodi </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">(causa)”</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">S</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">cuole e formazione di Medici in Tibet</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nella </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #134f5c;">storia del Buddismo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e della </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Tibetana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, l’insegnamento e la formazione pratica sono sempre stati molto importanti ed influenzati dalla tradizione </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #45818e;">buddista</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> stessa. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">All’inizio, gli studiosi medici anziani trasmisero liberamente ai giovani l’insegnamento, la pra-tica e le basi filosofiche del </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #134f5c;">Buddismo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, nonché l’etica e la responsabilità della salvezza della propria vita e di quella altrui. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Per questo motivo, essi conquistarono il rispetto da parte della società tibetana.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I primi sistemi ufficiali di formazione furono stabiliti dal </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">VII° secolo fino al IX° secolo</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, duran-te l’apogeo dei Re tibetani. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Comunque fino al </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">XVII° secolo</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, gli insegnamenti delle scuole, quelli dei monasteri e quelli trasmessi secondo le tradizioni familiari, non erano probabilmente del tutto simili.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Durante il regno del </span><span style="background-color: #274e13; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">V° Dalai Lama</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, il reggente </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Desid Sangye Gyatso</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(1653-1705)</span>, costruì il <span style="background-color: orange;">Collegio Medico Chakpori</span>, stabilì un programma di studio della </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> ed un diploma uffi-cialmente riconosciuto. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Nonostante i cambiamenti del programma, dettati dalle esigenze dei tempi e dei requisiti, l’a<u>t</u> tuale sistema formativo della </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Tibetana</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> in </span><span style="color: blue;">India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ed in </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Tibet</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, si appoggia ancora sul-le medesime basi. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Ad esempio, la tradizione dell’insegnamento orale e quella dello studio dell’</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Albero della Me-dicina</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> esistono tuttora.</span><br />
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 07 gennaio 2013 alle ore 19,20 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-71357798643498950892013-01-05T23:30:00.003+01:002013-06-22T19:07:04.008+02:00(Scheda 245 - 6) STORIA della MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA e PRECOLOMBIANA.<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-size: 32.22222137451172px;">LA </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">MEDICINA </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">PRECOLOMBIANA</span></div>
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<img height="260" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6dWWrpNKhmcsgev_tExHaTiZJI8QaKRfBE97htLUCr7Rp1Zb5-A" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #990000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">La MEDICINA PRECOLOMBIANA</span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">Nacque </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: purple;">nell’anno zero (</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">era dell'Acqua</span><span style="color: purple;">) </span></span><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: purple;">che cadeva secondo il Calendario Maya </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">l’11 agosto del 3.114 (a.C.), </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Antica Civiltà Precolombiana</span></span><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Divinita mixteca associata alla medicina - </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Civilta precolombiana</span></span></div>
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<img height="307" src="http://www.scalarchives.it/scalapic/250412/b/DA06104b.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche se abitualmente la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina precolombiana</span></b> viene trattata quando si parla del primo Rinascimento, viene qui opportunamente <span style="background-color: lime;">"anticipata"</span> per sottolineare come essa già esiste<u>s</u> se già molto prima della grande impresa di <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Cristoforo Colombo</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come in tutte le <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">civiltà precolombiane</span> il ruolo di <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">medico-stregone-sacerdote</span> nei primi tempi era di solito assolto dalla stessa persona. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli compiva una serie di atti rituali come quello di giacere accanto al malato, di frizionare la parte affetta e succhiare via la <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">"causa"</span> della malattia come punte di frecce, piccoli rospi o pi<u>e</u> truzze, che aveva sin'allora tenuto abilmente nascosti.</span></div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01ce504XB2bWawYIIvt_VUjyQ1QMH2JRvBv71AEzO1EtIXgDYy3tcVQGM7zKjtIgs32iTBYIEu3ksyy1w7aOI2eUpyA7gv55H85yBOXEiPxRBD-AZJPEVQhrGG5yVyYP2S5Vz8h2vIN1j/s1600/chaman222.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Da parte loro gli sciamani recavano con sé al letto del malato tutti i presidi terapeutici consi-derati essenziali per la guarigione: conchiglie, penne d'aquila, tabacco per purificare.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #bf9000; color: #660000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">AZTECHI</span><br />
<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR-MW6ULMVj-z1MGVbNi-2I83AlxHIEGuyY6KFOYDWRYmsxeOamug" width="266" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quando nel 1519 i soldati di <b><span style="color: red;">Hernan Cortez</span></b> sbarcarono sulle coste del <span style="background-color: cyan;">Golfo del Messico</span> cre-devano di avere ancora a che fare con le stesse popolazioni <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>"primitive"</b></span> delle <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Isole dei Ca-raibi</span>: non si aspettavano certo di venire a contatto con una civiltà così progredita da avanza- re per certi aspetti quella di alcuni Paesi del <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Vecchio Mondo</span>. </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> La </span>Valle del Messico<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> al tempo della </span>conquista spagnola</span><br />
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lake_Texcoco_c_1519.png/250px-Lake_Texcoco_c_1519.png" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La capitale dell'<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Impero azteco</span>, <b><span style="background-color: #660000; color: #f1c232;">Tenochtitlan</span></b>, il cuore dell'attuale <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">Città del Messico</span>, avrebbe potuto tranquillamente competere - in splendore - con le più celebrate capitali d'Europa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I servizi igienici erano all'avanguardia: esisteva addirittura un ingegnoso sistema di fognatu-re per assicurare lo smaltimento dei rifiuti liquidi, e in ogni strada si ergevano quegli utilissimi <b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">"monumentini"</b> che diedero poi fama all'imperatore romano <b><span style="color: blue;">Vespasiano</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I rifiuti solidi venivano trasportati e inceneriti fuori dalla città e ogni quartiere era responsa-bile della pulizia delle proprie strade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell'attuale <b><span style="color: #990000;">Guatemala</span></b>, i <span style="background-color: orange;">Conquistadores</span> incontrarono anche un'altra civiltà, quella del pop<u>o</u> lo <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #bf9000;">Maya</span></b>, che in tempi andati aveva raggiunto il massimo splendore nella penisola dello <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">Yucatan</span> e nel <span style="background-color: cyan;">sud del Messico</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa civiltà, benché sulla strada della decadenza a causa dell'abbandono delle grandi città <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(per le pestilenze?)</span> era tuttavia ancora assai rispettabile per quanto riguardava la cultura e le conoscenze mediche.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ancora più a sud, nella zona delle <b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Ande</span></b>, la civiltà degli <b><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span></b> si trovava allora all'acme della sua espansione. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A nord, invece, erano i <b><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #674ea7;">Pellerossa</span></b> i padroni del territorio.</span><br />
<img height="356" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aztecexpansion.png/450px-Aztecexpansion.png" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Presso gli <b><span style="color: #660000;">AZTECHI</span></b>, al sommo della gerarchia medica erano i sacerdoti <b><span style="color: red;">Ahmen</span></b> <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">("coloro che capiscono")</span>, in grado di diagnosticare le malattie e indurre la guarigione. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per formulare la diagnosi, essi si servivano spesso di granelli di mais che facevano cadere in un vaso pieno d'acqua: dal modo con cui essi si disponevano, traevano le loro conclusioni.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma ad un certo momento, i medici veri e propri <b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: #ffd966;">ticitl</span></b> decisero di distinguersi nettamente dai guaritori, pur non rinunciando ad utilizzare talora come mezzi di guarigione le danze sacre e gli esorcismi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per gli <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b>, la divinità suprema era <b><span style="background-color: #bf9000; color: red;">Tezcatlipoca</span></b>, cioè il sole. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A lui sottoposti erano numerosi altri dei, protettori o malefici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma i medici <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b> ammettevano come cause di malattia non solo l'intervento degli dei <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">"pa-togeni"</span></b>, ma anche la scarsa igiene, l'eccesso di caldo e di freddo, gli abusi alimentari. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le malattie note erano invero numerose, già prima dell'avvento dei <span style="background-color: orange;">Conquistadores</span>: glauco- ma, ptosi palpebrale, scrofola, parassitosi intestinali, dissenteria, leishmaniasi, pediculosi, gotta, epilessia, scorbuto, elefantiasi, febbre gialla.</span></div>
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<img src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Colomb1.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molto avanzata era l'ostetricia: la donna che aspettava un bambino si poneva automatica-mente sotto la protezione di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Teteoinam</span></b> e di <b><span style="color: #45818e;">Avopechtli</span></b> <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">(rispettivamente dea madre e dea del parto)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Doveva stare attenta a <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">non guardare verso il sole durante un'eventuale eclissi</span>, altrimenti il bambino sarebbe venuto al mondo -secondo la credenza- con il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">labbro leporino</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non appena sopravvenivano le prime doglie, era d'obbligo un bel bagno di vapore. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se poi il parto si presentava difficile o ritardava, veniva data da bere una bevanda detta <span style="background-color: cyan;">chi-hualpatli</span>, indubbiamente dotata della proprietà di favorire le <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">contrazioni dell'utero</span>.</span></div>
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<img src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Colomb2.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche in chirurgia gli <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b> erano piuttosto progrediti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sapevano ad esempio ridurre e immobilizzare le fratture con stecche o con innesti di legno di pino. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma erano anche capaci di aprire un ascesso tonsillare, di cospargere le ferite con polvere di ossidiana per prevenire l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b>, di praticare il salasso.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nello strumentario chirurgico figuravano coltelli di pietra o di metallo, spine di agave, aculei di porcospino. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma i chirurghi <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b> eccelsero in quella misteriosa pratica che, diffusa al resto dell'America, all'Europa, all'Asia e all'Africa, ...la <b><span style="color: red;">trapanazione del cranio</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche se i primi archeologi che si trovarono dinanzi a questi crani diedero delle spiegazioni semplicistiche <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">(sarebbero appartenuti a persone di alto lignaggio nelle rispettive società) </span>nemmeno le indagini successive poterono approdare ad una conclusione unitaria e atten-dibile.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Uno spiraglio di luce venne nel <b>1800</b> dalle ingegnose ricerche del famoso medico e antropo-logo francese <b><i style="background-color: yellow;">Paul Broca</i></b>, secondo le quali gli <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">interventi sul cranio</span> erano stati effettuati non su soggetti deceduti, ma ancora vivi, poiché la volta cranica mostrava evidenti segni di rigenerazione e di riparazione, per neoformazione di tessuto osseo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Attualmente gode molto credito la tesi secondo cui la <b><span style="color: red;">trapanazione</span></b> sarebbe stata compiuta allo scopo di decomprimere il cervello da qualche frammento di osso fratturato; visto poi che decomprimendo il cranio si risolvevano spontaneamente i disturbi concomitanti <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">(paralisi, as-cessi cerebrali, convulsioni)</span>, i medici si convinsero probabilmente che la stessa tecnica di <b><span style="color: red;">tra-panazione</span></b> potesse valere anche per guarire altre malattie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: red;">trapanazione</span></b> veniva effettuata con uno speciale strumento detto <b><span style="color: purple;">tumi</span></b>, e secondo tecni-che diverse, prova questa della notevole perizia e inventiva dei chirurghi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I medici <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b> erano molto abili nel porre la diagnosi; per la terapia disponevano di ben 30 00 diverse piante medicinali. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: #bf9000;">salsapariglia</span>, ad esempio, trovava largo impiego come diuretico nelle malattie del rene e delle vescica, oltre che nel trattamento delle eruzioni <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(in questo caso veniva data per garga- rismi)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come si sa, dopo l'arrivo degli <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Spagnoli</span> la <span style="background-color: #bf9000;">salsapariglia</span> invase rapidamente l'Europa, dove trovò largo impiego soprattutto nel trattamento <span style="background-color: cyan;">(illusorio)</span> di quella malattia che gli <b><span style="color: purple;">Amerindi </span></b>avevano forse loro regalato: la <b><span style="color: #e06666;">sifilide</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un'altra pianta medicinale, un piccolo cactus, era detta <b><span style="color: #990000;">peyotl</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(Lalophora williamsii)</span>, che cre-sceva nelle regioni settentrionali del paese. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">"Esso seda i dolori quando applicato sulle articolazioni dolenti"</span>... </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma chi mastica la scorza o ne beve il succo prova una voglia irrefrenabile di ridere, avverte allucinazioni <span style="background-color: orange;">"demoniache"</span> ed eccitanti; e diviene addirittura in grado di predire il futuro.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oggi si sa che questa pianta, largamente impiegata dai medici e dai sacerdoti <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b>, conti<u>e</u> ne una trentina di alcaloidi, dei quali la <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">mescalina</span> è responsabile degli effetti allucinogeni.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b>camotl</b> era invece una piccola pianta tuberosa che provocava apatia, rendendo il soggetto insensibile al dolore e indifferente all'ambiente circostante <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(l'azione è dovuta al suo contenu-to in saponina)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Spesso la si somministrava alle vittime dei sacrifici umani.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un'altra pianta che troverà largo impiego nella <span style="background-color: #e69138;">medicina occidentale</span> sino ai nostri giorni era la <b><span style="color: blue;">gialappa</span></b>, impiegata come purgante. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Contro le convulsioni, risultavano invece efficaci i vapori di incenso e l'olio di coppale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quando i marinai di <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Colombo</span></b> sbarcarono nel <span style="background-color: yellow;">Nuovo Mondo</span> furono colpiti da un fatto piuttos-to curioso: gli indigeni <b style="background-color: #bf9000;">"bevevano il fumo"</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">tabacco</span></b> era per quelle popolazioni qualcosa di più di un piacere: era soprattutto un m<u>o</u> do per indurre un invidiabile <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"stato di tranquillità"</span></b>, cioè per sedare. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua polvere risultava inoltre -a detta degli indigeni- molto efficace contro l'emicrania, le vertigini e le malattie del naso.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quest'erba era detta anche <b><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #274e13;">cohoba</span></b>, e i <b>Gesuiti</b> avocarono a sé il privilegio di coltivarla e di spedirla in Europa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Poiché le spedizioni avvenivano nel porto messicano di <span style="background-color: orange;"><b>Tabasco</b></span>, le foglie presero appunto questo nome <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(che divenne poi "tabacco")</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel <b>1560</b> <b><i style="background-color: cyan;">Jean Nicot</i></b>, ambasciatore di Francia in Portogallo, inviò a <b><i><span style="color: red;">Francesco II</span></i></b> e <b><span style="color: blue;"><i>Caterina de' Medici</i></span></b> dei <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">semi di tabacco</span>, vantandone le virtù curative specie per il mal di testa, di cui soffriva la regina. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Posselt</b> e <b style="background-color: lime;">Reimann</b> isolarono nel <b>1828</b> l'<span style="background-color: #ffd966;">alcaloide del tabacco</span>, al quale in ricordo dell'amba-sciatore <b><i style="background-color: cyan;">Nicot</i></b> diedero il nome di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">"nicotina"</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli europei si invaghirono tanto del <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">tabacco</span> come medicamento che giunsero anche a sommi-nistrarlo per clistere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un'altra polvere molto in voga era il <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">cacahuatl</span></b>, che si otteneva <b style="background-color: #ffd966;">essiccando</b><span style="background-color: white;"> e </span><b style="background-color: #ffd966;">triturando</b> le <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">bacche del cacao</span>: trattato con latte, vaniglia e miele, costituiva la bevanda tonica per eccel-lenza presso gli <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo la scoperta del <b><span style="color: magenta;">Nuovo Mondo</span></b>, molte di queste piante furono importate in <span style="background-color: lime;">Europa</span>, rivoluzionando letteralmente l'intera <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">farmacopea occidentale</span> ancora ferma alla <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>medicina cla<u>s</u> sica e degli Arabi</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Accanto ai medicamenti di origine vegetale, i medici <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b> non disdegnavano quelli di deri-vazione animale, come la cenere, le corna calcinate, il sangue, la bile, gli estratti di cervello e di altri organi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Disponevano anche di un materiale di cui i <span style="background-color: orange;">conquistadores</span> non sospettavano nemmeno l'e-sistenza: la gomma, che impiegavano come vescicante in forma di larghi fogli sul torace in ca-so di pleurite, e sulle articolazioni contro i reumatismi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per questi ultimi ricorrevano anche ai massaggi, ai bagni di vapore e alla sauna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><img height="278" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTjHyQ4O_K0Bcm6dO84HlQpCN7kP_yltiJ4-MbCkJ1xVQx_kEOI" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gli indios <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Z</span></b></i><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #38761d;">apotechi</span></b><i> del Messico, secondo la loro tradizione </i><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-style: italic;">precolombiana</span><i>, avevano due miti cosmo-g</i>o<i>nici, uno <span style="background-color: cyan;">celeste</span> e uno <span style="background-color: lime;">terrestre</span>.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Entrambi sono giunti fino a noi attraverso la mediazione di un missionario domenicano, <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">fray Francisco de Burgoa</span></b> che, nell’intento di estirpare ogni traccia di presunta idolatria e diffondere il credo cristiano, si occupò di raccogliere <b><span style="background-color: purple; color: yellow;">“las fa-bulas”</span></b> dei popoli indigeni, per meglio censurarne ogni eventuale permanenza. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il mito <span style="background-color: cyan;">celeste</span> fa derivare l’origine del mondo e del genere umano da una stella luminosa, con tutta probabilità il sole, che scesa sulla terra in forma di uccello <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(la guacamaya, sorta di grande pappagallo dalle piume verde brillante)</span> avrebbe dato ini-zio alla creazione di tutto ciò che esiste.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">L’altra versione del mito, invece, che può considerarsi <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">tripartita</span>, menziona tre diverse origini che gli <span style="color: #45818e;"><b style="background-color: #ffd966;">indios</b></span> si attribuivano, a seconda della caratteristica del loro popolo che volevano esaltare. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il passo della <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Geográfica descripción</span> recita: <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">«[…] éstos, ya por preciarse de valientes, se hacían hijos de leones, y fieras silvestres, si grandes señores, y antiguos, producidos de árboles descollados y sombríos, si invencibles y porfiados, de que se preciaban mucho, que los habían parido escollos, y peñascos [...]»</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: yellow;">prima</span> fa discendere gli uomini valorosi dalle fiere selvagge; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">la <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">seconda</span> afferma che i sovrani più antichi e importanti nacquero dagli alberi più alti e frondosi; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">la <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">terza</span> vuole che i guerrieri invincibili e caparbi vantassero di essere sorti da rocce e scogli.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Di queste <span style="background-color: lime;">tre possibili genesi</span>, quella che ebbe più fortuna attraverso i secoli fu la <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">seconda</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Ancora oggi, infatti, nella regione dell’<b><span style="color: #990000;">Istmo di Tehuantepec</span></b>, nel sud dello <b><span style="color: #783f04;">Stato di Oaxaca</span></b>, gli anziani indigeni raccon-tano che l’<b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">umanità fu partorita dalle radici degli alberi</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Il poeta <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Andrés Henestrosa</span>, che ha studiato l’etimologia del termine autoctono <b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">binningula’sa</b> – in realtà ci dice che, <b style="background-color: orange;">“za-poteco”</b> è un appellativo <b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">nahua</b>, imposto dagli <b><span style="color: #660000;">Aztechi</span></b> che conquistarono il territorio poco prima dell’arrivo degli <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">spagnoli</span> –, ritiene che nel nome col quale il popolo chiama se stesso sia racchiuso il mito originario: <b><span style="color: purple;">binni</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">«gente»</span>, <b><span style="color: red;">gu</span></b> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">«radice»</span>, <b><span style="color: blue;">la’sa</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">«flessibile»</span>, ovvero <b><span style="color: magenta;">«gente nata dalle radici flessibili»</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Le <b><span style="color: magenta;">radici flessibili</span></b>, altro non sono se non la parte più tenera ed elastica della pianta, quella più a diretto contatto con la terra, dalla quale traggono il nutrimento, per esprimerci in termini scientifici contemporanei, gli apici radicali. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Per questo gli <b><span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: #45818e;">indios</span></b> sono convinti che la forza vitale, pulsante, duttile e capace di generare sia contenuta nella parte più tenera della radice.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRmF5MZKAIQVSc3FLXwH88ajJlJFm432JH4xXU0G_oyszovgzDkhMctbnuVlg" width="486" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">I missionari, purtroppo, si premurarono di distruggere accuratamente tutti i codici <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Zapotechi</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma possediamo alcuni codici degli <b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">indios Mixtechi</span></b>, un popolo molto affine a quello <b><span style="color: #38761d;">zapoteco</span></b>, che a partire dal <b>X secolo d.C.</b>, subentrò a quest’ultimo nella supremazia territoriale della <span style="background-color: cyan;">regione oaxachegna</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Fra questi documenti il più interessante dal punto di vista mitologico è senza dubbio il <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">Codex Vindobonensis</span></b>, un <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">“libro”</span></b> <b><span style="color: #990000;">precolombiano</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(in pergamena di cervo, ripiegata a fisarmonica e costituita da 52 lamine)</span>, probabilmente risalente al <b>XIV secolo</b>, nel quale è narrata, in forma pittografica, la nascita dei primi dèi e la loro decisione di creare il mondo, popolarlo e instaurare leggi e riti che consentissero un’esistenza armoniosa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella <b><span style="color: blue;">lamina 37-f</span></b> è rappresentata la nascita dei <span style="background-color: yellow;">primi esseri</span> dal <b><span style="color: red;">Grande Albero dell’Origine</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Secondo gli studiosi che si sono occupati di decifrare il testo <b><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">Mixteco</span></b>, in questa pagina si racconta di come, in seguito alla creazione della <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">terra</span></b>, del <b><span style="color: #e69138;">sole</span></b>, della <b><span style="color: #45818e;">luna</span></b>, del <b><span style="color: #e06666;">tempo</span></b> e della<b> morte</b>, il dio <b><span style="color: purple;">Quetzalcoatl</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(9 Vento)</span>, convocò una riunione alla quale presero parte tutti gli dèi, gli spiriti e i primi sacerdoti, con l’obiettivo di tagliare il <b><span style="color: red;">Grande Albero</span></b>, affinché po-tessero venire alla luce gli <span style="background-color: yellow;">esseri</span> che in esso si trovavano in gestazione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Nell’immagine è visibile al centro l’<b><span style="color: red;">albero</span></b>, il cui tronco ha una forma bombata come se fosse gravido. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">La corteccia viene incisa da due sacerdoti, le figure dipinte di nero, con in mano strumenti appuntiti, e dalle fenditure del tronco sorge il primo di una serie di personaggi, che sono stati identificati in diversi modi, come capostipiti di dinastie reali, sommi sacerdoti o antenati divini del popolo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Qualunque sia l’interpretazione più corretta, non c’è dubbio che l’essere dipinto di rosso sia uno dei primi </span><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"> a po-polare la terra.</span></div>
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<img height="640" src="http://sphotos-e.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc6/734910_546548632024994_1300990076_n.jpg" width="572" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa breve incursione nella mitologia <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Zapoteca</span></b> e <span style="background-color: #783f04; color: lime;">Mixteca</span>, che fa dell’<b><span style="color: red;">albero</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(probabilmente una ceiba, pianta della fa-miglia delle malvacee)</span>, il progenitore sacro del genere <b><span style="color: magenta;">umano</span></b>, dimostra come la relazione che i popoli <b><span style="color: purple;">amerindiani </span></b>concepivano – e continuano a concepire – nei confronti delle piante fosse strettissima e carica di molteplici significati: i vegetali non solo sono dispensatori di alimento e medicina, ma sono anche esseri venerabili, perché da essi hanno origine l’esistenza e la conoscenza.</span></div>
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<img height="300" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTMH6BhAEm2XBEfJdVZSUWs4GgoyzjWCnXXL9XQ-Vifb3D5BqU5" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;">Maya</span></span></div>
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<img alt="Stemma del Messico" height="360" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La civiltà <span style="color: #bf9000;"><b style="background-color: #274e13;">Maya</b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span>fiorì nella zona del <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Centro America</span>, più precisamente, nella zona che si esten-de dal sud della <span style="background-color: yellow;">Penisola dello Yucatán</span> fino all'<span style="background-color: lime;">Honduras</span> e <span style="background-color: cyan;">El Salvador</span> passando per <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Guate-mala</span> e <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Belize</span>.</span></div>
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<img height="300" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRAz6__IdvELbgrxohT2U5o39sxVS2e-0kLymGUBAOcoGJhlduW" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli archeologi dividono questa vasta area in <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">due regioni</span>: la <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">regione del sud</span>, anche denomi-nata <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">"terre alte"</span></b>, costituita dal sistema montuoso presente sul <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">territorio guatemalteco</span> e la <span style="background-color: lime;">regione del nord</span>, o <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"terre basse"</span></b>, che comprende la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">foresta tropicale</span> sia del <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Guatemala</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">che del <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Belize del nord</span> e le zone più aride della <span style="background-color: yellow;">penisola dello Yucatán</span>.</span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mayamap.png/375px-Mayamap.png" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Così i <b>tre periodi principali</b> in cui viene suddivisa la storia dei <span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #bf9000;"><b>Maya</b></span> sono:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <span style="color: #990000;"><b>Periodo Preclassico</b></span>, che va dal <b>1500 a.C.</b> al <b>317 d.C.</b> secondo alcuni, e dal <b>1000 a.C.</b> o dal <b>1800 a.C.</b> secondo altri;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: blue;">Periodo Classico</span></b>, che va dal <b>317</b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;"> (anno corrispondente all'anno più antico del calendario maya)</span> al <b>987 d.C.</b>, suddiviso a sua volta in <b><span style="color: red;">tre periodi</span></b>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Periodo Classico Arcaico</span></b>, che va fino al <b>500 circa</b>, in cui si assistette allo stanziarsi dei <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #bf9000;">Maya</span></b> e alla bonifica della giungla;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Periodo Medio Classico</span></b>, con una pausa a cui segue una ripresa con rinnovata lena;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Periodo Classico Finale</span></b>, a partire dall'<b>800</b>, in cui avviene il declino e l'inspiegabile abban-dono di tutto quanto s'era creato;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Periodo Postclassico</span></b>, che inizia a partire dal <b>987</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche per i <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #bf9000;">MAYA</span></b> esisteva tutta una cosmogonia medica, con dèi buoni e dèi cattivi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se i secondi prevalevano sui primi, subentrava la malattia: e, prima di iniziare il trattamento, il medico pretendeva che il paziente confessasse eventuali colpe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le malattie più diffuse tra i <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #bf9000;">Maya</span></b> furono l'asma bronchiale, la polmonite, i reumatismi, l'eresi-pela, l'ascaridiasi, la malaria, la febbre gialla, la dissenteria, l'epilessia e la carie dentale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <b><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #bf9000;">Maya</span></b> erano buoni conoscitori dell'anatomia e della fisiologia, specie dell'apparato genitale maschile e femminile. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ponevano il cuore al centro della vita, e credevano che nelle vene circolassero liberamente gli spiriti vitali, che davano segno di sé tramite le pulsazioni.</span></div>
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<img height="438" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZTCSCciBt0k/TwHj3v13xxI/AAAAAAAAGAI/HfmRtxf0I2M/s640/calendario-maya-0.jpg" style="text-align: justify;" width="640" /><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;"><b><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #274e13;">Numerazione maya</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;">Una maschera in </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giada_(minerale)" style="background-image: none; border: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-decoration: initial;" title="Giada (minerale)">giada</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;"> dei Maya</span></span><br />
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/220px-Maya.svg.png" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Palenque_-_Maske_des_Pakal.jpg/200px-Palenque_-_Maske_des_Pakal.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le fantasiose <b><span style="color: red;">predizioni</span></b> di <b><i style="background-color: yellow;">Sitchin</i></b> e della <b><i><span style="background-color: cyan;">Lieder</span> </i></b>sono state recentemente collegate grazie all’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">antico calendario dei Maya</span></b>, secondo i quali l’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">attuale</span> <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Età dell’Oro</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">(la quinta dell’umanità)</span>, terminerà proprio in questa data. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mentre le precedenti <b>quattro ere</b>, <span style="background-color: white;">nell’ordine di </span><span style="background-color: lime;">(Acqua, Aria, Fuoco e Terra)</span> si sarebbero co<u>n</u> cluse, secondo i seguaci di questa profezia, con immani sconvolgimenti ambientali, provocati da inversioni del campo magnetico terrestre.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La data del nostro <span style="background-color: orange;">calendario Gregoriano</span> corrispondente a quella dei <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Maya </span></b>sarebbe il <span style="background-color: #e06666;">21 di- cembre 2012</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli studiosi seri delle <b><span style="color: purple;">antiche civiltà mesopotamica</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">precolombiana</span></b> non danno alcun credi- to a queste <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">previsioni e credenze</span> collegate alla New Age. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma una delle caratteristiche della nostra <b><span style="color: blue;">epoca</span></b> è proprio quella di prestare ingenuamente f<u>e</u> de a qualsiasi cosa, anche la più irrazionale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Del resto, diventa sempre più attuale la frase attribuita al grande scrittore cattolico <b><i><span style="color: magenta;">Gilbert Keith Chesterton</span></i></b>: <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">«Chi non crede in Dio non è vero che non crede in niente, poiché comincia a credere a tutto»</span>.</span></div>
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<img alt="Arte Maya Recipiente con divinita' che stringe tra le mani fiori di mais" height="400" src="http://www.scalarchives.it/scalapic/170904/b/0129034b.jpg" width="310" /></div>
<img 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" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRQL2j1Uz1v5ll-gFT4GW0FtPqxcUhttlFH4iY9ms130fK2kt9yvA" /><br />
<img height="334" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSo85sKMHbJzSH3EpHPlgVFCnfa1fXZyLl7mIxWhPKh0C7ija1O" width="400" /><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<h3 style="background-color: #1c1c1c; color: red; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Il sortilegio di Argüelles</span></h3>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #1c1c1c;">Il 21 dicembre 2012 </span></b></i><i style="background-color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25px; text-align: center;"><b>l'apocalisse </b></i><i style="background-color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 25px; text-align: center;"><b>per il calendario Maya </b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La paura apocalittica legata al <b><span style="color: #45818e;">calendario della civiltà precolombiana</span></b> risale al 1987 quando il professore d’estetica di Chicago <b><span style="color: red;">José Argüelles</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(morto a marzo)</span> pubblicò Il fattore <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Maya</span></b>, l<u>i</u> bro che ebbe una discreta diffusione sia negli ambienti New Age americani, sia nei salotti hi<u>p</u> pie europei.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Argüelles</span></b> incastonò le scoperte archeologiche del <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">mesoamericanista</span> <b><span style="color: #990000;">John Eric Thompson</span></b> in un guazzabuglio di teorie su flussi energetici e armonie cosmiche, asservendo le nozioni del-la storia alla New Age.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra le teorie c’era l’<b>epigrafe di Tortuguero</b>, scoperta nella metà degli Anni 50 nel Sud del Messico, che riferiva della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">discesa dal cielo</span> di <b><span style="color: magenta;">Bolon Yokte</span></b>, dio della distruzione e della crea-zione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ciò sarebbe avvenuto alla <span style="background-color: orange;">fine dei tempi</span>, ovvero secondo <b><span style="color: red;">Argüelles</span></b> a <span style="background-color: yellow;">dicembre 2012</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="color: white;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #741b47; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;">Codificati tre diversi calendari</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Maya</span></b> sono sinonimo di <b>mistero</b> e </span><span style="background-color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">occultismo</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La loro ossessione maniacale nel catalogare l’</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">alternarsi di giorno e notte</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">estate e inverno</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">festività religiose</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cerimonie pubbliche</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> li spinse a codificare ben </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tre calendari</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Il </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">primo</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, chiamato </span><b style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Tzolkin</span></b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, aveva un’entità religiosa e durava </span><span style="background-color: #e06666;">260 giorni</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(13 cicli di 20)</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, il </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">secondo</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, l’<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Haab</span></b>, aveva invece una valenza quotidiana e prevedeva </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">365 lune</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Lo <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Tzolkin</span></b> e l’<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Haab</span></b> erano stati concepiti con un rigore matematico tale da farli coincidere ogni </span><span style="background-color: lime;">52 anni</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> </span><span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">(18.980 giorni)</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">.</span><br /><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Il </span><span style="background-color: #bf9000;">terzo calendario</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, l’ultimo e il più problematico, non classificava <b><span style="color: #783f04;">mesi</span></b> o <b><span style="color: magenta;">anni</span></b>, ma <b>epoche</b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-size: x-small;">Un’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">era Maya</span></b> era costituita da </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">5.122 anni</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-size: x-small;"> e secondo l’archeologo <b><span style="color: #990000;">Thompson</span></b> l’</span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-size: x-small;">anno zero</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-size: x-small;"> cadeva l’</span><span style="background-color: #e06666;"><b>11 agosto</b></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-size: x-small;"> del </span><span style="background-color: lime;"><b>3.114</b></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-small;">(a.C.)</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-size: x-small;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Dunque secondo l’archeologia la <b><span style="color: red;">prima era</span></b> si è conclusa nel <b>2008</b>.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7AJ9kTAfwvI/TwHkZANLYRI/AAAAAAAAGAg/3CQvJDiw6k8/s1600/calendario-maya-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #dd7700; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img border="0" height="476" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7AJ9kTAfwvI/TwHkZANLYRI/AAAAAAAAGAg/3CQvJDiw6k8/s640/calendario-maya-1.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Festa alla fine del Calendario </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il problema sta nelle suggestioni che gli ruotano attorno. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Secondo </span><b style="background-color: orange;">Mark Van Stone</b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"> e </span><b style="background-color: magenta;">Sandra Noble</b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">, membri della fondazione per il progresso degli studi </span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">mesoamericani</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">(Famsi)</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">, la fine di un <b><span style="color: red;">calendario</span></b> è infatti ben diverso dalla fine del mon- do: per i <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Maya</span></b> giungere alla conclusione di un'<b><span style="color: #bf9000;">era</span></b> comportava prepararsi a lunghi festeggia-menti propiziatori fatti sì di sacrifici, ma anche di fiaccolate, danze, tamburi e riti sciamani.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nulla a che vedere quindi con visioni </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">apocalittiche</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nichiliste</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una sorta di <b><span style="color: blue;">proto-capodanno</span></b> quello dei <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Maya</span></b>, insomma, in cui </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">vita</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">morte</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">vecchio</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nuo-vo</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">creazione</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">distruzione</span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si intrecciavano con gusto <b>apollineo</b> e <b><span style="color: #990000;">dionisiaco</span></b>.</span></div>
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<img height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJwbqrqd-yZbWrGNAMRFdNPLmJsiYMlSv3ESjm-0zJFa3JmJrjKLZMFO9Q2aUeO9zKYLaHHuvFWcEZxTUm-I5PnGQdKUntoCo4g_DNm1CnXnnrdWe5-J4wqC_y_A7-dFWCecP9hC7OEA/s400/2012.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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Dal 989 si susseguono le previsioni per la fine del mondo</h3>
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Quella della fine del mondo è però una storia che si ripete da secoli.</div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;">La prima apocalisse era stata prevista con lo avvistamento della </span><span style="color: lime;">cometa Halley</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> nel</span><span style="color: yellow;"> 989</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> e la seconda l’anno successivo con la ripetizio-ne esoterica del numero nove, poi riformula-ta, interpretando </span><span style="color: magenta;">Nostradamus</span><span style="color: #cccccc;">, nel 1999.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><i style="color: #cccccc;">E ancora:</i><span style="color: #cccccc;"> il monaco </span><span style="color: #e69138;">Gioacchino da Fiore</span><span style="color: #cccccc;">, basandosi sulla numerologia del </span></span><i style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">Libro della Rivelazione</span></i><i style="color: #cccccc; font-size: 15px;"> </i><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: 15px;">di san Giovanni, aveva predetto un disastro nel </span><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: cyan;">1260</span></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: 15px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">John Wesley</span><span style="color: #cccccc;">, fondatore della Chiesa protes-tante metodista, aveva previsto la fine nel </span><span style="color: #c27ba0;">1836</span><span style="color: #cccccc;">, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">mentre il capo della Chiesa dell’unificazione, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Sun Myung Moon</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> aveva puntato sul </span><span style="color: #e69138;">1967</span><span style="color: #cccccc;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Vade Retro</strong> - <span class="long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.9em; letter-spacing: -0.05em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="parla della profezia dei Maya e delle sétte millenariste"><span style="color: red;">parla della profezia dei Maya e delle sétte millenariste</span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: lime; color: #3366ff; font-size: xx-small;">TREPANAZIONE NEL PERÚ ANTICO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: red; color: lime; font-size: x-large;">Incas</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quando un <b><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">INCA</span></b> si ammalava, il medico <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">(hampi-camayoc)</span> prescriveva il digiuno, un vomitivo o un purgante; indi praticava un massaggio.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Poi somministrava il medicamento necessario, che aveva imparato a usare durante il lungo e snervante tirocinio che aveva dovuto fare nella <b><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">"Scuola dei Nobili"</span></b> di <span style="background-color: orange;"><b>Cusco</b></span>. </span><br />
<img height="229" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTRhKAYcBPlMHeRRLUm6k7xah6KfuQCtvIf1flJ0Sla2M9HP-dh" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nei casi particolarmente difficili ricorreva al metodo, diffuso anche altrove, di interpretare la malattia in base alla disposizione delle foglie di coca che gettava sul terreno. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma doveva stare molto attento a compiere correttamente il proprio mestiere, perché le con-danne per <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"malpractice"</span></b>, così di moda anche oggi, erano sempre molto severe.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Basta pensare che presso i <b style="background-color: lime;">Mochica</b>, quando la morte del paziente veniva addebitata fuori di ogni fugato dubbio al medico, questi veniva bastonato, lapidato, o anche legato vivo al cadavere del cliente ed esposto ai rapaci.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia, i medici erano in genere ben preparati e costituivano una casta organizzata, che disponeva addirittura di raccoglitori di erbe medicinali, <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">pagati dallo Stato</span>, e di <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">colla huayu</span>, cioè di farmacisti itineranti che viaggiavano con il loro campionario di medicine e di semplici.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra i medicamenti più richiesti figuravano i purganti, di solito a base del frutto <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">uill-cautari</span>, che veniva preso per bocca o per clistere <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(uilla-china)</span>. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">V'era poi un gran numero di abortivi, tra i quali primeggiava la radice di euforbia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Contro la diarrea venivano impiegate l'argilla <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: black;">(contenente alluminio, silicio e magnesio)</span> e la scorza in polvere di ratantici <span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: black;">(ricca di tannino)</span>, mentre la <b><span style="color: #990000;">"barba"</span></b> della pannocchia non anco- ra matura esplicava un'azione diuretica insospettata.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">V'erano poi la resina dell'albero del pepe, indicatissima contro i parassiti intestinali, e quella dell'albero del mulli, ottimo cicatrizzante delle ferite. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il succo della papaya si mostrava invece molto utile contro gli eczemi ribelli, mentre chi aveva la scabbia bastava che applicasse tra le dita un po' di grasso di maiale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una medicina efficacissima contro due temibili malattie -la verruca peruviana e la leishmania- si- era il solfato d'arsenico, che gli <b><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span></b> chiamavano <span style="background-color: #76a5af;">hampiyoc hampei</span>, cioè medicina morta-le.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma v'era una pianta destinata a svolgere un ruolo di primo piano nella cultura e nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medi-cina </span><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Inca</span></b>, e successivamente nella farmacopea occidentale: la cuca o coca, che vegetava ne<u>l</u> le calde vallate delle <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Ande</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Già se ne conoscevano i pericoli, tanto che le coltivazioni erano piantonate a vista da guar-die bene armate, e le foglie secche venivano distribuite soltanto una volta al giorno a coloro che lavoravano all'aria frizzante delle <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Ande</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli effetti erano noti: masticando lentamente le foglie di coca viene stimolata la respirazione e la circolazione, aumentata la resistenza alla fatica e -soprattutto- attenuata la fame <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(per anestesia della mucosa gastrica)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'uso liberale della coca era consentito solo ai sacerdoti, in quanto con essa potevano sin-tonizzarsi sulla stessa lunghezza d'onda degli dèi o esorcizzare i demoni del male.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un altro rimedio davvero efficace era il balsamo del <b><span style="background-color: #134f5c; color: #f1c232;">Perù</span></b>, che si otteneva dall'ebollizione del- la corteccia di <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">Toluifera pereirae</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un altro balsamo, il balsamo del <span style="background-color: lime;">Tolù</span>, molto attivo contro l'asma e la peste, entrò successiva- mente, e rimase per secoli, nella medicina occidentale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra le malattie certamente note agli <b><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span></b> figuravano la polmonite, la bronchite, il raffreddo-re, l'uta e l'<span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>acaoana-aypacha</b></span> <span style="background-color: cyan;">"cancro delle Ande"</span>, una leishmaniasi ulcerosa e necrotizzante del viso.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Altra malattia molto temuta era la verruga, trasmessa da un dittero, che gli indigeni curava- no con un'infusione di radici. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il salasso veniva praticato pungendo la vena prescelta con una spina d'agave. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Era anche in uso il clistere, costituito da una pompetta di caucciù.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I chirurghi <b><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span></b> erano particolarmente esperti nel <span style="background-color: yellow;">ridurre le fratture</span>, nel <span style="background-color: cyan;">trapanare</span> o <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">defor-mare il cranio</span>, nell'eseguire la circoncisione, o anche la mutilazione del naso come punizione decretata dal giudice per il reato di infedeltà.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"> <span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">Trapanazione neurochirurgica dagli antichi Incas</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: start;"> <img src="http://www.bioblog.it/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/neurochirurgia-preistorica.jpg" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white;">La procedura nota come </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">trapanazione</span><span style="background-color: white;">, in cui viene effettuato un </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">foro nel crani</span><span style="background-color: white;">o, è un’antica forma di neurochirurgia che vie-ne svolta sin dall’età della pietra. </span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white;">Esattamente il motivo per cui popoli antichi effettuavano la </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">trapanazione</span><span style="background-color: white;"> è rimasto una questione di dibattito: alcuni ricerca-tori sostengono che essa veniva effettuata per motivi medici, come oggi, mentre altri credono che veniva fatta per magia o per motivi religiosi.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Un nuovo studio americano condotto da due antropologi fornisce la prova che gli </span><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Inca</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> eseguivano la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">trapanazione</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> per il trat-tamento di lesioni encefaliche; che la procedura era di gran lunga più comune di quel che si è sempre pensato, e che i chirur-ghi </span><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> erano altamente qualificati con una conoscenza approfondita del anatomia del cranio e dell’encefalo.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Nella capitale </span><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Inca</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> di </span><span style="background-color: white; color: purple;">Cuzco</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">, in uno scavo, sono stati ritrovati 411 teschi, di cui 66 presentavano queste </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">perforazioni</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> di varie forme e dimensione. </span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Più della metà sono di forma circolare, ma alcune sono irregolarmente ovali o quadrate, e uno </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: blue;">(come in figura)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> è di forma rettangolare. </span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">I diametri dei fori circolari vanno da circa 0,3 – 7,3 cm.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white;"><span id="more-2863" style="color: blue;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Gli studiosi sostengono che gli </span><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">trapanavano il cranio</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> principalmente per il trattamento di lesioni della testa provocate durante battaglia. </span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">I fori sono più spesso presenti nella parte anteriore del cranio a sinistra, coerente con gli infortuni causati da un colpo diretto alla testa, durante gli incontri faccia a faccia, e perché i teschi rinvenuti erano per il 90% di maschi adulti. </span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Un altro motivo potrebbe essere il trattamento di mastoiditi, un’</span><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta;">infezione</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> della regione dell’osso temporale dietro l’orecchio.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Quindi, questo nuovo studio fornisce una prova evidente che gli </span><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> eseguivano </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">trapanazioni</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> per specifiche condizioni med<u>i</u> che, e può finalmente risolvere il dibattito sui motivi per cui le antiche civiltà eseguivano incisioni craniche. </span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Da ciò si capisce inoltre che gli </span><span style="background-color: red; color: lime;">Incas</span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"> sono stati altamente qualificati chirurghi con una conoscenza approfondita dell’anato-mia cranica e un’alta maneggiabilità delle proprietà medicinali delle varie specie di piante selvatiche.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.78333282470703px;">Sotto un trapano perforatore del XIX secolo con manico in ebano e due posizioni per la punta</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><img alt="trapano cranio" src="http://www.bioblog.it/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/trapano-cranio.jpg" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: start;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.222222328186035px; line-height: 16.77777862548828px;">La punta della trivella, al centro, serviva come guida per iniziare a perforare il cranio e successivamente, grazie alla levet-ta visibile sul fusto, veniva ritratta per evitare danni al cervello.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">PELLEROSSA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">ruota della </span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">medicina dei Pellerossa</span></span></div>
<img height="280" src="http://www.riflessioni.it/lettereonline/ruota-medicina-pellerossa.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche presso le popolazioni del <b><span style="color: #45818e;">Nord America</span></b> i medici erano tenuti in alta considerazione: a<u>l</u> la loro morte, avevano diritto alle onoranze funebri riservate alle personalità della tribù, e le loro spoglie erano issate alla sommità del totem.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una pratica molto in uso nella medicina dei </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>PELLEROSSA</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era l'imposizione delle mani a sco-po di guarigione; oppure si applicava sulla parte malata una specie di coppetta di pietra nera, che <span style="background-color: yellow;">"aspirava"</span> il male. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se un paziente affetto da una malattia particolarmente grave guariva inaspettatamente, anche a lui venivano riconosciuti poteri terapeutici soprannaturali e il diritto di esercitare la medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche se primitiva, la medicina del <b><span style="color: #45818e;">Nord America</span></b> non mancò di influenzare sotto certi aspetti quella più progredita del <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: black;">Vecchio mondo</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">Gli sciamani si servivano di cerimonie rituali per aiutare </span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;">la</span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: left;"> mente e il corpo</span></span></div>
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<img height="424" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR4YMDuhGnYPZfdkhSqavLfdtv9uPPuY-vWIh52EtWhu_wJhqt6" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Paracelso</span></b>, ad esempio, nel <b>1500</b> si ispirò proprio -per formulare una sua teoria- ad un'anti-ca credenza dei <b><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #990000;">Pellerossa</span></b>: l'efficacia terapeutica di una pianta è strettamente connessa al suo aspetto.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQJcY5Wt84H4rQx3UzxzQ5JdYZhY5BScX3PD7wT5elnSNkbBtqEBbwKkJwWTA" width="310" /> <img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmYywGeygqh7_bxTdg1D8b4hlo_CFLZHA4KRB7mNRl9Sg_dPiseg" width="256" /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per esempio, le piante di aspetto vermiforme risulterebbero efficaci contro i vermi intestinali, quelle con linfa biancastra favorirebbero la lattazione, mentre quelle dotate di fiori gialli sa-rebbero ottime contro l'itterizia. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Contro la calvizie si poteva usare l'erba clemantide, per il suo promettente aspetto villoso; contro le convulsioni, i rami contorti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molto ricco era il bagaglio terapeutico dei <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Pellerossa</span></span></b>. </span></div>
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<img height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfcXEO0LBq-GB2d6_VbKgzwdzGlD-IqaP3eeRICLkNjZm4TombIa7zXsQCWQ43OS1ycb4NehXIrbTYHOyRmPahrNPkhF_ceYctyaZ_9zMn5n37NCVHQsFh418v6hNZTa6rIBtwnE2w6Lc/s640/15-04-09_1116.jpg" style="text-align: center;" width="512" /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come diuretici o sudoripari risultavano ottimi il ginepro e il sassofrasso; ottimo purgante era-no le radici di <span style="background-color: #a2c4c9;">endocheira</span>, mentre contro la diarrea si poteva liberamente scegliere tra l'infu- sione di prugne selvatiche e la scorza di pino o di altri alberi, tutti ricchi di tannino.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oltre alle <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezioni</span></b> e alle infestazioni, la moderna paleopatologia ha accertato presso gli ant<u>i</u> chi <b><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #cc0000;">Pellerossa</span></b> l'esistenza di affezioni come la <b><span style="color: purple;">tubercolosi vertebrale</span></b> <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">(specie di quella forma oggi nota come morbo di Pott)</span> e i <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">tumori delle ossa</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Del problema della <b><span style="color: red;">sifilide</span></b> viene detto oltre, nel <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Capitolo dedicato alla Medicina del '500</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una sostanza usata dai <b><span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: #cc0000;">Pellerossa</span></b> che sarebbe poi entrata nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina occidentale</span></b> fu i<u>n</u> fine il curaro, che gli indigeni usavano per avvelenare le frecce usate contro i nemici e più semplicemente per paralizzare gli animali durante la caccia: la sua azione è infatti quella di paralizzare la muscolatura lasciando tuttavia integro il sensorio.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">V'erano poi il <b><span style="color: #351c75;">gund</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(ingrossamento dell'ossa nasali)</span>, il <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">surumpi</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(infiammazione delle palpe-bre)</span> e il <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">soroche</span></b> o mal di montagna, legato alle caratteristiche orografiche della regione.</span><br />
<img height="297" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTgpvf6PKB9_vv11ohWrkJ3AwEHawxi1pG7rUyyEnhgMd9Jz8qIQQ" width="400" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 05 gennaio 2013 alle ore 23,30 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-83318795268468952712013-01-05T23:01:00.000+01:002013-06-22T19:07:25.622+02:00(Scheda 244 - 5) STORIA della MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA - LA MEDICINA CINESE. <div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-size: 32.22222137451172px;">LA </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">MEDICINA </span></span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">CINESE</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/match/" rel="attachment wp-att-999" style="color: #5b211a;"><img alt="match" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-999" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/match.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="match" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<img height="640" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSzA30niLpCGc1_yTMiPwpFPAmKakpDGc-QOmZrCMnKcWGO_bvR3g" width="454" /><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">LA MEDICINA CINESE</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 3600 a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L’approccio empirico è il punto di partenza per l’evoluzione della </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia, nelle prime fasi persistono residui della concezione magico-demoniaca e di quella teistica; i primi grandi medici sono divinizzati.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS7g8hyaRmClVSX1TujCg-1h2Wl2VSFVgnWshLViD46pNT_VCu7Iw" width="392" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’esempio più autorevole e senza dubbio la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina tradizionale cinese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che tiene banco ancora oggi, questa dovrebbe risalire a non meno del </span>3500 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> con i suoi primi testi che ancora oggi sono materia di studio.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">China</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Los antiguos </span><span style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">chinos</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> creían que el dolor era una pérdida del equilibrio del ying y elya-ng, para ellos el dolor asentaba en el corazón.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La base de la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina china</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> se afianzó durante el reinado del emperador </span><span style="color: #bf9000;">Shen Nung</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>(28- 00 a.C.)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> quien se había convertido en autoridad médica por el buen uso de plantas medi-cinales.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.shiatsu-austria.at/einfuehrung/images/tfm3.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Huang Ti</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>(2.600 a.C.)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> producía analgesia y anestesia de dos maneras: dando hachís a sus pacientes y </span><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: yellow;">“acupuntura”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, identificando 335 puntos, distribuidos en 12 meridianos que atra-vesaban el cuerpo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Comenzó la moxibustion, encendiendo pequeñas cantidades de artemisa sobre la piel del p<u>a</u> ciente para aliviar dolor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Toda la influencia </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">médica china</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> se propagó por <span style="background-color: lime;">Corea</span> y <span style="background-color: cyan;">Japón</span> en el </span>siglo X<span style="font-weight: normal;">, llegando a <span style="background-color: #e69138;">Eu-ropa</span> a </span>finales del siglo XVII<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">No hay indicios del uso de opio y derivados en </span><span style="color: purple;">China</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> hasta el </span>siglo III-IV<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="299" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR3MDZvOsOIW5B_059Fjox1ICIJSS7H0QO0MHYcJvN8arpq6-lt" width="400" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lo stato di salute è fondato sull’equilibrio di due principi basilari: lo </span><span style="color: red;">Yang</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(o principio maschi-le)</span> e lo </span><span style="color: magenta;">Yin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">(o principio femminile)</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Simbolo dello Yin-yang o Taijitu</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/140px-Yin_yang.svg.png" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Yin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Yang</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tutte le cose hanno due aspetti </span><span style="color: magenta;">yin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">yang</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ogni aspetto può essere a sua volta diviso in due parti </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yin</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yang</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yin</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">si creano vicendevolmente</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yin</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yang</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">si controllano vicendevolmente</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yin</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">si trasformano l'uno nell'altro</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> </span></div>
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<tr><th width="50%"><span style="color: magenta;">Yin</span></th><th width="50%"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Yang</span></th></tr>
<tr><td>Condensato</td><td>Espanso</td></tr>
<tr><td>Scuro</td><td>Chiaro</td></tr>
<tr><td>Femminile</td><td>Maschile</td></tr>
<tr><td>Freddo</td><td>Caldo</td></tr>
<tr><td>Negativo</td><td>Positivo</td></tr>
<tr><td>Umido</td><td>Secco</td></tr>
<tr><td>Riposo</td><td>Movimento</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chiuso</td><td>Aperto</td></tr>
<tr><td>Energetico</td><td>Fisico</td></tr>
<tr><td>Spirituale</td><td>Materiale</td></tr>
<tr><td>Trasformazione</td><td>Nutrimento</td></tr>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS7EW9kLf3DEjScLcSxRxhnjLe1qVfpgV2g0ZvXATAV6orEbvya" width="268" /> <img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwakZ2Pf2jla9I9UoNk_g3JI6MRrN18D2myqafcp96dryngcjJLw" style="line-height: 22px;" width="286" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Certo anche la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina cinese</span></b> non appare come una pratica a sé stante, cioè priva di con-tami</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 22px;">nazioni da parte di discipline non scientifiche come la filosofia o la religione, ma segna un passo notevole verso la concezione moderna. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La farmacologia <b><span style="color: blue;">cinese</span></b> poteva contare su ben 2000 farmaci codificati alcuni dei quali ancora oggi in uso presso le culture occidentali come l’oppio, il ferro contro l’anemia ecc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La chirurgia era praticata e ben conosciuta, notevoli gli interventi di chirurgia plastica sugli arti o gli interventi di <span style="background-color: lime;">castrazione</span>.</span></div>
<img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTN1gSA7W8jatFfVAXf8WrfiZJb6dPVfRNcgRNtD6wVeLn3z6bkFQ" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">All’arte <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medica cinese</span></b> si deve anche il primo tentativo, pare, di immunizzazione attiva contro il vaiolo: venivano infatti fatti inalare piccoli quantitativi di polvere derivante da croste essicc<u>a</u> te estratte da soggetti malati. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La testimonianza forse più forte della validità della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina tradizionale cinese</span></b> resta sicur<u>a</u> mente l'agopuntura che ancora oggi molto praticata in tutto il mondo trova le sue origini </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 22px;">nel </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22px;">2700 a.C</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 22px;">. circa.</span></div>
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<img height="187" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQkjTIIJvIGnHf9IPYfh7TpIoC_PlkatctpAf44BbZVHbSkEm6Y" width="200" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS95JGGMY_9tMLJtoeZ9K_GkRWi3WeZajlTQ_GmIJqKi_9Z-IuY6w" style="line-height: 22px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Posizionamento degli aghi sul braccio</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/acupunctura-epoca-ming4/" rel="attachment wp-att-321" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #5b211a; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="Posizionamento degli aghi sul braccio" class="size-full wp-image-321" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/acupunctura-epoca-ming4.jpg?w=470" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="acupunctura-epoca-ming" /></a> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkEx0sYtCKlSEpf3nielzh5L5-l8BkKIhHhxutbss3ePy3rh0" style="line-height: 22px;" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQlN9UreqwcgMenyZNWn2tvbC3anNnBxZU2VL3RfCFbdxvuM6kK" style="line-height: 22px;" /></div>
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<img height="396" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS_Gjh6qvhoD0dBP2vcPHIJ4drSxpP3swKetxpxY9_QDm15u57b" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">LE ORIGINI della MEDICINA TRADIZIONALE CINESE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img src="http://blog.thaisoriente.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/chinese-medicine.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina tradizionale cinese</span></b> è la <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #660000;">terza forma di medicina più antica</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(dopo quella </span><b style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">egiziana</span></b><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> e <span style="color: #674ea7;"><b>babilonese</b></span>)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Vecchia di millenni, oggi continua ad essere praticata, non solo in <b><span style="color: #45818e;">Asia</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dal 1972, con l’apertura della <span style="background-color: cyan;">Cina all’occidente</span>, le diverse pratiche <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">mediche cinesi</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(come agopuntura, fitoterapia e tai chi)</span> sono state esportate nel resto del mondo.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #999999; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>“La natura di ciascuno è diversa,</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: #999999; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">e lo sono le sue necessità.</b></div>
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<span style="color: #999999; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Ecco perché i saggi di un tempo </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #999999; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>non prescrivevano lo stesso rimedio </b></span><b style="color: #999999; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">per tutti.” <i>(Maestro cinese del quarto secolo a.C)</i></b></div>
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<img src="http://cdn.medicinalive.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/medicina-cinese.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina tradizionale cinese</span></b> è stata formata nel tempo da cultura, filosofia, politica, reli-gione e scienza: è una medicina globale, dialettica, basata sulla osservazione dalla relazione che intercorre tra uomo e natura. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’osservazione dell’ambiente circostante e di come influenza la salute, ha portato alla scope<u>r</u> ta di medicamenti, alimenti, erbe, rituali e tecniche mediche <span style="background-color: cyan;">(come l’agopuntura o forme di esercizio fisico come il tai chi)</span> rivolti soprattutto alla prevenzione e al mantenimento dello equilibrio di ogni singolo individuo.</span></div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoYoxPW6g1o9m5XG8a-P04UDb2ADQD5DmwbuzqtJ1ebd_EqmM_hsu6OMA2DStIzXg-Lz1sBYpPGaGxokGfRYXsYmcwsstKrZSIleo67iBAGjKrqltIWh6r51IEHcuQe3Ed7KqrF2l2vtEV/s1600/Nudan_tu_2.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;">Il mitico imperatore Shen Nung, cui si attribuisce il primo trattato di erboristeria cinese</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNou5nPi8ZXcBjeteGVsTB6Ucg2vqzNdbW9GoC4wFw1_nd8fLvlbheTeEsIaX-ysrjnTPj4KJ6ZLqTOZz0pSCilFZklFIVohhUqhkI_VcLzNEETf0aO-hZquV3T0XRpePdmfstZuNBRU05/s400/legende.jpg" width="353" /></div>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"> <a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><span style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"> </span><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;" /></td></tr>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 05 gennaio 2013 alle ore 23,00 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-48846631302424849712013-01-04T21:28:00.003+01:002013-06-22T19:07:56.489+02:00(Scheda 243 - 4) STORIA della MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA - LA MEDICINA MESOPOTAMICA e gli ASSIRO-BABILONESI. <div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">LA MEDICINA MESOPOTAMICA</span></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/match/" rel="attachment wp-att-999" style="color: #5b211a; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: start;"><img alt="match" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-999" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/match.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="match" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">percorso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"> <img alt="immagini/Sumeri.jpg" height="151" src="http://www.maestrasandra.it/sumeri/immagini/Sumeri.jpg" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #cc0000;">LA MEDICINA MESOPOTAMICA</span><span style="color: purple;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: purple; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">E GLI ASSIRO-BABILONESI</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 3600 a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="162" src="http://www.milenamazzini.it/il%20mio%20lavoro_file/classe%20quarta/assiri.jpg" width="200" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’approccio empirico è il punto di partenza per l’evoluzione della medicina.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tuttavia, nelle prime fasi persistono residui della concezione magico-demoniaca e di quella teistica; i pri- mi grandi medici sono divinizzati.</span></div>
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<img height="303" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRkCOPnddcw_CHnbOFXDHAfy8T57RyYkjKxaYZz-911-m7UZUkW" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: bold;" width="400" /></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSe0Gpu5ZcW1vnko1hZHkmwWNnQ9XPOz0vNV9XT9gsPMaWWreEs" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" width="306" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> <b>(3600-2000 a.C.)</b> può essere considerata la culla dell’anatomia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa disciplina si sviluppò a partire dall’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Aruspicin</span></b>a, l’arte di prevedere il futuro dall’esame dei visceri de-gli animali sacrificati agli dei. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I primi a praticare l’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Aruspicina</span></b> furono i <b><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span></b>; anche i loro successori, <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonesi</span></b>, usarono ques-ta tecnica divinatoria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non sono arrivati fino a noi testi di </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina mesopotamici</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Tuttavia, informazioni sulle pratiche mediche dell’epoca sono frequenti nelle <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavolette di argilla</span> rinvenute ne<u>l</u> le biblioteche dei sovrani </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.<br />Come per i popoli antichi l’eziologia di una certa malattia è legata al soprannaturale e precisamente all'ira di un certo demone specifico per quella affezione e la relativa cura è basata su rituali magici di scongiura-zione ed esorcismo.<br />Le pratiche dovevano essere incentrate sul rito espiatorio e su una certa forma di empirismo primitivo.<br />Spesso la malattia veniva considerata come un qualcosa d’impuro da cui ci si doveva liberare tramite un lavaggio e per cui erano prescritti abluzioni o bagni in determinati luoghi sacri o con rituali codificati.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS1qOXysS6dNttei5THWtMbUbHDR7UF89IKyMiyeJfZu0CdRYWX" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: 22px;" width="162" /> </span><img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRRlNWGuRF4-XzOPJhrFayYbxXP5Hl-ZPZTdM9_PWvry7zhwNpFRw" style="line-height: 22px;" width="297" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il sacrificio era certamente presente ma anche era radicata la conoscenza di piante ed erbe medicamen-tose donate all’</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">uomo</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> da una particolare divinità a nome di </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Aura Mazda</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><i style="background-color: #ffe599;">Avvento dei Babilonesi</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">civiltà babilonese</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> lega le proprie origini ed il proprio splendore alla città di </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Babilonia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, che letteralmente significa </span><span style="background-color: #e69138; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"porta del Dio"</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, sulla cui fondazione aleggiano svariate ipotesi, secondo quanto ci hanno traman-dato le fonti storiche più accreditate: </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Erodoto</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Diodoro Siculo</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Strabone</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Flavio</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Berosso</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, oltre ai vari </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">libri della Bibbia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e ai <span style="background-color: cyan;">testi cuneiformi babilonesi</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="400" src="http://cronologia.leonardo.it/mondo65.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" width="342" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">Essi diventarono abili astronomi e </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">inventarono il calendario</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Divisero il giorno in 24 ore</span><span style="background-color: white;">; </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">l'</span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">ora in 60 minuti </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">e il </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">minuto in 60 secondi</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.scuolaelettrica.it/primaria/classe3/storia1/clessidra.gif" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">Divisero anche il </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">cerchio in 360 gradi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">(360°)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">Per i </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">Babilonesi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"> la cultura era importante, perciò fondarono le prime scuole dove si imparava la <span style="background-color: cyan;">scrittura cuneiforme</span>, fatta di piccoli segni a forma di cuneo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"> <img src="http://www.scuolaelettrica.it/primaria/classe3/storia1/cuneiforme.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I </span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonesi</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> vivevano nella <span style="background-color: #93c47d;">Mesopotamia c</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">entrale</span>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Verso il <b>2000 a.C.</b> avevano occupato le terre dei <b><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span></b> e di altri popoli vicini. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Avevano fondato così l’impero <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonese</span></b>, con capitale <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><b>Babilonia</b></span> è stata distrutta ed è stata ricostruita molte volte.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ogni volta era ricostruita più grande e più bella di prima.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molti popoli infatti volevano conquistare <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></b>, che era una delle più belle città dell’antichità.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></b> era circondata da mura enormi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dentro le mura vi erano la reggia e gli edifici importanti, la <span style="background-color: orange;">ziggurat</span> e altri templi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La città era famosa a quel tempo per i <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini pensili</span> che erano costruiti sui tetti dei palazzi e per la splen- dida <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">porta in terracotta ricoperta di smalto blu</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"> <img height="209" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQz5wMJuYalepyVZN14fJbq_p8Z1yN0uBQPftWN6BSWh2tolkkr1Q" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini pensili</span> erano una delle caratteristiche più celebri dell'antica città di <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></b>, ma non esiste una prova certa della loro esistenza, benché gli archeologi abbiano individuato rovine che potrebbero corrispon-dere ai <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini</span> in questione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Siamo a conoscenza della loro reale esistenza solo perché chi li vide nell'antichità ne lasciò testimonianza scritta.</span></div>
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<img height="279" src="http://www.ilpaesedeibambinichesorridono.it/images/meraviglie/antico/giardini/portc2.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 21.981481552124023px;" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> Nabuccodonosor</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> e </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">Amiti</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli autori greci e romani ci riferiscono che i </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">giardini</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> furono costruiti intorno al </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">600 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> per ordine di </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Nabuc-codonosor II</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> re di </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa grande città era situata sulle rive del fiume </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Eufrate</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, a sud dell'attuale capitale dello </span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Irak</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Baghdad</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si narra che il re avesse fatto allestire i <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini</span> per la giovane moglie </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Amit</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, la quale soffriva di nostalgia, in modo da creare per lei un ambiente simile a quello del suo paese d'origine nelle montagne della </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Persia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> Terrazze irrigate</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="245" src="http://www.ilpaesedeibambinichesorridono.it/images/meraviglie/antico/giardini/7hanging.gif" width="400" /><br />I g</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">iardini pensili</span> furono probabilmente costruiti nei pressi del fiume, in posizione dominante sopra le mura di </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Presentavano una struttura a terrazze, l'ultima delle quali poteva trovarsi anche a 40 metri di altezza dal suolo. </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Nabuccodonosor</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> adornò i <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini</span> con alberi e piante di ogni specie possibile e immaginabile, portati fino a </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> da tutte le parti del mondo a bordo di carri trainati da buoi oppure da chiatte. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nei <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini</span> con ogni probabilità, crescevano fichi, mandorli, noci, melograni e ninfee. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">La prosperità dei <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini</span> doveva sicuramente dipendere da un'efficiente sistema d'irrigazione, ottenuto sf-ruttando l'acqua dell'<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Eufrate</span>. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Questa veniva sollevata fino all'ultima terrazza per mezzo di una catena di secchi applicata alla grande ruota a gradini di un mulino azionato da schiavi. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Da lì l'acqua, scendendo, formava ruscelli e cascatelle che correvano lungo i giardini, mantenendo il suolo umido.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> impararono dai </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> la <span style="background-color: cyan;">scrittura cuneiforme</span>, molte conoscenze e abitudini.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gli </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> erano un popolo che da secoli viveva nelle regioni settentrionali della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> e, verso il </span>1100 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> gli </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> conquistarono l’impero </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e imposero le loro regole anche con la forza.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">In poco tempo hanno conquistato un territorio molto grande e anche altri popoli.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sono riusciti a mantenere il controllo dei territori per quasi cinque secoli, perché avevano un esercito ben addestrato, usavano le </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-weight: normal;">armi di ferro</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, avevano i </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: normal;">soldati che combattevano a cavallo</span> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-weight: normal;">(la cavalleria)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e le </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-weight: normal;">mac-chine da assedio</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gli </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, quando vincevano in guerra, prendevano i prigionieri e li portavano come schiavi a lavorare lon-tano dalle loro terre. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sono stati i primi a praticare la deportazione dei popoli vinti.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le loro imprese di conquista e sottomissione delle popolazioni sono rappresentate sulle pare ti dei palazzi reali. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Splendide sculture a bassorilievo facevano conoscere a tutti le vittorie dei sovrani.</span></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"> LA BIBLIOTECA“D’ARGILLA”</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’impero degli </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ha avuto due capitali: la prima era </span><span style="color: blue;">Assur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, la seconda è stata </span><span style="color: #bf9000;">Ninive</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">A </span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ninive</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> il re </span><span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Assurbanipal</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(669-627 a.C.)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> ha fatto edificare una biblioteca, che era la più grande del mondo di quel tempo.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Essa conteneva <span style="background-color: cyan;">25000 tavolette d’argilla</span>, dove con la <span style="background-color: cyan;">scrittura cuneiform</span>e erano stati scritti testi di letteratu- ra e poesia, matematica, astronomia, astrologia e </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">; insomma tutto quello che gli </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">uomini</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> sapevano e avevano imparato fino a quel tempo.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Grazie anche a questa </span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">“enciclopedia d’argilla”</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> gli studiosi hanno potuto ricostruire il quadro di civiltà degli antichi popoli </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">mesopotamici</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><br /><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><i style="background-color: #ffe599;">"Essa supera in splendore qualsiasi città del mondo conosciuto" ... </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">scrisse </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Erodoto</span></h1>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">Babilonia</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(detta anche Babele, Babel o Babil)</span> era una città della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia antica</span>, situata sull'<span style="background-color: #e69138;">Eufrate</span>, le cui rovine coincidono oggi con la città di </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Al Hillah</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, nella Provincia di </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> in </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Iraq</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">... </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fu la </span><span style="color: #45818e;">città sacra</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> del regno omonimo nel </span>2300 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> e capitale dell'impero </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> nel </span>626 a.C.<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">È il primo esempio di metropoli moderna; all'epoca di </span><span style="color: purple;">Alessandro Magno</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> contava forse un milione di abi-tanti.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il nome viene dal </span><span style="color: red;">sumero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: #a64d79;">"KA.DINGIR.RA"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> la cui traduzione in </span><span style="color: #7f6000;">accadico</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dà</span><span style="color: #783f04;"> Bab-Ilani</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, che significa <span style="background-color: yellow;">«la Porta degli Dei»</span>. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fu dal</span> II millennio a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> la capitale d'un potente impero. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Una delle ipotesi fa risalire la fondazione della città ad un’ignota regina</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> Nitocris</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Un’altra vuole che la regina </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-small;">Semiramide</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, illuminata consorte del re </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">Nino</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, primo re </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-small;">assiro</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, verso il </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">900 a.C.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, abbia fatto erigere o ampliare ed abbellire questa città, bagnata dall'<span style="background-color: #e69138;">Eufrate</span>, per offuscare in parte il presti-gio del marito.<br />Il primo re di </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: x-small;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> citato dalle fonti è </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">Nabonassar</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, vissuto tra il </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">747 a.C.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> ed il </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">734 a.C.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, che poi ha do-vuto lasciare il posto alla egemonia </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: x-small;">assira</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, iniziata con il re </span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-small;">Tiglat Pileser III</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, che mosse guerra anche con-tro i </span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-small;">caldei</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Passò poi sotto la dominazione </span><span style="color: #ea9999;">Amorrea</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, venne distrutta dagli </span><span style="color: #a64d79;">Ittiti</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, sottomessa ai </span><span style="color: #783f04;">Cassiti</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, agli </span><span style="color: #660000;">Elamiti</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e poi dagli </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">È liberata da </span><span style="color: cyan;">Nabopolàssar</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, padre di </span><span style="color: lime;">Nabucodonosor II</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">...</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alcuni re </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> si proclamarono anche re di </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, assumendo due nomi, uno come re di </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiria</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ed uno come sovrano </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tutto questo durò fino al </span>626 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;">, quando </span><span style="color: cyan;">Nabopolàssar</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> padre di </span><span style="color: lime;">Nabucodonosor</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, con l’aiuto di<span style="color: red;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;">Medi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #660000;">Ela-miti</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Aramei</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #e69138;">Caldei</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> conquistò l’</span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiria</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Egli riuscì ad unificare le tribù </span><span style="color: #e69138;">caldee</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e si alleò con i diversi popoli limitrofi. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel </span>614 a.C. <span style="font-weight: normal;">prese </span><span style="color: purple;">Assur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, mentre nel </span>612 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> il re </span><span style="color: red;">medio</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">Ciassarre</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> prese </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Ninive</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: l’</span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiria</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> divenne posse-dimento della </span><span style="color: red;">Media</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il re </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> riuscì dove non erano riusciti i regnanti </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, accecati da una mentalità imperialista e non curanti del pericolo che potevano rappresentare i popoli vicini ancora non sottomessi: i </span><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Frigi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ed i </span><span style="color: #45818e;">Lidi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a nord, i </span><span style="color: red;">Medi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ad est, i </span><span style="color: #e69138;">Caldei</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e gli </span><span style="color: #660000;">Elamiti</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a sud ed i </span><span style="color: magenta;">Cimmeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(popolazione celto-scita)</span> ad ovest. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’unico modo per gestire questi pericoli era l’alleanza ed il buon governo e questa politica riuscì molto be-ne alla cultura </span><span style="color: #351c75;">babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">La città era famosa nell'antichità soprattutto per la <span style="background-color: orange;">ziggurat</span>, chiamata in </span><span style="color: red;">sumerico</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: #783f04; color: orange;">Etemenanki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #783f04;"> </span>che si tra-duce <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">"Casa delle fondamenta del cielo e della terra"</span> e che molto probabilmenmente diede origine alla leg-genda della </span><span style="color: #990000;">Torre di Babele</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Era anche nota per la strada processionale, che si apriva con la porta di </span><span style="color: magenta;">Ishtar</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(oggi ricostruita nel Perga-mon Museum di Berlino)</span>, i suoi templi e, una delle sette meraviglie del mondo, i <span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini pensili</span>. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Centro di astronomia e di astrologia. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Benché espertissimi nell'osservazione del cielo, non sembra però che i </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> abbiano notato la <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">pro-cessione degli equinozi</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nelle innumerevoli <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavole di argilla</span>, sia </span><span style="color: red;">sumeriche</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, scoperte in </span><span style="color: #660000;">Iraq</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, si trova la soluzione di vari problemi matematici, fra cui quella di <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">equazioni di secondo grado</span>.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il suo sovrano più conosciuto fu </span><span style="color: lime;">Nabucodonosor II</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>(624 a.C.-582 a.C.)<span style="font-weight: normal;">, che distrusse il <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">tempio di Gerusa-lemme</span> nel </span>587 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> e ne deportò la popolazione, celebre episodio riportato nella </span><span style="color: #990000;">Bibbia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, a sua volta ripro- posto nella omonima opera di </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Giuseppe Verdi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">..........Il mito..............</span></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: #a64d79; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">........I giardini pensili di Babilonia.......</span></i></div>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"> </i><i style="background-color: lime; color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;">.........la Bibbia.......</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 127.77777862548828px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Quasi cento anni prima che </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> raggiungesse il suo massimo splendore ... </span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">il profeta </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Isaia</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> aveva pre-detto, sotto ispirazione divina:</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">"Babilonia, lo splendore dei regni, l'onore orgoglioso dei Caldei, sarà sconvolta da Dio, come Sodoma e Gomorra. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Non sarà più abitata né popolata di generazione in generazione; l'arabo non vi pianterà la tenda né i pastori vi porranno gli stazzi"</span>. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="color: #38761d;">Isaia</span> 13:19-20 - P)</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzbsiCyV7VlBqZ5g2j8uC1eZxTc1voWBspztR5oPVohiSTiVmB" width="210" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 127.77777862548828px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Passavano gli anni e la fiorente città, con la sua accresciuta potenza, sembrava contraddire la terribile pro-fezia. </span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Eppure, alla prima se n'era aggiunta una seconda. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Mentre la città era all'apogeo della sua gloria, alla </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">fine del VI secolo a.C.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, il profeta </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #45818e;">Geremia</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> annunciava: </span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">"Quand'anche Babilonia s'elevasse fino al cielo, quand'anche rendesse inaccess<u>i</u> bili i suoi alti baluardi, le verranno da parte mia dei devastatori, dice l'Eterno. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Giunge da Babilonia un grido, la notizia di un gran disastro dalla terra dei Caldei. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Poiché l'Eterno devasta Babilonia... </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: lime;">Così parla l'Eterno degli eserciti: le larghe mura di Babilonia saranno spianate al suolo, le sue alte porte saranno incendiate"</span>. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="color: #45818e;">Geremia</span> 51:53-58 - L)</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<img height="320" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTDOLK7XOBM7ObELFjUcN8zcimrnKfhj_Mb7b2fd1p1s8Miwjj3" width="216" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 127.77777862548828px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">"Così parla l'</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Eterno</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> al Suo unto, a </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Ciro</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, che io ho preso per la destra e atterrare dinanzi a lui le nazioni, per sciogliere le cinture ai fianchi dei re, per aprire davanti a lui le porte, sì che niuna gli resti chiusa". </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="color: #38761d;">Isaia</span> 45:1-2 - L)</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">..Parlando dell'improvvisa caduta di </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> non si può fare a meno di ricordare queste parole e di notare che anche il nome del vincitore era stato predetto oltre un secolo prima della sua nascita... un giovane </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">condottiero, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red;">Ciro il Grande</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, audace, abilissimo e astuto.</span></div>
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<i style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">.........la torre di Babele.....</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">"Allora tutta la Terra aveva un linguaggio e usava le stesse parole. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">Ora, avvenne che, emigrando dall'Oriente, trovarono una pianura nella regione del </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Sennar</span><span style="color: #38761d;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet;">e vi abitarono...</span><br /><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet;">E dissero: Orsù, </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet;">edifichiamoci </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet;">una città e una torre con la cima che guarda verso il cielo...</span></span></i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><i style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">"</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">Così comincia, nel libro della Genesi, la storia della </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: red;">Torre di Babele</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">, costruita dai discendenti di </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: lime;">Noè</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">.<br /><i><b>"Ma il Signore scese a vedere la città e la torre..."</b></i> </span></div>
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<span style="color: darkviolet; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">e </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">comprendendo </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">che, finché avessero parlato tutti lo stesso linguaggio, nulla avrebbe impedito loro di con-durre a termine qualsiasi impresa si fossero prefissi, li afflisse con la confusione delle lingue affinché non si </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">intendessero </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">più gli uni con gli altri, e li disperse sulla faccia di tutta la Terra.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">In alcune versioni della leggenda della </span><span style="color: red;">Torre di Babele</span><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> è citata una figura piuttosto singolare. </span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">Si narra infatti che </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Nimrod</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">, un famoso cacciatore al servizio di </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #3d85c6;">Dio</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">, dopo aver sconfitto in battaglia gli ese<u>r</u> citi dei figli di </span><span style="color: darkviolet;">Jafet</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> e di </span><span style="color: #990000;">Sem</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">, ovvero </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">(i discendenti di due dei figli di </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #68593b;"><span style="color: lime;">Noé</span></span><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">)</span></span><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;"> decidesse di costruire, nella pianura </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">mesopotamica </span></span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">una città che chiamò </span>Sennaar<span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #38761d;">Nimrod</span><span style="color: darkviolet;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; font-weight: normal;">divenne un sovrano ambizioso e arrogante, cominciò ad adorare idoli di pietra e di legno e si mise in testa di sfidare </span></span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #3d85c6;">Dio</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> stesso per vendicare la morte dei suoi avi annegati da </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Jahvé</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> durante il </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #b45f06;">Diluvio Universale</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">Decise quindi di costruire la </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: red;">Torre di Babele</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">, una costruzione altissima, superiore in altezza al monte </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #660000;">Ararat</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">, da cui condurre un esercito contro </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #3d85c6;">Dio</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> e u</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">na volta distrutto </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #3d85c6;">Dio</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Nimrod</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> si sarebbe curato di mettere al suo posto i suoi nuovi idoli. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">Presto la </span><span style="color: red;">Torre</span><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> divenne altissima. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkviolet; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Vi erano sette scale dalla parte orientale, lungo le quali i portatori pote-vano raggiungere la cima, e sette dal lato occidentale, dalle quali potevano discendere. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">La costruzione della </span><span style="color: red;">Torre di Babele</span><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> si svolse così alacremente da far diventare gli stessi operai cinici e arroganti.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">La costruzione non era ancora finita che già l’esercito di </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Nimrod</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> ebbe l’ordine di scagliare le proprie frecce dalla sommità della </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: red;">Torre</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> contro il cielo; gli angeli di </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #3d85c6;">Dio</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> raccolsero i dardi uno a uno e per ingannare gli </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: magenta;">uomini</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> lasciarono cadere delle gocce di sangue. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: darkviolet; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Gli arcieri esultarono all’unisono convinti di aver ucciso tutti gli abitanti del cielo. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #3d85c6;">Dio</span><span style="color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> allora parlò ai settanta angeli che lo </span>circondavano<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> intorno al suo</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> trono</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> e disse: </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">"Scendiamo tra loro e confondiamo il loro linguaggio, in modo che invece di una sola lingua ne parlino settanta"</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">. </span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkviolet;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Così fecero e i costruttori cessarono di capirsi. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkviolet;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Gli ordini impartiti non venivano più interpretati correttamente... dalla confusione che regnava fino a che il lavoro rallentò e si fermò del tutto.</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>In queste leggende si fondono due miti del tutto separati. </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkviolet; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Uno narra che il genere umano eresse una torre per raggiungere il cielo e fu punito per la sua presunzione, mentre l'altro spiega la </span>molteplicità<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> de</span><u style="background-color: #fff2cc;">l</u><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> le lingue.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;">.....La </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: red;">Torre di Babele</span></span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-weight: normal;"> fu in seguito inghiottita per un terzo dalla terra, per un altro terzo da un fuoco sca-gliato dal cielo. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: darkviolet; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>La parte restante cadde in rovina lentamente, erosa dal tempo.</i></span></div>
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<i style="color: #e06666; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;">.............Giuseppe Verdi ed il "Nabucco"............</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">Il nome della città è legato al grande re </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: blue;">Nabucodonosor I</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: blue;">I</span><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">ispiratore tra l’altro del </span>Nabucco<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> di </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Giuseppe Verdi</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">.....</span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">Originariamente era </span><span style="color: blue;">Nabucodonosor</span></span><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">,</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;"> nella partitura autografa di </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Verdi</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;"> e nella prima edizione a stampa, ma lo stesso </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Verdi</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;"> usò sempre in seguito il titolo abbreviato, </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Nabucco</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">, per la sua terza opera nonché primo dei numerosi trionfi che segnarono la sua lunga carriera.</span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">Prima fonte del libretto di </span><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">Temistocle </span>Solera</span><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;"> è </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">naturalmente </span></span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">la </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #cc0000;">Bibbia</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">, letta nella traduzione di </span><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Giovanni </span>Deodati</span><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">, come </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">testimoniano le citazioni apposte</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;"> a capo delle varie sezioni del libretto. </span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">I riferimenti alla </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #cc0000;">Bibbia</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"> riguardano in particolare il regno di </span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #783f04;">Giuda</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"> e la sua invasione da parte del re babilonese </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: blue;">Nabucodonosor<span style="color: #68593b; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">nel </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">5</span>87-586 a.C.<span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;">, quando fu saccheggiato il tempio di </span><span style="color: #e06666;">Gerusalemme</span></span><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">, cui </span></span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><i><span style="color: darkblue; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">seguì la deportazione</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;"> dei vinti in </span></span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #674ea7;">Babilonia</span></i></span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: darkblue; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>, dove circa mezzo secolo dopo furono liberati.</i></span></span></div>
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<strong style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: red; font-family: Book Antiqua; font-size: x-small;"> Leone di Babilonia</span></strong></strong></div>
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<strong style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: center;"><img src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Babilonesi/leonedibabilonia.jpg" style="background-color: #f5eec6; color: #68593b; font-family: 'mv boli', 'century gothic', tahoma, verdana; font-size: 18.88888931274414px; font-weight: normal;" /></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo Stendardo di</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: magenta;">UR</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-weight: normal;"> è un mosaico che ci racconta di un’antichissima civiltà nata in </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-weight: normal;">Mesopotamia</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, l’odierno </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Iraq</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, circa </span>6000 anni fa<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />L’opera originale, risalente a </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">circa 5000 anni fa</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, nasconde una drammatica attualità nel racconto della guerra e della pace e può considerarsi una sorta di libro storico illustrato.<br />Si tratta di un pannello rettangolare bifronte del quale non si conosce l'effettiva funzione.<br />In esso, gli artisti </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">mesopotamici</span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, hanno incastonato, su di uno strato di catrame, lapislazzuli, conchiglie, pi<u>e</u> tre di calcare rosso e madreperle bianche per mezzo delle quali, con estrema raffinatezza, nonché compe-tenza tecnica ed espressiva, sono riusciti a descrivere con ricchezza di minuzie la loro avanzatissima civiltà.</span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 127.77777862548828px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: blue; text-align: justify;">Stendardo di Ur</span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le scene sono </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 127.77777862548828px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">raccontate per mezzo di tre strisce, che narrano su di un lato le vicende re<span style="background-color: white;">lative ad una guerra vinta dai </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e sull’altro la pace riconquistata. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sulla facciata detta </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal;">“della guerra”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, i soldati indossano un lungo mantello e hanno il capo <span style="background-color: white;">cinto</span> da una cuffia. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Un corteo di pesanti carri da guerra avanza </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-weight: normal;">rotolando su grandi ruote di legno</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">È questa la prima <span style="background-color: white;">rappresentazione che ci è giunta della </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: purple;">ruota</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, una delle invenzioni più importanti della umanità. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 127.77777862548828px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Stendardo di Ur (</span><span style="background-color: #f5eec6;">particolare)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Queste prime </span><span style="color: purple;">ruote</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> erano di legno pieno, fatte con tre pezzi uniti insieme con delle traverse, sempre di legno, o con corregge di cuoio: i due pezzi laterali erano a forma di mezzaluna; quello centrale aveva i bordi arrotondati e presentava un foro nel quale passava l’asse che trasmetteva il movimento al carro</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Erano pesanti eppure rivoluzionarono i trasporti perché permettevano di spostare materiali ingombranti con una certa facilità.<br />I carri erano trascinati da cavalli, ben addestrati e dettagliatamente curati. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Sempre in questa faccia, c’è un aspetto molto crudele che ci fa prendere coscienza dell’assurdità della guerra, evidenziando, soprattutto, che il tempo trascorso da quegli eventi sia passato invano; vediamo, in-fatti, i nemici, caduti in battaglia, calpestati dai carri che muovono all’assalto. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Le crude scene, raccontate nello stendardo, ancora oggi le rivediamo quasi allo stesso modo, non più </span>“fissate”<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"> in mosaici ma attraverso gli schermi televisivi ed in tempo reale.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Stendardo di Ur</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">L’Opera si trova attualmente conservata presso il British Museum, di Londra.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Periodo ca. 3000 – 2000 a.C. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per i<span style="background-color: white;"> </span>Mesopotamici<span style="background-color: white;"> quindi, così come per i loro antenati, la malattia era ancora considerata un castigo divi-no, anche se </span>cominciavano<span style="background-color: white;"> ad intuire l’esistenza di cause non </span>soprannaturali<span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 127.77777862548828px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I medici, perciò, ricorrevano alla divinazione per scoprire il peccato commesso dal malato e capire l’espia-zione richiesta dagli dei, ma osservavano anche i sintomi del paziente per stabilirne la gravità.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Presso i templi, poi, avevano sede delle vere e proprie </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">scuole mediche</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, le prime della nostra storia; in es-se avveniva la formazione del giovane medico per mezzo di attività pratiche e di una grande quantità di testi disponibili sotto forma di </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">tavolette di creta</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I medici della </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Mesopotamia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, chiamati </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Asu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;">,</span> ossia </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">“colui che conosce le acque”</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(da questo si rileva la im-portanza dell’acqua negli esorcismi)</span>, avevano la capacità di spiegare i sogni e usa impacchi, bagni e la-vaggi nel fiume per le terapie; si occupavano certamente di preghiere e divinazioni ma, il loro compito fon-damentale era la cura fisica del malato attraverso farmaci e operazioni.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Essi <span style="background-color: white;">esercitavano perlopiù presso la corte, i nobili e le persone di elevato rango, ma sembra che esistes-sero anche dei barbieri, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #e06666;">gallubu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, chirurghi barbieri di casta inferiore che incarna la figura del barbiere me-dioevale europeo, e che trovano omologhi in altre culture, come il </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Tepalazteca</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, e che eseguivano alcune operazioni chirurgiche, soprattutto estrazioni di denti, drenaggio di ascessi, flebotomie; si potevano trovare alcune varianti come </span><span style="color: blue;">Baru</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, mago incaricato dell’interrogatorio rituale, </span><span style="color: purple;">Ashipu</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">, specializzato </span>in esorcismi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <img height="317" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjaxuKd5cT5IWNyAkaXyN5Au4bnXX9hKSY-sr1y1iBS52kL3A5GA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: 21.981481552124023px;" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nel museo del Louvre si può contemplare un timbro di alabastro di più di </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 255.55555725097656px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4000 anni</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> con una </span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">scritta in cui si menziona il primo nome conosciuto di un medico.</span><br /><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“Oh </span><span style="color: red;">Ednimungi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, servitore del dio </span><span style="color: magenta;">Girra</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, protettore delle partorienti, </span>Ur<span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span>Lugal<span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span>edin<span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span>na<span style="font-weight: normal;">, il </span>médi<span style="font-weight: normal;">co, è il tuo </span>ser-vitore”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo timbro, usato per firmare documenti e ricette, rappresenta due coltelli circondati da </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">piante medicinali.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La sede dell’intelletto era nel cuore, la sede essenziale della vita era nel sangue e l’organo centrale della <span style="background-color: white;">circolazione </span>era il fegato </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: orange;">(dalla posizione, dalle </span>irregolarità<span style="background-color: orange;"> e dalla forma del fegato degli animali si trae-vano predizioni e auspici)</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">La diagnosi per i popoli </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">assiro</span>-<span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è incentrata sulla<span style="background-color: white;"> osservazione del fegato, ritenuto l’origine del sangue e dunque l’organo più importante e dunque oggetto della maggior par</span>te dei riti prescritti. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16.981481552124023px; text-align: center;">La struttura del parenchima epatico</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Le cognizioni dei </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, degli </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Assiri </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">e dei </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonesi</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> circa la diagnosi e la prognosi delle malattie non erano quindi tanto lontane dalla realtà. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Per esempio: </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Quando il corpo di un uomo è giallo e la sua faccia è gialla e lui stesso soffre di dimagri- mento, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">il nome della malattia è.....itterizia"</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Ma la diagnosi era basata più che non sull'esame del malato, sull'esame dei visceri </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(prevalentemente del fegato)</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> degli animali sacrificati durante i riti <span style="background-color: white;">propiziatori. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">L'</span><span style="color: #38761d;">aruspicina</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> raggiunse in <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> alti gradi di perfezione: lo stesso termine deriva dalla parola </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">"har’"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che vuol dire appunto </span><span style="color: #990000;">"fegato"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">In pratica, l'</span><span style="color: #38761d;">aruspice</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> scriveva i suoi quesiti su di una <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavoletta d'argilla</span>, che deponeva ai piedi della stanza del dio.</span><br />
<img alt="Texto médico Sumerio" height="320" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-txt-medico-sumerio.jpg" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;" width="210" /><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><img alt="Simbología médica Asiria" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-simbol-medica-asiria.jpg" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><img alt="Sello Sumerio" height="107" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-sello-sumerio.jpg" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;" width="200" /><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Indi l'assistente sgozzava l'animale. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">aruspice</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> isolava il fegato, osservava il <span style="background-color: #e69138;">"palazzo del fegato"</span>, cioè la loggia epatica, asportava l'organo e l'ispezionava <span style="background-color: white;">accuratamente: la superficie, i lobi, le vie biliari, la colecisti, le arterie, le vene superficiali.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Il razionale di questa pratica era in sostanza questo. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Il dio che accetta il sacrificio di un animale si identifica con l'anima di questi: ed è quindi possibile leggere le sue intenzioni nel fegato dell'animale essendo quest'organo così ricco di sangue da costituire il centro della vita e dell'anima.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 32.22222137451172px;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">aruspicina</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> raggiunse una tale notorietà che nei secoli successivi fu continuata ed estesa non solo al res- to del Medio-oriente ma anche alle </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">civiltà mediterranee</span><span style="background-color: white;">, i</span>n particolare agli </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #0c343d;">Etruschi</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><br />
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<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /> <img height="400" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-gilgames.jpg" width="310" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La principale testimonianza della forma di vita delle </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-weight: normal;">civiltà mesopotamiche</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> si ritrova nel <span style="background-color: lime;">famoso codice</span> di </span><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Hammurabi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, una ampia normativa deontologica, una compilazione di leggi e di norme amministrative rac-colta dal re </span><span style="color: #351c75;">babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: #660000; color: yellow;">Hammurabi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> tagliato in un blocco di diorite, alto 2,5 metri per 1.90 metri di base, col-locato nel <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">tempio di Sippar</span>. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><br />In esso si specificano, in tredici articoli, le responsabilità del medico nell’esercizio della sua professione, le pene previste per mala praxis e i compensi riservati ai medici </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(periodo ca. 1792 – 323 a.C.)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.<br />La cura dei malati viene, quindi, riconosciuta per la prima volta come attività professionale all’interno della prima società organizzata.<br />Grazie a questo testo e una serie di circa <span style="background-color: cyan;">30 mila tavolette</span> compilate da </span><span style="background-color: #274e13; color: #f1c232; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Asurbanipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(669-626 a. C.)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, prove-nienti dalla biblioteca scoperta a </span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ninive</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> nel 1841 da</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Henry Layard</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, si è potuto intuire la concezione della salute e della malattia in questo periodo, così come pure le tecniche mediche utilizzate da guaritori profes-sionali. <br />Di tutte queste<span style="background-color: cyan;"> tavolette circa 800</span> sono specificatamente dedicate alla </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">medicina</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, e tra loro si trova la descri- zione della <span style="background-color: lime;">prima ricetta medica conosciuta</span>. <br />La più eclatante è l’intricata organizzazione sociale riguardo i tabù e gli obblighi religiose e morali, che de-terminavano il destino dei singoli. <br />Primeggiava una concezione soprannaturale della malattia: si tratta di un castigo divino imposto da diversi demoni dopo la rottura di un tabù.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In quest’ottica la prima cosa che doveva fare il medico era stabilire quale, tra circa 6000 demoni, era quello che causava il problema.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /> <a href="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-azurbanipal.jpg"><img border="0" height="370" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-azurbanipal.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />Per questo utilizzavano tecniche divinatorie basate sullo studio del volo degli uccelli, la posizione degli astri o del fegato di alcuni animali. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La malattia era chiamata </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #e06666;">shêrtu</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, che in </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">assirio</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> significa anche peccato, im-purità morale, ira divina e castigo. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /> <img src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-pazuzu-demonio-asirio.jpg" /><br />Qualsiasi divinità poteva provocare le infermità mediante intervento di-retto, l’abbandono dell’uomo alla sua sorte, od attraverso incantesimi eseguiti da stregoni. Durante la cura, tutti queste divinità possono essere invocati e richiamati attraverso orazioni e sacrifici per ritirare la loro in-fluenza nociva e permettere la cura dell’uomo inferno.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /> <img src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-dios-salud.jpg" /><br />Tra tutto il panteon degli dei Nizanu era conosciuto come “il signore della medicina” per la sua speciale relazione con la salute. La diagnosi include inoltre una serie di domande rituali per determinare l’origine del male. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Anche i trattamenti non sfuggivano a questo padronato culturale: esorcismi, preghiere ed offerte sono rituali frequenti che cercano di ingraziare il paziente con la divinità o liberarlo dal demonio che è in ag- guato. Ma anche degno di nota è un importante arsenale di erbe raccolte in diverse tavolette: circa duecento e cinquanta piante curative si riflettono in loro così come l’uso di alcuni minerali e diverse sostanze di origi ne animale. L'invasione della </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Persia</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> dell’</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">anno 539 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> segnò la fine dell’impero </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonese</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large;"> MEDICINA MESOPOTAMICA</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'</span><span style="color: #38761d;">Eden</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, cioè il <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Paradiso Terrestre</span> dove </span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Adamo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fu tentato da </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Eva</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, si trovava in una delle parti del mondo oggi tra le più <span style="background-color: lime;">"calde"</span> per le aspre lotte territoriali, economiche e religiose che le dilaniano: la regione a nord del <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Golfo Persico</span>, un territorio ampio quasi come l'</span><span style="color: blue;">Italia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, delimitato dai due biblici fiumi <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">Tigre</span> e <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Eufrate</span>.</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I greci lo chiamarono "Mesopotamia", cioè "valle tra due fiumi".<br />Tra il IV e il I millennio a.C. questa terra fu sede di una splendida civiltà, e costituì insieme all'Egitto il maggior centro di irradiazione culturale del vicino Oriente.<br />La Mesopotamia fu abitata e dominata da varie popolazioni: ai Sumeri, con capitale Ur (150 miglia a sud di Babilonia) seguirono gli Accadi, e poi i Babilonesi, con capitale Babilonia (Babele) e gli Assiri con capitale Ninive (300 miglia a nord di Babilonia).<br />Dopo un lunghissimo predominio dei Sumeri, furono i Babilonesi ad avere il sopravvento sugli altri popoli.<br />Il grande re Hammurabi (1728-1686 a.C.) codificò una complessa serie di leggi, tra le quali facevano spic-co quelle relative all'esercizio della medicina e della chirurgia (v. oltre).<br />Nelle ostilità apertesi verso il 1300 tra Assiria e Babilonia, fu la prima a prevalere, divenendo rapidamente la più grande potenza dell'Asia sud-occidentale. <br />Il massimo splendore fu raggiunto sotto il re Assurbanipal (Sardanapalo, 669-626 a.C.), che, sincero aman te delle arti e delle scienze - nel timore che potesse andar perduto l'antico patrimonio culturale - fece copia-re da un gran numero di scribi tutti i classici della letteratura sumera e babilonese. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Raccolse poi nella sua biblioteca di Ninive le circa 100.000 tavolette di creta.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><br />Ma la biblioteca andò interamente distrutta con la caduta di Ninive.<br />Forse oggi conosceremmo molto poco della medicina mesopotamica se 25 secoli dopo la distruzione di Ninive un certo sir Layard, scrittore diplomatico e archeologo inglese, non avesse riscoperto trentamila di queste tavolette di creta incise con caratteri cuneiformi.<br />Il mistero di quei caratteri fu chiarito nel 1846 con la decodificazione del linguaggio assiro da parte di H. Rawlinson. <br />Si vide così che ben 800 tavolette riguardavano l'arte medica, il che consentì di apprendere notizie di prima mano sulle condizioni della medicina in Mesopotamia.<br />Un altro documento di enorme importanza venne insperabilmente alla luce nel 1902, quando fu ritrovata nel l'antica città di Susa (v'era stata portata da Babilonia intorno al 1100 a.C. come trofeo di guerra) una colonna di basalto nero alta 4 metri, interamente scolpita con minutissimi caratteri, oggi al Louvre. <br />Era il "Codice di Hammurabi": come il decalogo di Mosè, si diceva che fosse venuto dal Cielo. <br />Esso riporta leggi ben precise che regolano l'attività dei medici, dei quali stabilisce addirittura gli onorari e le ammende.</span><br />
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<i style="font-weight: normal;">Art. 221. Se un medico riduce un osso rotto di un uomo, o cura i suoi intestini malati, il paziente dovrà dargli 5 sicli d'argento.</i><br />
<i style="font-weight: normal;">Art. 218. Se un medico opera un signore per una grave ferita con un coltello di bronzo e ne <span style="background-color: white;">deter</span>mina la morte; se apre un ascesso <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(nell'occhio)</span> di un uomo con un coltello di bronzo e distrugge l'occhio dell'uomo, gli si dovranno tagliare le dita.</i><br />
<i> </i><img height="400" src="http://www.mapfre.com/ccm/documentos/salud/imagenes/contenido_informativo/mesopotamia.jpg" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22px;" width="302" /><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Agli inizi, l'</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">arte medica</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> era affidata a tre categorie di sacerdoti, dei quali solo una aveva a che fare diretta-mente con il malato: </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Baru</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> si occupava della diagnosi, della prognosi e delle cause delle malattie; </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #45818e;">Ashipu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> era l'esorcista che scaccia i demoni della malattia;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Asu</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(= guaritore)</span> era il vero medico che trattava il paziente, somministrandogli i farmaci.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Questi sacerdoti venivano istruiti nei templi, e </span>apprendevano<span style="font-weight: normal;"> la loro dottrina dai sacri testi scritti su </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">tavolette d'argilla</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Molti di essi diven<span style="background-color: white;">nero famosi e ricchissimi, e venivano anche chiamati a consulto dai Paesi vi</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">cini<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Si trattò essenzialmente di una </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina religiosa</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, anche se non disgiunta da un sano empirismo. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Difatti, non </span>conoscendosi<span style="font-weight: normal;"> la maggior parte delle cause delle malattie, queste venivano con</span>siderate<span style="font-weight: normal;"> come il castigo degli dei o dei demoni per chi ha peccato; d'altra parte, colui che </span>riusciva<span style="font-weight: normal;"> a indurre la guarigione era considerato come dotato di poteri </span>sovrannaturali<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gli stessi poteri magici venivano </span>riconosciuti</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>a tutto ciò che in qualche modo guariva: erbe, pozioni, em-piastri.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Il simbolo della </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - quel </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3d85c6;">"caducèo"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che è giunto sino ai giorni nostri - era portato da </span><span style="color: magenta;">Ningischdiza</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;">,</span> Signore dei Medici.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBP1U0o7vEWMAn7C8v1lw2FeTqW5HeQGH7e9qNgJrBLLhx69_q1ACImgQ_s96tGEx0-3J6cwDwLhTxpCiyo_Z4jZaOESQpZ9UaAggp-VGN77qzWQWR-JKtVIVfpCvpayH7UJgouRlQ5tug/s400/mesopotamia1.jpg" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;" /><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo la leggenda,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal;">il serpente</span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> attorcigliato </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">al bastone aveva mangiato la pianta del vivere eterno, e aveva immediatamente perduto la pelle e riacquistato i</span></span><span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal;">l suo aspetto giovanile</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Il serpente era quindi simbolo di </span><span style="background-color: white;">rigenerazione<span style="font-weight: normal;"> e di guarigione da ogni male.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">All'alto numero di demoni </span>corrispondeva<span style="font-weight: normal;"> ovviamente un numero altrettanto </span>rispettabile<span style="font-weight: normal;"> di m</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span>lattie<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Dagli scritti dei </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-small;">medici mesopotamici</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> risulta una lunga lista: febbri, peste </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(mutanu)</span><span style="background-color: white;">, </span>epiles<span style="background-color: white;">sia </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">(bennu)</span> ma-lattie della pelle, del cuore e veneree, ittero e reumatismo.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Altre malattie furono il morbillo, il colera, la dissenteria, l'epatite infettiva e la lebbra.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Molto frequenti erano anche le malattie trasmesse da insetti, che infuriavano durante i mesi della caldissi- ma estate. </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Le stesse mosche dominavano dovunque, </span><span style="background-color: white;">passeggiando<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>indisturbate<span style="font-weight: normal;"> nelle narici, sulle </span>labbra<span style="font-weight: normal;">, sui cibi e sulle stoviglie, e provocando affezioni intestinali e oculari. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'aspetto di mosca del demone </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nergal</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> deporrebbe per il fatto che già a quel tempo si aveva nozione che al-cune malattie sono trasmesse dagli insetti.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">La diagnosi era una questione prioritaria. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">E i </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici mesopotamici</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> dispone</span>vano di <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">"prontuari"</span> ben precisi:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Il malato di tubercolosi tossisce<span style="background-color: white;"> frequentemente, il suo sputo è denso e talvolta contiene sangue, la respir<u>a</u> zione dà il suono come di u</span>n flauto. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La sua carne è fredda, ma i suoi piedi sono caldi, egli suda molto e il cuore è molto inquieto.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span><img alt="Rey babilónico" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-rey-babilonico.jpg" style="text-align: center;" /> <span style="text-align: center;"> </span><img alt="Talla babilónica" height="200" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-talla-babilonica.jpg" width="90" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medici<span style="background-color: white;"> mesopotam</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">i</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">ci</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> disponevano di un ricco bagaglio terapeutico, costituito da circa 250 medicamenti vegetali e 120 minerali, che venivano somministrati sotto forma di decotti, infusi, polveri, fumigazioni, irri-gazioni, instillazioni, supposte, ovuli e clisteri.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Per la loro preparazione si impiegavano vini, grassi, olii, miele, cera e latte. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Forse gli </span><span style="color: #bf9000;">Assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e i </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> avevano già qualche idea della cronobiologia, in quanto le applicazioni di questi medicamenti avvenivano non in un'ora qualsiasi del giorno, a caso, ma in ore ben prestabilite, per lo più dettate dagli astri.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Ciascun farmaco era dotato di una ben precisa azione terapeutica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Tra i medicamenti più noti figurano: alloro, aloe, anice, cannabis, cassia, olio di ricino, mirra, mirto, melo-grano, olivo, papavero, senape. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Molto diffusa era anche l'</span><i style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Atropa belladonna</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">, che nei millenni successivi troverà larga<span style="background-color: white;"> diffusione </span>nel resto del mondo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La proprietà della pianta di rendere </span><span style="background-color: #e69138; font-weight: normal;">"più profondo"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> lo sguardo </span><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9; font-weight: normal;">(in virtù della sua azione midriatica, cioè di allargamento della pupilla)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fu subito apprezzata dalle belle dame delle Corti europee, il che le valse ap-punto l'appellativo di </span><span style="color: red;">belladonna</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel 1860 </span><i style="background-color: yellow;">Peter Squires</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">, un abile farmacista londinese, allestì un linimento a base di </span><span style="color: red;">belladonna</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> utile con-tro le nevralgie, riesumando in tal modo l'antica indicazione che della pianta i medici </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> già facevano qualche migliaio di anni prima.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I medici <span style="background-color: white;">utilizzavano lo zolfo contro la scabbia, la cannabis nella depressione psichica e nelle nevralgie. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">In caso di polmonite ricorrevano all'applicazione locale di cataplasmi di semi di lino. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Tra i farmaci di origine minerale figuravano l'allume, il rame, la creta, la magnetite.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La chirurgia era generalmente limitata al trattamento delle ferite e delle fratture, ma era anche rivolta ai cal-coli e agli ascessi. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A </span><span style="color: #783f04;">Ninive</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sono stati reperiti alcuni bisturi di bronzo, seghe, trapani.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;">Come per altre civiltà anche </span>lontanissime<span style="background-color: white;">, l'odontoiatria era molto praticata anche in </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span><span style="background-color: white;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Anzi, le <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavolette di</span><span style="background-color: cyan;"> Assurbanipal</span> che trattano di questa disciplina possono essere considerate il più antico trattato di Odontoiatria di cui si sia a conoscenza. </span></div>
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<img alt="Dios Asu con plantas medicinales" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-dios-asu-plantas.jpg" /> <img alt="Babilónico portando plantas medicinales" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-2-babilonico-porta-plantas-med.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Anche i </span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="background-color: white;">medici </span>mesopotamici</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> credevano che la carie dentale fosse provocata dai vermi.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Contro il mal di denti esistevano numerosi medicamenti, come la mandragora, la senape, il papavero e la cannabis. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">I semi di giusquiamo venivano applicati alla gengiva dolente e fissati con mastice di gomma.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Anche le protesi dentarie raggiunsero una certa perfezione.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Insomma, pur con le ovvie limitazioni anche la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina mesopotamica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> raggiunse livelli di conoscenza e di applicazione pratica notevolmente apprezzabili. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ma con la caduta di </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Ninive</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e di </span><span style="color: #741b47;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> essa subì un ferale colpo d'arresto. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Con queste città fu sepolta anche quella scienza medica che s'era lentamente formata e consolidata in Mesopotamia nei </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">quattro millenni </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">della sua storia. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Poi, i </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #bf9000;">Persiani</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> ed altri popoli la </span><span style="background-color: lime;">"reinventarono"</span><span style="background-color: white;">, facendone una </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000;">medicina propria</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 21pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Civiltà Mesopotamica</span></i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">“L’origine della civiltà conosciuta risiede nei luoghi dell’Asia Minore e del Mediterraneo orientale, due ampi territori nei quali presero vita, destrezza e abilità le popolazioni antiche dai primordi delle colture primitive, successivamente tramandate ai popoli meno progrediti dello Occidente e del Settentrione. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;"><br />Nel mondo antico esistevano tre grandi civiltà principali: Mesopotamica, Egizia e Cretese, emerse verso la fine del </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">IV millennio a.C.</span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;"> e sviluppate contemporaneamente”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mentre nei paraggi del delta del Nilo si formava la prima dinastia dei faraoni, in una regione meridionale in prossimità del <span style="background-color: #e06666;">Golfo Persico</span> sorgeva la remota </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà sumerica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, le cui origini sono radicate nei <span style="background-color: lime;">periodi del-la preistoria</span>, che divenne nel corso dei secoli un excursus di popoli dalle diverse etnie, amalgamate tra loro, originanti civiltà più articolate e <span style="background-color: white;">rimarchevoli, nonostante le caratteristiche</span> peculiari conservate nel per-durare del tempo.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">I principali popoli della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> governarono con giustizia e diplomazia, un notevole pregio <span style="background-color: white;">avveneri- stico per le antiche culture antecedenti alla nascita di </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Gesù Cristo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, dai quali abbiamo tramandato gli ele-menti fondamentali della letteratura, delle arti e della scienza. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;">Basti ricordare la codificazione delle leggi per la regolamentazione della vita comune, teorie che influenza-rono profondamente le successive civiltà settentrionali, q</span>uella greca, etrusca e romana. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Furono i <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">popoli </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">mesopotamici</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>ad essere artefici dei principi rudimentali del la matematica, della fisica e della filosofia, ad essere fautori delle prime teorie sulla astronomia e la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, nonché a introdurre i pri-mi concetti <span style="background-color: white;">fondamentali della scienza dei miti, ossia la mitologia.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;">La mancanza di pietra e legno intensificarono l</span>’uso dell’<span style="background-color: cyan;">argilla nella realizzazione dei mattoni crudi di paglia e fango</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(ladiri)</span>, fattore <span style="background-color: white;">determinante causante l’ampio deterioramento delle costruzioni mediante l’azione degli agenti atmosferici e dei terribili saccheggi ai quali furono sottoposte durante il corso dell’evoluzione della storia nei millenni. </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’invenzione della volta, successivamente presa in considerazione dalla civiltà etrusca, è attribuita anche essa alla </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà sumerica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;">Le città sorgevano intorno ai palazzi reali, grandiosi edifici monumento edificati con mura e torri merlate, ampiamente sviluppate in larghezza e adornate con imponenti statue colossali, a sua volta sovrastati dalle </span>ziqqurat<span style="background-color: white;">, altissimi templi a torre edificati a piani sovrapposti e muniti di </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">giardini pensili</span><span style="background-color: white;">, un esempio la </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #990000;">biblica torre di Babele</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">L’arte </span>mesopotamica<span style="background-color: white;"> assume la </span>caratteristica<span style="background-color: white;"> della poeticità del sentimento, della realizza</span>zione naturalis-tica<span style="background-color: white;"> in cui spiccano un verismo altamente espressivo e un senso del colore vivace e armonioso.</span><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Essa è fastosa, suggestiva, originale e del res</span>to si rispecchia nelle arti minori e nei costumi dell’epoca.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: red; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: red; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 04 gennaio 2013 alle ore 21,29 da: Giuseppe Pinna de </span>Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-87159030686264183182013-01-02T18:28:00.000+01:002013-06-22T19:15:19.498+02:00(Scheda 242 - 3) STORIA della MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA - LA MEDICINA SUMERA.<h2 class="storytitle" id="post-257" style="margin: 15px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/" rel="bookmark" style="text-decoration: initial;" title="Link Permanente: LA MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA SUMERA</span></a></h2>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/match/" rel="attachment wp-att-999" style="color: #5b211a;"><img alt="match" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-999" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/match.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="match" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA NELLA CIVILTA' SUMERA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">(dal 3600 a.C.)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #333333; float: right; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.649999618530273px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKOnzpQsHcgdOeKz1NsKCScCbln5age4y9POHDTMxorH0N-q-qKpw9RND_IYaeQvDyNPrdVKENxBxpmao622FLxP1J2gJtFw2dARh3bAxD3E_EwXq5SqwGxkc489u5PWCPoDr9wO3IPwf_/s400/el+argar.bmp" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">L’approccio empirico è il punto di partenza per l’evoluzione della <span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span>.</span></div>
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Tuttavia, nelle prime fasi persistono residui della concezione <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">magico-demoniaca</span> e di quella <span style="background-color: orange;">teistica</span>; i pri- mi grandi medici sono divinizzati.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> <img src="http://i52.tinypic.com/vcs5cg.jpg" /></span><i style="color: purple; font-family: 'mv boli', 'century gothic', tahoma, verdana; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> </b></i><br />
<i style="color: purple; font-family: 'mv boli', 'century gothic', tahoma, verdana; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal;">I Sumeri e le origini dell'uomo </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Da più parti, si ritiene che la </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà dei Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sia la </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">prima</span><span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="color: red;">civiltà</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, fra l’altro una </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">mol-to evoluta. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> avevano una <span style="background-color: orange;">religione politeista</span> che aveva le proprie origini sul concetto di mito.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Allorché il <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">regno celeste venne sulla terra</span>, esso fiorì in </span><span style="color: blue;">Eridu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Così recita la più </span><span style="color: red;">antica lista reale sumerica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, scritta in <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">caratteri cuneiformi</span> alla </span>fine del III millennio a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In questa lista sono contenuti nomi mitici di re di </span><span style="color: blue;">Eridu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Alulim</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Alagar</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che vissero rispetti-vamente </span>28.800 <span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span> 36.000 anni<span style="font-weight: normal;">, cioè prima del </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Diluvio Universale</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, conosciuto anche nella tradizione </span><span style="color: red;">sumerica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La prima città sacra fu </span><span style="color: blue;">Eridu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che conobbe una grande importanza in un </span><span style="color: purple;">epoca arcaica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Si osserva dunque che l'</span><span style="color: #990000;">Antico Testamento della Bibbia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (quella da noi conosciuta) e la tradi-zione </span><span style="color: red;">sumerica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> si muovono nella stessa direzione.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dunque la mitologia di </span><span style="color: blue;">Eridu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ha le sue origini in epoca </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">protosumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;">I Sumeri alle radici della storia!</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Si parla di prima cosmologia, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">di primi princìpi morali, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">di prime leggi, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">di prime ricette mediche, ecc.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ci sono però anche alcune tesi differenti che asseriscono che la </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà dei Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, per qua<u>n</u> to </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">antica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, non sia stata la </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">prima</span> <span style="color: red;">civiltà</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: ed essa è oggi costretta a cedere il passo alla più </span><span style="color: purple;">antica India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In realtà si può affermare che <i style="background-color: yellow;">(e noi che oggi scriviamo, condividiamo)</i> per quanto concerne la <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">zona europea del Mediterraneo</span>, la </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">più </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">antica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fu quella </span><span style="color: red;">Sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ma dire quale sia la </span><span style="color: red;">c<u>i</u> viltà</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> più </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">antica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> in assoluto non è semplice sia per le divergenze delle tesi in materia sia per- ché potrebbero crearsi confusioni anche sulla <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">provenienza dei vari popoli</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà Sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è stata indubbiamente molto evoluta per il periodo in cui è sorta, i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">occupavano il territorio della Mesopotamia</span>, a <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">sud dell’attuale Iraq</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le più antiche testimonianze scritte <span style="background-color: cyan;">(tavolette d’argilla)</span> risalgono al </span>3.500 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In questo periodo in <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> sorgevano già delle piccole città stato come </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Ur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Lagash</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: magenta;">Nippur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: blue;">Eridu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> con a capo un <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">lugal</span>, cioè un principe locale. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Frammento d'argilla iscritto di Urukagina (o Uruinimgina), </span><i style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">lugal</i><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> (principe) di Lagash. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Terracotta, ca 2350 a.C., trovato a Telloh (antica Girsu). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">L'iscrizione recita:</span><i style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">“Uruinimgina ha scavato… il canale nella città-di-NINA. All'inizio, costruì l'Eninnu; </i></div>
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<i style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">alla fine costruì l'Esiraran"</i><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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<img height="331" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Clay_cone_Urukagina_Louvre_AO4598ab.jpg/250px-Clay_cone_Urukagina_Louvre_AO4598ab.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Vaso dedicato da Entemena, re di Lagash, a Ningirsu. Argento e rame, ca. 2400 a.C. Trovato a Telloh (antica Girsu)</span></div>
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<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg/240px-Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Non bisogna confondere la cultura </span><span style="color: red;">Sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> con quella degli </span><span style="color: blue;">Assiro-babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che vennero a posteriori, vale a dire attorno al </span>IV millennio a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Oltre ai </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> vi erano altre civiltà ugualmente evolute nello stesso territorio ma non ebbe- ro la loro medesima importanza storica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Il primo re di cui si hanno iscrizioni certe fu tale </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Enmebaragesi di Kish</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e siamo già nel </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2.650 a.C. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">circa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">La città che emergeva su tutte fu </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Lagash</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, su cui ruotò per diversi decenni tutta la politica del tempo, considerando per esempio che un suo <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">lugal</span>, </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Urukagina</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, fu conosciuto anche come grande legislatore.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Egli detenne il potere sul territorio fino allo avvento della fiorente città di </span><span style="color: #a64d79; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Umma</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> il cui capo </span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lugalzaggis</span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">i</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> sconfisse </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Urukagina</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">Eannatum è famoso in quanto le sue gesta sono incise sulla Stele degli avvoltoi, ora al Louvre, la quale può essere considerata il primo monumento conosciuto che raffigura fatti storici. Il monumento fu eretto per la vittoria di Eannatum di Lagash su Enakalle di Umma, e su di esso vengono rappresentati i vari avvenimenti della guerra. In una scena il re è in piedi sul suo carro mentre impugna nella destra un'arma ricurva formata da tre barre di metallo tenute insieme da anelli, mentre i suoi seguaci - in gonnellino, elmetti sulle teste e lance nelle mani - marciano dietro di lui.</span></div>
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<img height="345" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01.jpg/250px-Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Lugalzaggisi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> pensava in grande, egli volse il suo sguardo tanto ad occidente, verso le <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">regio-ni mediterranee</span>, quanto ad <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">oriente</span> e, con lui si ebbe il primo pensiero di </span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">“monarchia univer-sale”</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> che la storia conosca e questo determinò una grande evoluzione nella vita sociale, ec<u>o</u> nomica ed istituzionale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il sistema di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">numerazione</span> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sumero</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> era <span style="background-color: yellow;">sessagesimale </span>cioè in base 60. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Le <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavolette</span> del </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">3.000 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> dimostrano che era presente <span style="background-color: lime;">un simbolo</span> per l’1 e uno per il 10, uno per il 60, uno per il 600 e uno per il 3.600. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Il sistema era </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">posizionale</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, dunque il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">numero</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> si evinceva in base alla posizione dei simboli stessi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">A partire dal </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2.000 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> si affermò un nuovo sistema di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">numerazione</span> che utilizzava solo <span style="background-color: lime;">due simboli</span>: uno per rappresentare l’1 e l’altro per il 10. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Il sistema era sempre <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">posizionale</span> <span style="background-color: orange;">(in parte anche additivo, usato ad esempio per scrivere n<u>u</u> meri grandi)</span> e <span style="background-color: yellow;">sessagesimale</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Lo svantaggio di questo sistema numerico era costituito dal fatto che mancavano sia lo zero, sia <span style="background-color: lime;">un simbolo</span> per separare i numeri <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">(tipo la nostra virgola)</span>, dunque le cifre potevano dare adito ad ambiguità. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">In realtà il separatore c’era ma non veniva utilizzato. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Come mai il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">popolo della Mesopotamia</span> aveva scelto proprio un sistema <span style="background-color: yellow;">sessagesimale</span>? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Probabilmente perché era un sistema piuttosto semplice da utilizzare, non soltanto per le fr<u>a</u> zioni quanto in campo astronomico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">L’evoluzione di questo sistema numerico è attestato dalle </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">tavolette d’argilla</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> e da testi mate-matici che contengono nozioni di carattere commerciale e legale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Da questo sistema di numerazione nacquero, dal </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2.400 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, le prime tabelle per la moltipli- cazione, la divisione ed altre operazioni. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">In seguito si sviluppò l’<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">algebra</span> e lo studio dell’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">astronomia</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Riguardo la <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">disciplina astronomica</span> sono state scritte da parte di questo popolo opere di una certa importanza.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La scrittura </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sumera</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(e babilonese)</span> era di tipo <span style="background-color: #76a5af;">cuneiforme</span> ed è molto difficile decifrarne i ca-ratteri. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;"> Statua dell'intendente reale Ebih-Il, rinvenuta nel tempio di Ištar</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg/200px-Ebish-Il_Louvre_AO17551.jpg" width="265" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Verso il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">2.400 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> i </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> furono assaliti dagli </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Accadi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, un popolo proveniente dal deserto vicino e guidato da </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Sargon I</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> il quale istituì un vasto impero i cui centri di potere erano </span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Ur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Agade</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Maschera di Sargon</span></div>
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<img src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/sargon.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gli </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Accadi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> assimilarono molti tratti della cultura </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">sumera</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> come la scrittura e il sistema numeri- co. Tuttavia già dal </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">II millennio a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> le </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-weight: normal;">città stato</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> tornarono ad essere indipendenti.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Intorno al </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">2.460 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> nuove popolazioni sopraggiunsero: quella dei </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Semiti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, proveniente dal deserto arabo e guidata successivamente dal grande </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span>argon di Akkad</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> che sconfisse </span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lugal-zaggisi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e divenne fondatore dell’impero; poi </span><span style="background-color: white;">(intorno al 2.300-2.100 a.C.)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> i </span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gutei</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> che po<u>r</u> tarono distruzione e fame e sconfissero i </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Semiti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Lentamente, sotto la sovranità di tal </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Gudea</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Lagash</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> rinacque e poi anche </span><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Ur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> con la sua di-nastia che regnò sulle <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">quattro parti del mondo</span> ma in cui il monarca assume un titolo molto significativo: </span><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">“Re di Sumer e di Akkad”</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> vale a dire che i due popoli, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Semiti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, si era-no uniti storicamente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gudea</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">, principe di Lagash. Statua seduta in diorite dedicata al dio </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ningishzida</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">"signore dell'albero buono")</span></span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> 2120 a.C. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">(periodo neo-sumerico), ritrovata tra le rovine di Girsu, Tellō (Iraq meridionale).</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/200px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" width="266" /></div>
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<tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0px 1.2em 0px 2.4em;"><b>«</b>Il pastore costruisce il tempio con metallo prezioso... Egli costruisce l'Eninnu con pietre preziose... Egli costruisce il tempio con rame e stagno<b>» </b>(<small><i><span style="color: red;">Cilindro A</span></i> - Gudea</small>)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0px 1.2em 0px 2.4em; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><img alt="Esempio di iscrizione dedicatoria di Gudea al dio Enlil" height="640" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/c/c3/Gudeainscription.jpg" style="text-align: justify;" width="406" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;">Il vaso di </span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Gudea</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;">, dedicato a Ningishzida (XXI secolo a.C.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">cronologia breve</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;">). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;">Il </span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">caduceo</span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px;"> viene interpretato come rappresentazione del dio stesso.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Ningishzida è il primo esempio conosciuto di </span>simbolo di serpenti<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> avvolti attorno ad un bastone. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">Anticipa il </span>caduceo<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> di </span>Ermes<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">, il </span>bastone di Asclepio<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> e il bastone di </span>Mosè<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"> di oltre un </span>millennio<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: start;">.</span></span></div>
<img alt="simbolo di Enki" src="http://www.edicolaweb.net/enki.jpg" /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Ningizzida.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I successivi invasori dei </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> furono gli </span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Ittiti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> che affidarono il ruolo di capitale a </span><span style="color: #45818e; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Tra il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">1.793 <span style="font-weight: normal;">e </span>1.750 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> la città di </span><span style="color: #45818e; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> estese il suo dominio sotto la guida di </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Hamm<u>u</u> rabi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, videro così la luce le prime impostazioni giuridiche codificate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Stele di Hammurabi</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/steleHammurabi.jpg" width="236" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Vennero poi gli </span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Assiri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">(885 a.C.)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> che furono a loro volta conquistati dai </span><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Caldei</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, una popola-zione della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia meridionale</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Nel </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">311 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> si stabilì la dinastia dei </span><span style="color: #c27ba0; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Seleucidi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, chiamata così da </span><span style="color: #a64d79; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Seleuco</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">, uno dei generali di </span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Alessandro Magno</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Fu così che i </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> entrarono in contatto con la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: normal;">cultura greca</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">.</span></div>
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<img alt="image" height="400" src="http://i55.tinypic.com/2lw2ur.jpg" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px;" width="337" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.962963104248047px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #ea9999; color: #3d85c6; font-family: 'mv boli', 'century gothic', tahoma, verdana; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>OSMOLOGIA E MITOLOGIA </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> non avevano una filosofia vera e propria ma avevano riflettuto ed indagato sulla natura dell’universo ed erano talmente convinti delle loro idee che non hanno mai sentito il bisogno di formularle per iscritto infatti il loro modo di vedere l’universo e la vita si devono estrapolare dai miti e dagli inni.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">religione</span> dei </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> era politeista. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Essi avevano circa un centinaio di dei, alcuni più importanti, altri meno. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo il popolo </span><span style="color: red;">sumero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> l’universo visibile si presentava sotto forma di semisfera, alla cui base c’era la terra e sopra il cielo. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Questa semisfera si chiamava </span><span style="color: #e69138;">An-Ki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(An= cielo, Ki= terra)</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Intorno alla terra c’era il mare e al di sotto di questo mare, nella parte diametralmente op-posta del cielo, vi erano gli inferi che loro denominavano <span style="background-color: orange;">Kur</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Oltre al mare, tra il cielo e la terra, loro posizionavano il vento, <span style="background-color: cyan;">lil</span>, vocabolo che significa anche soffio, aria, spirito.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Di questo universo, i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sostenevano che il primo elemento ad essere creato fosse il mare <span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">(l’Oceano primigenio infinito)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Dal mare nacquero il cielo e la terra e dal cielo e la terra nacquero gli dei.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Gli dei più importanti erano quattro: </span><span style="color: #990000;">An</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">(dio del cielo)</span>, </span><span style="color: blue;">Enlil</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(dio dell’aria)</span>, </span><span style="color: #bf9000;">Enki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(dio dell’abisso e dell’oceano)</span> e </span><span style="color: purple;">Ninhursag</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: lime;">(dea nota come la signora maestosa. Si sostiene che in origine il suo nome fosse Ki, terra, la sposa di An, cielo)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Molto probabilmente in </span><span style="color: #45818e;">epoca arcaica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> il dio più importante era </span><span style="color: #990000;">An</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, ritenuto il supremo re del pantheon, tuttavia già da fonti che risalgono al </span>2.500 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> possiamo apprendere che questo ruolo sia stato successivamente assolto da </span><span style="color: blue;">Enlil</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che venne considerato il Padre degli dei. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">I motivi di questa sostituzione ci sono ignoti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Per i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> gli dei erano immortali ma vivevano comunque come gli </span><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: avevano biso-gno di mangiare, di bere e potevano anche essere uccisi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Essi sostenevano che gli dei si comportassero in modo virtuoso ma che, allo stesso tempo, questi stessi dei avessero introdotto il male, la violenza, la menzogna e l’oppressione nel mondo al fine di mantenere l’ordine cosmico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Il male quindi viene visto dai </span><i><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span></i> <span style="font-weight: normal;">come un principio necessario e questo stesso assunto lo ritroviamo nel </span><span style="color: #38761d;">vedismo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e nel </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">taoismo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Gli inni per gli dei esaltano bontà, rettitudine e giustizia, questo testimonia che la civiltà dei </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> era una civiltà con grandi ideali morali infatti essi avevano un dio </span><span style="color: #0b5394;">Utu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(dio del sole)</span> il quale aveva come compito proprio quello di mantenere l’ordine morale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Oltre a </span><span style="color: #0b5394;">Utu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> anche la dea </span><span style="color: purple;">Nanshe</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> non tollerava offese alla verità e alla giustizia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Alcuni elementi della mitologia </span><span style="color: red;">sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> li ritroviamo anche in quella </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">greca</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, ad esempio il fatto che il dio del Sole viaggiasse su di un carro.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> inoltre credevano, come generalmente tutti i <span style="background-color: cyan;">popoli antichi</span>, in una perduta età del-l’oro, un’età di abbondanza e di pace e in cui tutti parlavano una lingua comune. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Per i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> questa età dell’oro sarebbe terminata a causa della gelosia del dio </span><span style="color: #bf9000;">Enki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> nei confronti del dio </span><span style="color: blue;">Enlil</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;">Enki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, a causa della sua rabbia, sostituì il linguaggio comune con la molteplicità delle lingue, tema analogo a quello delle <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">torre di Babele</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.962963104248047px;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: #68593b; font-family: 'mv boli', 'century gothic', tahoma, verdana; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">E ORIGINI DEI SUMERI SECONDO SITCHIN </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Decifrare le <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavolette d’argilla</span> non è impresa facile. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Uno dei pochi che possiede questa capacità è il famoso studioso e professore </span><span style="color: purple;">Zecharia Sitchin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, autore di libri sulla </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, tra cui <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Il pianeta degli dei</span> e<span style="background-color: lime;"> Le astronavi del Sinai</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">Sitchin</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> sostiene che i </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> siano il prodotto dell’accoppiamento con una razza aliena di a<u>s</u> petto simile al nostro <span style="background-color: orange;">(perché noi siamo “a loro immagine e somiglianza”)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Si tratterebbe di esseri intelligenti che i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> chiamavano </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Anunnaki</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(figli del dio An)</span> e che la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #660000;">Bibbia</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> chiama </span><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nephilim</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Erano giganti <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(Genesi 6,4)</span> e venivano da un pianeta che ha un’orbita ellittica simile a quella delle comete, che transita tra Marte e Giove ogni 3.600 anni: il dodicesimo pianeta. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Praticamente secondo il professor </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">Sitchin</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> la selezione naturale di Darwin c’è stata ed ha prodotto i primati superiori dai quali discendiamo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Poi, grazie agli </span><span style="color: blue;">Anunnaki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, c’è stato il salto verso l’</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Homo sapiens</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo la sua teoria le cose sarebbero andate così: gli </span><span style="color: blue;">Anunnaki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> avrebbero iniziato a visit</span><u style="font-weight: normal;">a</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"> re la terra mezzo milione di anni fa e le loro gesta sono quelle che leggiamo nell’</span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Antico Testamento</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> o nel </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">poema di Gilgamesh</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In seguito avrebbero colonizzato la terra. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Avendo bisogno di persone che lavorassero nelle miniere in Africa avrebbero creato </span><span style="color: magenta;">“l’uo- mo” </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">che corrisponde all’</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Homo sapiens</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, il quale fu generato appositamente per lavorare nel- le miniere. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’uomo sarebbe nato quindi nella attuale Africa, in corrispondenza con la teoria darwiniana.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Una volta creato, l’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> avrebbe avuto due opportunità:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan;">1)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> avrebbe carpito agli alieni il segreto per evolvere, cioè per non essere solo un lavoratore;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f1c232;">2)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> le donne terrestri si sarebbero accoppiate con gli extraterrestri, infatti la </span><span style="color: #660000;">Bibbia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> riporta che: <span style="background-color: yellow;">“gli dei si innamorarono delle figlie degli uomini”</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">In <span style="background-color: cyan;">(Genesi 6, 2)</span> leggiamo che <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">“i figli di Dio, vedendo che le figlie degli uomini erano adatte, si presero in moglie tutte quelle che loro piacevano”</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Da questo accoppiamento sarebbero nati i <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">giganti</span>, cioè una razza perfetta <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(gli <span style="color: red;">atlantidei </span>erano dei giganti e forse anche i <span style="color: blue;">lemuri</span>)</span> e molti di questi esseri divini <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(alieni)</span> sarebbero anc<u>o</u> ra qui sulla terra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Alcuni sostengono che dallo accoppiamento tra un essere divino e un </span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> nasca un indivi-dividuo biondo con gli occhi azzurri. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Altri, di contro, sostengono che questo tipo di individuo nasca dallo accoppiamento di due s<u>e</u> midei, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">cioè:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffd966;">alieno + uomo=</span><span style="background-color: white;"> semidio 1</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">altro alieno + altro uomo=</span><span style="background-color: white;"> semidio 2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">semidio 1 + semidio 2=</span><span style="background-color: white;"> essere biondissimo con gli occhi azzurri.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime;">(Naturalmente ciò non deve portarci a supporre che tutte le persone bionde con gli occhi azzurri siano semidei, anche se in questi ultimi anni, avvicinandoci alla quarta dimensione, stanno nascendo molti individui con queste caratteristiche)</span>.</div>
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Qui si rendono necessarie alcune riflessioni. </div>
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Sul libro <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Antropologia degli alieni</span>, vi è una parte <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(scheda 9)</span> in cui si parla di una tipologia di alieni descritti come esseri biondi e asessuati, simili agli angeli. </div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Troviamo anche un’immagine ed è sorprendente constatare come l’espressione del viso di questi alieni e in particolare i loro occhi </span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-weight: normal;">(molto grandi)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> somiglino alle raffigurazioni dei </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">presenti nel libro di </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Kramer</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Le foto riportate nel saggio di </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Kramer</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, nonché i miti dei </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, lasciano molto spazio per pensare che la teoria di </span><span style="color: purple;">Sitchin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> non sia affatto fantasiosa.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000;">Drunvalo Melquizedeq</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> invece, in L’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">antico segreto del fiore della vita</span> propone una visione si-mile a quella di </span><span style="color: purple;">Sitchin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ma con una leggera variante: per lui noi siamo nati dallo accoppia- mento di due razze aliene: gli </span><span style="color: blue;">Anunnaki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: red;">(tridimensionali)</span> e i </span>Siriani<span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: magenta;">(quadrimensionali)</span>; an-che questi ultimi erano dei giganti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Duemila anni dopo questo accoppiamento sarebbero nati i </span><span style="color: magenta;">primi individui umani</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, precisa-mente a </span><span style="color: #660000;">Gondwana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, <span style="background-color: #bf9000;">isola</span> o <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">area</span> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(non si sa di preciso se fosse un isola o un insieme di terre) </span>posta ad <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">ovest dell’Africa</span> e che oggi non esiste più. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Non a caso i miti della creazione di popoli <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">occidentali africani</span> asseriscono che essi hanno av<u>u</u> to origine da un’<span style="background-color: #bf9000;">isola</span>, </span><span style="color: #660000;">Gondwana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, appunto. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Ciò troverebbe conferma ancora una volta nella tesi che sostiene che la </span><span style="color: magenta;">razza umana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sia nata in Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo </span><span style="color: purple;">Sitchin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> la </span><span style="color: magenta;">razza umana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è nata </span>300.000 anni<span style="font-weight: normal;"> fa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo </span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Melquizedeq</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>200.207 anni<span style="font-weight: normal;"> fa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel testo di </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Kramer</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> leggiamo che </span><span style="color: red;">“alla base delle idee e dell’ideale etico dei </span>Sumeri<span style="color: red;"> era il </span><span style="color: blue;">‘dogma’</span><span style="color: red;"> che l’uomo fosse stato fatto di argilla per servire gli dei”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> hanno due poemi mitici che rispecchiano pienamente l’assunto di </span><span style="color: purple;">Sitchin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Di questi poemi uno è interamente dedicato alla creazione dell’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">l’altro illustra perché l’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> è stato creato e parla di un contrasto tra due divinità minori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Il primo poema spiega che prima della nascita dell’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> furono creati sei tipi di esseri imper-fetti: gli ultimi due tipi erano una </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">femmina</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sterile ed un </span><span style="color: #45818e;">essere</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> asessuato.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Questi esseri imperfetti potrebbero essere quelli che noi conosciamo come </span><span style="color: magenta;">uomini primitivi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">?</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Il secondo poema mitico invece parla di due dei </span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">(il dio del bestiame </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Lahar</span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;"> e sua sorella </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Ash-nan</span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">, dea del grano)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che furono creati nella sala di creazione degli dei affinchè gli </span><span style="color: blue;">Anunnaki</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> avessero di che nutrirsi e vestirsi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Questo poema ha dunque portato i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a ritenere che l’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fosse nato per servire gli dei e da ciò scaturì la loro devozione verso le divinità.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Come possiamo notare, quindi, i miti dei </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> lasciano largo spazio affinché le teorie di </span><span style="color: purple;">Sitchin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e di </span><span style="color: #7f6000;">Melquizedeq</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> circa la creazione dell’</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> non vengano accantonate come frutto di pura fantasia, anzi, comparando le varie fonti possiamo notare che tutti i pezzetti del puz- zle coincidono.</span></div>
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<i style="color: purple; font-family: 'mv boli', 'century gothic', tahoma, verdana; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="background-color: cyan; font-weight: normal;">I SUMERI </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Due furono le grandi popolazioni che apparvero nelle valli del </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">Tigri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e dell’</span><span style="background-color: cyan;">Eufrate</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> nel </span>IV e III millennio a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;">: gli </span><span style="color: #990000;">Accadi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a Nord e i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a Sud. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A partire dalla più remota </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà di Sumer</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, per secoli convissero nei <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">territori della Mesopota- mia</span> avvicendando tra loro supremazia e prestigio sotto l’egida di grandi re, nonostante il loro costante isolamento iniziale in quanto semplici comunità dedite all’agricoltura e all’alle-vamento ovino e bovino, finché, successivamente allo avvento dei </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Gutei</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, un popolo barbaro di origine nomade, la popolazione </span><span style="color: red;">sumerica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, ormai dedita ai grandi traffici commerciali, ebbe il predominio sull’altra diffondendo in tutta l’<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">area mesopotamica</span> la sua influenza culturale e le sue abitudini, tra le quali il culto del vestire, già radicate dai primordi del loro insediamen- to.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: start;">Colossale lancia con il nome di "</span><i style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: none; border: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: start;">Lugal, re di Kish</i><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: start;">". </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: start;">Rame, periodo protodinastico II, ca. 2600 a.C. Trovata a Telloh (antica Girsu).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Spear_Lugal_Louvre_AO2675.jpg/100px-Spear_Lugal_Louvre_AO2675.jpg" width="131" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Tutte le informazioni ottenute sui costumi di questa antica civiltà sono frutto di una conosce</span><u style="font-weight: normal;">n</u><span style="font-weight: normal;"> za recepita dagli studi effettuati sui ritrovamenti archeologici reperiti nelle tombe di perso-naggi della nobiltà, quindi statue e bassorilievi, in cui i morti venivano sotterrati con tutti i loro averi affinchè potessero usufruirne nella loro vita futura, segno di prosperità per i mede-simi, poiché essendo il territorio molto fertile e ricco d’acqua sarebbe stato impossibile recu-perare indumenti soggetti all’erosione del tempo e sopravvissuti alla distruzione dei millenni. Anche se tali reperti sono estremamente stilizzati gli studiosi sono riusciti a identificare la presenza di un tipologia del vestire </span><span style="color: red;">sumero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dalle fogge ben definite. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Complessivamente si individua uno stile prettamente semplice caratterizzato da forme rite-nute povere ipotizzando che, secondo le varie testimonianze riportate, l’abbigliamento fosse una delle prerogative meno importanti su cui soffermarsi, sia per la raffinatezza dei gusti spesso sofisticati, specie nei monili d’oro, sia per l’acuto ingegno testimoniato dalle enormi ri-sorse tecniche che consentirono la costruzione di edifici perfetti e la produzione di macchinari altamente progrediti.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Per entrambi i sessi il vestire </span><span style="color: red;">sumero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> consisteva in una gonna lunga e pelosa sino alla cavi- glia, stretta in vita e avvolta intorno ai fianchi, realizzata in un tessuto a fiocchi, ciocche o frange definita propriamente a <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">falpalà</span>, mentre il torso rimaneva completamente scoperto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Potrebbe probabilmente trattarsi di pelle di pecora o montone con i ciuffi di lana rivolti verso l’esterno. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">I riccioli della lana erano disposti a balze regolari e sovrapposte, tagliati e pettinati.</span></div>
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Alcuni frammenti di tessuto rinvenuti nelle tombe fanno supporre invece che il materiale usa- to non fosse in realtà pelle, in considerazione del clima abbastanza caldo, ma <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">kaunakès</span>, un tessuto dalla trama annodata con ciuffi di lana, che potevano far alludere a ricci e probabil-mente realizzato con un procedimento simile alla confezione dei tappeti.</div>
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<img alt="image" height="640" src="http://i55.tinypic.com/5k3hae.jpg" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; line-height: 21.981481552124023px;" width="505" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, antico popolo asiatico <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">originario forse dei monti dello Zagros</span>, tra <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">Turchia</span> e <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Iran</span>, dalla </span>metà del IV millennio a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> diedero vita nella <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">bassa Mesopotamia</span> alla prima cultura ur-bana. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In una fase iniziale </span>3500 - 3000 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;">, dominata dalla città di </span><span style="color: purple;">Uruk</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> conobbero un fiorente sviluppo demografico e commerciale, con la fondazione di insediamenti coloniali in area <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">elamitica</span>, <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">assira</span> e <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">anatolica orientale</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sono penetrati con ogni probabilità in <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> attraverso una migrazione: o per la via del nord o del nord-est, oppure, come sembra accennare il <span style="background-color: yellow;">mito</span> di </span><span style="color: blue;">Oannes</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, per la via del sud <span style="background-color: cyan;">(Golfo Persico)</span>, in un momento non ancora precisato del <span style="background-color: orange;">Calcolitico</span>.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #68593b; font-family: 'mv boli', 'century gothic', tahoma, verdana; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Il mito di Oannes</span></span></span><br />
<img alt="image" height="326" src="http://i55.tinypic.com/124vklu.jpg" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px;" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Le antiche religioni </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sumeriche</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> avevano un olimpo di dei ampio e ricco di figure che veicola-vano conoscenze e saperi agli </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">uomini</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, consentendo l'evoluzione verso forme più raffinate di civiltà.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tra queste figure interessante e curiosa è quella di </span><span style="color: blue;">Oannes</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, essere anfibio, che partecipava quindi del mare, che per noi moderni è notoriamente origine della vita sulla terra, e della ter-ra, accomunando così le più ancestrali pulsioni degli esseri </span><span style="color: magenta;">umani</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Per la sua doppia natura di acqua e terra ha avuto il compito di trasmettere i saperi delle let- tere, delle arti e delle scienze, nonché delle tecniche: in particolare l'agricoltura, segno della raggiunta capacita dell'</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> di forzare i cicli produttivi della terra e di irreggimentare le ac-que, di dominare cioè entrambe le forze primigenie della vita.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'etimologia del nome è misteriosa e ciò ha permesso anche interpretazioni fantasiose come quella di collegarla, per assonanza, a </span><span style="color: blue;">Joannes</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: lime;">(Giovanni)</span> </span>Battista<span style="font-weight: normal;">, non a caso colui che an-nunciò una superiore fase della condizione </span><span style="color: magenta;">umana</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> attraverso l'immersione rituale e battesi- male nelle acque.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Raffigurazioni di </span><span style="color: blue;">Oannes</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> come divinità <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">assira</span> sono sul palazzo di re </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Sargon II</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, in <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">Iraq</span>, risa-lente al </span>721-705 a.C..<span style="font-weight: normal;">: una anche altre culture, quella <span style="background-color: #a2c4c9;">sumerica</span>, conoscono la divinità cui fanno cenno cronisti ellenici, dicendola sorgente dalle acque del Golfo Persico.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">E stata notata la presenza di figure riconducibili a </span><span style="color: blue;">Oannes</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> anche in un tempio della <span style="background-color: yellow;">religione cristiana</span><span style="background-color: white;"> presso </span>l'<span style="background-color: #ea9999;">abbazia di San Miniato al Monte a Firenze</span>, nel timpano della facciata, sotto la croce patente. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Anche nel <span style="background-color: yellow;">cristianesimo</span> viene infatti accreditata la funzione veicolare di esseri semi-divini portatori di conoscenza.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Un certo immaginario collettivo contemporaneo si è impadronito del mito minore di</span><span style="color: blue;"> Oannes</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, attribuendo a tale ambiguo personaggio una derivazione extraterrestre. </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Esso istituisce paralleli tra diverse <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">culture primitive</span> o <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">protostoriche</span> che conoscevano, almeno secondo certi studiosi, o partecipavano delle medesime mitologie, e dedicavano particolari c<u>e</u> rimonie rituali alle stelle, tra le quali Sirio, sito di origine degli alieni </span><span style="color: blue;">Oannes</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, esseri superiori scesi sulla terra per impartire agli </span><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ogni sorta di conoscenza: scrittura, scienze, arti, tecniche di costruzione di case e templi, cure e </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicine</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i style="background-color: yellow;">L'invenzione della scrittura cuneiforme</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i style="background-color: yellow;">circa 5400 anni fa i Sumeri realizzarono una scrittura dotata di grammatica e sintassi proprie</i></span></div>
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<img alt="image" src="http://i56.tinypic.com/28jipfc.jpg" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: justify;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-weight: normal;">Mesopotamia meridionale</span> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-weight: normal;">(la parte sud dell'attuale Iraq)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, nella </span>seconda metà del IV mil- lennio a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;">, i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> furono i primi a esprimere le parole di una lingua parlata con segni visi- vi, inventando la scrittura poi definita <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">cuneiforme</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Essa deve il suo nome alla </span>forma dei segni<span style="font-weight: normal;"> che la compongono, che assomigliano appunto a <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">cunei</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ma come nacque la scrittura? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le opinioni si dividono su due tesi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Secondo la <span style="background-color: yellow;">prima</span>, che ha le sue origini in </span><span style="color: purple;">Aristotele</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e nei filosofi del </span>XVIII secolo<span style="font-weight: normal;">, l'</span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> avrebbe cominciato a mettere a punto un sistema di comunicazione visiva inizialmente privo, o quasi, di rapporti con il linguaggio: esso ricorreva, per esprimersi, a immagini di oggetti o di esseri viventi del mondo circostante, veri e propri <span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">disegni figurativi o pittogrammi</span>, che riprod<u>u</u> cevano, riducendolo ad alcuni dei suoi dati essenziali, il contenuto di un messaggio; si trat-tava, in un certo senso, di un promemoria, che evolvette verso una vera scrittura solo nel m<u>o</u> mento in cui divenne fonetico. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La <span style="background-color: yellow;">seconda</span> tesi, che ha come principale sostenitrice</span><span style="color: #38761d;"> Denise Schmandt-Besserat</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> propone che la genesi della scrittura sia da ricercare nelle tecniche contabili, e più esattamente nei gettoni tridimensionali utilizzati da tutte le società del <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">Vicino Oriente</span> fin dall'</span><span style="color: #660000;">epoca neolitica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> allo scopo di contabilizzare e simboleggiare vari beni.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per affrontare il problema dell'origine, si pone una domanda preliminare: le testimonianze più antiche della scrittura sono contemporanee alla sua invenzione? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcuni ritengono che scritti precedenti alle <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavolette d'argilla</span> siano esistiti ma, vergati su sup-porti deperibili come legno, corteccia, cuoio o papiro, abbiano finito con lo scomparire. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grazie all'archeologia, disponiamo però di un elemento non trascurabile che contrasta con questa teoria. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ogni città era governata da un <span style="color: red;">E</span></span><span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;">nsi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> , signore locale, che spesso si proclamava anche sommo sacerdote, conosciuto come </span><span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;">En</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, al fine di controllare anche il potere religioso che era molto forte presso i sumeri. Inoltre c'era il </span><span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;">Lugal </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">che esercitava una podestà sovraregionale. Uomo orante.</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/irqthf17.jpg" width="231" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel corso della </span><span style="background-color: white;">prima metà del IV millennio</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, i </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-weight: normal;">mesopotamici</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> inventarono la busta-involucro in argilla entro la quale si raggruppavano sassolini per memorizzare quantità. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La scrittura non apparve che più tardi, assieme al suo supporto, la <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavoletta in argilla</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Solo a partire da questo momento le buste-involucro cominciano a essere a loro volta coper-te di iscrizioni. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Se i <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">mesopotamici</span> avessero scritto su supporti deperibili precedentemente all'invenzione del- la <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavoletta</span>, non si vede perché non dovessero fare la stessa cosa con le buste-involucro.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Del resto, è logico separare la data dell'invenzione della scrittura da quella della sua prima comparsa, supponendo un periodo di gestazione che separerebbe il momento dell'invenzio- ne da quello del primo uso pratico? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La scrittura deriva da un lavoro concettuale che non può essere dissociato dalla sua applica-zione, se non a rischio di essere svuotato di significato. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Invenzione e prima attestazione devono essere necessariamente simultanee, dato che la seconda non è altro che la messa in atto della prima.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Es. di scrittura cuneiforme</span></span></div>
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<img alt="image" height="69" src="http://i51.tinypic.com/2cqjfqg.jpg" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Furono grandi conoscitori dell’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">astrologia</span>: inventarono un calendario che non si discosta mol-to da quello impiegato attualmente, <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">individuarono tutte le costellazioni</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Grandi <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">matematici</span>, risolvevano <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">equazioni algebriche di terzo grado</span> e sistemi vari.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> Eseguivano calcoli complicati nel campo dell’<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">ingegneria edile</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Furono i <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">primi ad usare i numeri</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Inventarono la </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: normal;">scrittura</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, anche se poi venne perfezionata dai </span>Cretesi<span style="font-weight: normal;">, attraverso il <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">codice</span> </span><span style="color: blue;">"lineare B"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/segni2.jpg" width="231" /></div>
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<strong style="font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-center;"><em><span style="color: #3300ff; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">Territorio ed Origini</span></em></strong></div>
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<img alt="ancient cities" height="387" src="http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/geography/explore/images/cities.gif" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il primo problema che si affronta nell'analisi della </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Civiltà Sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> consiste nella sua sco-perta che è avvenuta solo agli inizi del </span>1900<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In precedenza si credeva che non esistesse una civiltà precedente a quella </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Assira</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Con pazienti scavi e costanti studi si è giunti all'accettazione di questa importantissima</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"> C<u>i</u> viltà</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sia per <span style="background-color: yellow;">cultura</span> sia per <span style="background-color: cyan;">religione</span>.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Nel </span><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: small;">3200 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> circa i </span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: small;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> hanno inventato la <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">scrittura</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Civiltà dei Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> colloca le proprie origini in un periodo antecedente al 3000 a.C., prendendo il posto della <span style="background-color: yellow;">cultura</span> derivante dalla cosidetta </span><span style="color: purple;">"Gente di Obeid"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, popolazione nomade che si era stabilita nella parte <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">sud-orientale della Mesopotamia</span> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(la terra tra i due fiumi)</span>, presso il villaggio di </span><span style="color: purple;">El Obeid</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, regione ricca di acqua, ma anche di inondazioni. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tale regione è caratterizzata dalla presenza dello </span><span style="color: #993300;">Shatt el-Havy</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, un canale che unisce i due <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">fiumi mesopotamici</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">La città più importante fu </span><span style="color: red;">Eridu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: normal;">Il termine </span><em style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumer</span><span style="color: #990000; font-weight: normal;"> </span></em><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">shumer</span><span style="color: #990000; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: lime;">in accadico)</span> significa </span><em style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="color: #783f04;">terra coltivata</span></em><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: normal;">, da cui </span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Sumeri</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: normal;"> che signifi-ca <span style="background-color: #e69138;">portatori di coltura</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Intorno al </span>3000 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> si assiste ad una migrazione del </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">popolo sumero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, proveniente dalla regione montuosa che comprende gli attuali <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Iran</span> ed <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">India</span>, verso la regione <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">meridionale me-sopotamica</span> caratterizzata da frequenti inondazioni dei fiumi <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Tigri</span> ed <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">Eufrate</span> le quali for-mavano paludi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A questa si unisce anche un flusso migratorio proveniente dal Mar Caspio, dunque di estra-zione <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">scita</span>.</span></span></div>
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<img height="534" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/thumb/a/a2/Iran_fisica.jpg/719px-Iran_fisica.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Viene fondata la città sacra di </span><span style="color: purple;">Uruk</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">, che prese il posto di</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> Eridu</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Si assiste dunque ad una fase in cui si passa da una tradizione nomade ad una stanziale con la fondazione di centri urbani che non sono difesi da mura.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel periodo che va dal </span>3000 al 2600 a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> circa, la città di </span><span style="color: purple;">Uruk</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> domina la scena politica </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nascono altre città come </span><span style="color: #274e13;">Ur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: red;">Lagash</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #45818e;">Nippur</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Kish</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Eridu</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">,</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>La<span style="color: black;">rsa<span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span><span style="color: #990000;">Umma</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">, </span>Isin<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Si tratta di principati che compongono la </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">regione di Sumer</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">Mesopotamia</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/mesopotamia.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il territorio in cui si stabilì la popolazione era soggetto a diverse calamità naturali, ma no-nostante questo, si riuscì a piegare la forza della natura per avere un'insediamento stabi- le e le città raggiunsero un grande splendore ed un'importanza internazionale.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Statuetta votiva di un uomo inginocchiato, conosciuto come "il fedele di Larsa". </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Dedicato da un abitante di Larsa al dio Amurru per la vita di Hammurabi. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Bronzo e oro, inizio secondo millennio a.C.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Worshipper_Larsa_Louvre_AO15704.jpg/250px-Worshipper_Larsa_Louvre_AO15704.jpg" width="266" /></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://arteysalud1myblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/mesopotamia016.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" width="640" /> </div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Lista dei re di Larsa. Terracotta, Larsa, ca. 2025–1763 a.C. (39º anno del regno di Hammurabi).</span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kings_Larsa_Louvre_AO7025.jpg/200px-Kings_Larsa_Louvre_AO7025.jpg" width="224" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Il mistero della civiltà Sumera</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://ilnavigatorecurioso.myblog.it/images/misteri/antichi_sumeri_statuine.jpg" style="font-size: 32.22222137451172px; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: justify;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">origine dei </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> è ancora avvolta nel mistero. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nella </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">cultura sumera</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, possiamo riconoscere moltissime delle istituzioni proprie delle nostra </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">“moderna”</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> civiltà: le prime scuole, il sistema legislativo, il primo sistema di scrittura, la ruota, la </span><span style="color: red;">medicina </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">e la</span><span style="color: red;"> chirurgia</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, la prima moneta, la matematica e la cosmologia erano tutte di ori- gine </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumere</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">E proprio dai </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> i </span><span style="color: #45818e;">babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ereditarono il loro immenso sapere affinandolo ed amplian-dolo. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> furono i primi a lavorare la stagno e il rame. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In particolare il primo, difficilissimo da lavorare, richiede tecniche avanzatissime per essere estratto dalla </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">cassiterite</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Come avevano i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> queste conoscenze avanzate?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Inoltre, non bisogna dimenticare, che i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumer</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">i sono stati i primi a tramandare i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">racconti sul diluvio</span>,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> quindi possono considerarsi i primi testimoni di questa antica consapevolezza del cataclisma avvenuto tra i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">12 mila <span style="font-weight: normal;">e i</span> 14 mila anni</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> fa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Epopea di Gilgamesh</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> narra la storia di </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Gilgamesh</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, mitico re dei </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, per due terzi divi-no e per un terzo umano - un <span style="background-color: lime;">ibrido umano-alieno</span> - , che regnò su una delle più antiche cit-tà: </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Uruk -</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ea9999;">"l'ovile"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, nel senso che gli </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">"dei"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(hanno allevato l'umanità come bestiame!)</span>, il più antico agglomerato urbano dell'odierno <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Iraq</span>, nelle vicinanze del golfo Persico. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Mappa geografica del luogo preciso della </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">Mesopotamia </span><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">dove si trova Uruk</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">e dei principali insediamenti della civiltà sumerica</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meso2mil.JPG/300px-Meso2mil.JPG" width="385" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Frammento di una statua di un toro ritrovata ad Uruk e risalente al periodo di Gemdet-Nasr, circa 3000 a.C.</span></div>
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<img height="245" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bull_Warka_Louvre_AO8218.jpg/300px-Bull_Warka_Louvre_AO8218.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Durante uno di questi lunghi viaggi </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Gilgamesh</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> raggiunse </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Utnapishtim</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, un vegliardo scampa-to al <span style="background-color: #a2c4c9;">diluvio universale</span> allo stesso modo di </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Noè</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, di cui riferisce il <span style="background-color: cyan;">Vecchio Testamento</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Anche questo grande vecchio, secondo tali ricordi </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumerici</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, si era costruito un'<span style="background-color: #e69138;">arca</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Utnapishtim</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, ricevuto </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Gilgamesh</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, gli raccontò delle sue peripezie con l'<span style="background-color: #e69138;">arca</span>, della sua salve<u>z</u> za dal <span style="background-color: #a2c4c9;">diluvio</span> e gli riferì di quanto esisteva prima sulla terra.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">Mazza da guerra dedicata a Gilgamesh (quinto re della dinastia di Uruk secondo la Lista dei re Sumeri) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;">da Urdun, funzionario di Lagash</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mace_Gilgamesh_Louvre_AO3761.jpg/220px-Mace_Gilgamesh_Louvre_AO3761.jpg" width="363" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Se, come si pensa, la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">civiltà sumera</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> risale a circa </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6 mila anni</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> fa, che cosa è successo nel p<u>e</u> riodo tra i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">13 mila</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6 mila anni</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> fa, cioè tra la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">"fine della glaciazione"</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(il cataclisma globa- e)</span> e l'avvento della </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Civiltà Sumera</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Chi erano le </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">"divinità"</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> che abitavano il nostro pianeta e che hanno <span style="background-color: lime;">"donato"</span> la civilizzazione all'</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: purple;">Homo Sapiens</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Erano gli antichi abitanti dell'</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">antica Civiltà Atlantidea</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> che hanno risollevato le sorti dell'uma-nità, oppure si tratta di <span style="background-color: cyan;">"divinità aliene"</span>, come affermano i teorici degli </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Antichi Astronauti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">?</span></div>
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<img alt="antichi-astronauti.jpg" height="292" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-8SfROBqWHcs/UN6dOxQIO2I/AAAAAAAAC68/wKUJ-uA56j4/s400/antichi-astronauti.jpg" width="400" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> sono un popolo di origine sconosciuta, probabilmente asiatica, che si insedia in <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Me-sopotamia</span> nella pianura compresa tra i fiumi <span style="background-color: orange;">Tigri</span> ed <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Eufrate</span> nel </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">IV secolo a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e qui fonda le prime città monumentali della storia. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> hanno costruito le prime città </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cinquemila anni</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> fa.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> usavano l’acqua del fiume <span style="background-color: orange;">Tigri</span> e del fiume <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Eufrate</span> per irrigare i campi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Perciò i raccolti erano abbondanti.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Nel </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2000 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #45818e;">Babilonesi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> hanno conquistato le città </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumere</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Nel </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1100 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> gli </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, che erano una popolazione che viveva a nord, hanno </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">occupato que<u>s</u> ti territori.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> sono il primo popolo a sviluppare la cultura urbana che caratterizzerà tutte le altre civiltà a venire. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> dominano la </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Mesopotamia</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> nel periodo tra il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3500 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1730 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> con alterne fortune. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La fertilità naturale della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> consente ai </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> un rapido sviluppo sia demografi-co che commerciale e la nascita di nuovi insediamenti coloniali in diverse aree della valle tra i fiumi <span style="background-color: orange;">Tigri</span> ed <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Eufrate</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Dal </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3500</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> al </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3000 a.C.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> si sviluppa demograficamente ed economicamente la città di </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta;">Ur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<img height="410" src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/Ur.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Successivamente si sviluppano in città anche altri insediamenti </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> come </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Lagash</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="color: #3d85c6;">Uruk</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Altre importanti sumere sono </span><span style="color: #e06666;">Eridu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #76a5af;">Umma</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #bf9000;">Nippur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">KisheEshnunna</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nel <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">periodo protodinastico</span> si sono susseguite continue guerre tra le città-stato </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumere</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> nel tentativo di realizzare una maggiore egemonia regionale. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il disegno di unificazione della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> viene realizzato nel </span>XXIV secolo a.C.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> dal re </span><span style="color: #990000;">Lugalzagesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> di </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Umma</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> con l'assoggettamento e la distruzione delle città </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumere</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> di </span><span style="color: #38761d;">Lagash</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, di </span><span style="color: magenta;">Ur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, di </span><span style="color: #783f04;">Kish</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e di </span><span style="color: #45818e;">Uruk</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> Mappa dei principali insediamenti della civiltà sumerica</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ciudades_de_Sumeria.svg/250px-Ciudades_de_Sumeria.svg.png" width="363" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L'egemonia di </span><span style="color: #660000;">Lugalzagesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> dura però molto poco. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Il suo regno è caratterizzato dalla violenza e dal terrore al punto che molti </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, pochi an-no dopo, accolgono l'invasore </span><span style="color: purple;">Sargon di Akkad</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> come un liberatore. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Con la conquista dei territori </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> da parte del popolo degli </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Accadi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, di origine <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">semitica</span>, na-sce un grande impero nella <span style="background-color: #93c47d;">Mesopotamia meridionale</span> che non può però più definirsi </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumero</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Successivamente i </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> riescono a riconquistare il potere dopo l'invasione dei </span><span style="color: #a64d79;">gutei</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L’unificazione dell’impero dei </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> viene realizzata da </span><span style="color: red;">Ur-Nammu</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, il governatore della cit-tà di </span><span style="color: magenta;">Ur</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> che compie l’opera di unificazione delle diverse città </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeriche</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> facendole converge- re in un regno centralizzato. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">civiltà sumera</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> si sviluppò tra il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3200</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e il </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2800 avanti Cristo</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> nella zona compresa tra i due fiumi <span style="background-color: orange;">Tigri</span> ed <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Eufrate</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #990000;">("terra tra i fiumi" = Mesopotamia)</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La fertilità del suolo permise l'allevamento del bestiame, la coltivazione della palma da dat--teri e una vita stanziale. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.833333015441895px; text-align: left;"> Contratto di vendita di un campo e una casa. Shuruppak, ca 2600 a.C.</span></div>
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<img height="376" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3760.jpg/250px-Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3760.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'origine del popolo </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumero</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> è ancora incerta. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Forse provenienti da est, si sa soltanto che chiamavano se stessi </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;">"gente dalle teste nere"</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La società dei </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> era fondamentalmente statica e sorretta da rigide regole religiose. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Furono attenti osservatori della natura. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Catalogarono minuziosamente pietre, animali e piante del loro tempo in base alla loro forma esteriore.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Lo stesso spirito d'osservazione fu rivolto al cielo e allo studio degli astri. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Con i </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">sumeri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> nacque l'astronomia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Dalla pratica commerciale, maggiormente seguita rispetto agli </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">antichi egizi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, si sviluppò anche l'aritmetica decimale, dall'esigenza di misurare i campi e gli edifici la geometria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">A differenza del vicino </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Egitto</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, la </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Mesopotamia</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> era priva di barriere naturali e continuamente preda di migrazioni e invasioni da parte di altri popoli conquistatori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Al centro di ogni città-stato sumera sorgeva un tempio monumentale eretto da una piramide a piattaforme <span style="background-color: orange;">(ziqqurat)</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">dedicato alla venerazione del dio protettore della città e allo svolgi-mento delle pratiche religiose da parte del re-sacerdote.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: orange; font-weight: normal;">Ziqqurat</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> é un nome femminile </span><span style="background-color: #e06666;">assiro-babilonese</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> costruito sulla radice </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-weight: normal;">zqr</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, che significa </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">"co<u>s</u> truire alto"</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Il tempio era anche il centro politico ed economico della comunità urbana.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'area era consacrata al dio della città. </span></div>
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<img src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/et8se08.gif" /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Senza dubbio erano templi e </span>non tombe come le piramidi egiziane<span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Erano invece più simili sia come struttura che come uso culturale, alle </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">piramidi a gradoni m<u>e</u> soamericane</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Il tempio vero e proprio in cui, sotto forma di statua, abitava la divinità non era quello rela-tivamente modesto che stava in alto; era invece a livello del suolo, gli alti basamenti servi-vano ad impedire che le acque dei fiumi invadessero la sacra cella in caso d'inondazione. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">L'ipotesi più plausibile riguardante lo scopo della costruzione delle <span style="background-color: orange;">ziqqurat</span> è che queste al-</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">tro non fossero che un'enorme scala, che serviva davvero a raggiungere il cielo. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ma non perché gli </span><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> potessero scalarle, bensì perché fosse favorita la discesa del dio sulla terra; era quindi un legame tra terra e cielo, tra </span><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e dio.</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">Ziqqurat di Ur</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="178" src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/ziqur.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center;"> Ziqqurat di Uruk</span></div>
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<img height="290" src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/uruk2.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Ziqqurat di Uruk</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Sumeri/Eanna.jpg" /></div>
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<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Ecco una breve cronologia dell'area riguardante la </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">bassa Mesopotamia</span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, che copre il periodo di tempo durante il quale si è originata, sviluppata ed è decaduta la </span><span style="color: red;">civiltà sumerica</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Periodo di 'Ubaid (4500-3500 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Antico 'Ubaid (4500-4000 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Tardo 'Ubaid (4000-3500 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Periodo di Uruk (3500 a.C.-3100 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Antico Uruk (3500-3300 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Tardo Uruk (3300-3100 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gemdet Nasr (3100-2900 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Periodo proto-dinastico (2900-2200 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Periodo proto-dinastico I (2900-2750 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Periodo proto-dinastico II (2750-2600 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Periodo proto-dinastico IIIa (2600-2450 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.5em;">Periodo proto-dinastico IIIb (2450-2350 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Periodo di Akkad (2350-2200 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Periodo dei Gutei (2200-2120 a.C.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Periodo di Ur III (2120-2000 a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <img src="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/popoli_antichi/Babilonesi/Oriente.gif" /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> La <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mesopotamia</span> </span>(3600-2000 a.C.)<span style="font-weight: normal;"> può essere considerata la culla dell’anatomia. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Questa disciplina si sviluppò a partire dall’<span style="background-color: lime;">Aruspicina</span>, l’arte di prevedere il futuro dall’esame dei visceri degli animali sacrificati agli dei. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">I primi a praticare l’<span style="background-color: lime;">Aruspicina</span> furono i </span><span style="color: red;">Sumeri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">; anche i loro successori, </span><span style="color: #b45f06;">Assiri</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">Babilonesi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">usarono questa tecnica divinatoria.</span></h1>
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Non sono arrivati fino a noi testi di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina mesopotamici</span></b>. </div>
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Tuttavia, informazioni sulle pratiche mediche dell’epoca sono frequenti nelle <span style="background-color: cyan;">tavolette di argilla</span> rinvenute nelle biblioteche dei sovrani<b><span style="color: blue;"> assiri</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">babilonesi</span></b>. </div>
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Come per i <span style="background-color: orange;">popoli antichi</span> l’<b>eziologia</b> di una certa malattia è legata al soprannaturale e precisamente alla ira di un certo demone specifico per quella affezione e la relativa cura è basata su rituali magici di scon-giurazione ed esorcismo. </div>
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Le pratiche dovevano essere incentrate sul rito espiatorio e su una certa forma di empirismo primitivo. </div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Spesso la malattia veniva considerata come un qualcosa d’impuro da cui ci si doveva liberare tramite un lavaggio e per cui erano prescritti abluzioni o bagni in determinati luoghi sacri o con rituali codificati.</span></span></h1>
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<i style="font-family: papyrus; font-size: 27.77777862548828px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 27.981481552124023px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-size: large;">Avvento dei Babilonesi</span></span></b></i></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La civiltà </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">babilonese</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> lega le proprie origini ed il proprio splendore alla città di </span><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Babilonia</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, che letteralmente significa </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"porta del Dio"</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, sulla cui fondazione aleggiano svariate ipotesi, seco<u>n</u> do quanto ci hanno tramandato le fonti storiche più accreditate: </span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Erodoto</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Diodoro Siculo</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Strabone</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Flavio</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e </span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Berosso</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, oltre ai vari </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">libri della Bibbia</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> e ai</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">testi cuneiformi babilonesi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">.</span></h1>
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<a href="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/medicoeleggidirect.asp" style="color: navy; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.111111640930176px; font-weight: normal; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="medicoeleggi.com" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.pillole.org/public/aspnuke/immaginihomepill/medicoeleggi2.jpg" width="165" /></a><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inisce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 02 gennaio 2013 alle ore 18,28 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-41545623636538396702012-12-31T19:50:00.002+01:002012-12-31T19:50:29.140+01:00(Scheda 241 - 2) STORIA della MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA - La MEDICINA SARDA nella ETA' NURAGICA, quindi tra il 3500 - 2500 e il 1000 a.C. nella CIVILTA' NURAGICA.<h2 class="storytitle" id="post-257" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; margin: 15px 0px 5px; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/" rel="bookmark" style="text-decoration: initial;" title="Link Permanente: LA MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #660000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA</span></a></h2>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/la-medicina-degli-antichi-egizi/match/" rel="attachment wp-att-999" style="background-color: white; color: #5b211a;"><img alt="match" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-999" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/match.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="match" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE E MODERNA</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.962963104248047px;"> </span><img height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzHfpmUaMkbpM8VbTxm_MAacIgNveG29cMB7yqD3MiwZIUI73EmM-iAZnxbJwAIxQoXTDno_-rb2RwzTBi7zi9VZ-Jyir0Bc_yERbx7sONX5-p5AWqH8l2srWFJNrWpUl_EIbAlSYCYWPy/s640/Prama3_300-3e509.jpg" width="422" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #990000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA SARDEGNA PRENURAGICA</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">La presenza dell’</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">uomo</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> in Sardegna risale al </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Paleolitico</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: lime;">(450.000 – 10.000 a.C.)</span>, ma trova la sua attestazione documentaria nel </span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Neolitico antico</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(6.000 – 3.700 a.C.)</span>. </span><br />
<img height="291" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BGbz3DdOuUo/UOClI1-EFgI/AAAAAAAAJ5Y/RmyIjl1lwPk/s400/stefanoricci2%5B1%5D.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<img height="313" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-egoHpqoGqwg/UOCm09s2ClI/AAAAAAAAJ6A/mLR2NuEV2rg/s400/paleolitico_3%5B1%5D.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Durante il </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Neolitico</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> vi furono due importanti innovazioni che determinarono profondi muta-menti anche sul piano sociale: il sistema <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">economico agropastorale</span> e la scoperta della <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">cerami- ca</span>, grazie ai quali si affermò il sistema di ripartizione del lavoro per gruppi e una progressiva tendenza alla gerarchizzazione.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Il </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000;">Neolitico</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"> si divide in </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">tre sottofasi</span><span style="background-color: white;">:</span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=542497987027262831" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-indent: -15.333333015441895px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span style="color: blue;">il Neolitico antico (6.000 – <st1:metricconverter productid="4.000 a" w:st="on">4.000 a</st1:metricconverter>.C.)</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-size: large; line-height: 25px; text-indent: -11.333333015441895px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <span style="color: #38761d;">il Neolitico medio (4.000 – <st1:metricconverter productid="3.400 a" w:st="on">3.400 a</st1:metricconverter>.C.)</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-size: large; line-height: 25px; text-indent: -40.66666793823242px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <span style="color: #cc0000;">il Neolitico recente (3.400 – <st1:metricconverter productid="3.200 a" w:st="on">3.200 a</st1:metricconverter>.C.)</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-size: large; line-height: 25px; text-indent: -40.66666793823242px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: purple;"> il Neolitico finale (3.200 – <st1:metricconverter productid="2.800 a" w:st="on">2.800 a</st1:metricconverter>.C.).</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">LA MEDICINA PROTOSTORICA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"> (dal 3600 a.C.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;">La MEDICINA SARDA nella ETA' NURAGICA, </span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">quindi tra il 3500 e il 1000 a.C. della </span><span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">CIVILTA' NURAGICA</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Il popolo dei Nuraghi </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">è vissuto in Sardegna nell’età del Bronzo </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">(fra 3500 a.C. e 2500 anni fa)</span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/eEL9u6APElc?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> preistorico locale, si trasforma da <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">cacciatore-raccoglitore</span> ad <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">agricoltore-allevatore</span>, vive le stagioni e... <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">semina</span>, <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">irriga</span>, <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">raccoglie</span> e <span style="background-color: lime;">pascola il bestiame</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina Sarda</span></b> è abbastanza famosa in quanto si mischia anche alla <span style="color: magenta;"><b>magia</b></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ciò su cui si vuole soffermare l'attenzione è <b><span style="color: purple;">"La Medicina dell'Occhio"</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un rituale molto antico ed uno fra i più conosciuti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Difatti, ed è luogo comune, ma pare che il <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #660000;">malocchio</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">venga trasmesso</span> tramite gli <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">occhi</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ebbene si! </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' di certo uno sguardo carico di <b>invidia</b> nei confronti di qualcuno o qualcosa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma è soprattutto ancor più strano il fatto che <span style="background-color: orange;">chi invia questa negatività</span> può esserne addirit- tura <span style="background-color: lime;">ignaro</span> e fare ciò involontariamente.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.isolavirtuale.it/old/immagini/neolitici.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">La medicina dell'occhio </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: #cc0000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">e i Giganti che guariscono</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Il Popolo dei Nuraghi </span>è vissuto in Sardegna </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">nell’età del Bronzo "fra 3500 a.C. e 2500 anni fa"</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La Sardegna essendo una terra molto antica conserva delle tradizioni piuttosto curiose ed i<u>n</u> teressanti.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Veduta dall'alto del santuario di<em>Santa Vittoria </em>di Serri</span></div>
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<img height="372" src="http://www.ara21.org/ara21jpg/occulto/6536_nuraghi5.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Una tra queste è la </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">"Medicina Sarda"</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> abbastanza famosa in quanto si mischia anche alla </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">magia</span><span style="background-color: white;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ciò su </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cui vale la pena soffermare l'attenzione è <b><span style="color: purple;">"La Medicina dell'Occhio"</span></b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Questo è un rituale molto antico ed uno fra i più conosciuti. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pare che il </span><b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">malocchio</b><span style="background-color: white;"> venga trasmesso tramite gli occhi. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Ebbene si! </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">E' uno sguardo carico di invidia nei confronti di qualcuno o qualcosa. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Ma è strano il fatto che chi invia questa negatività può esserne addirittura ignaro e quindi fare ciò senza volerlo.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il rituale per combatterlo è semplice e ciò che occorre possedere è un <span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><b>bicchiere in cui viene versata dell'acqua è verrà riempito solo per metà</b></span>; poi del<b> <span style="background-color: lime;">grano</span></b> o del <span style="background-color: cyan;"><b>riso</b></span> e delle<b> <span style="background-color: orange;">pietrine di sale</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si prende il <b style="background-color: #ffe599;">bicchiere</b>, si fa il <b style="background-color: #93c47d;">segno della croce</b> e poi si pronunciano <b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">due preghiere specifi- che per questo tipo di rituale 3 volte consecutive</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fatto ciò si gettano il <b style="background-color: lime;">grano</b> e il <b style="background-color: orange;">sale</b> nel <b style="background-color: #ffe599;">bicchiere</b> e poi si controllerà se gli occhietti <b style="background-color: yellow;">(ma in realtà si formano delle bollicine e anche delle bolle grandicelle)</b> si sono formati. </span></div>
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<img height="317" src="http://www.ara21.org/ara21jpg/occulto/medicinadelocchio.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Queste <b style="background-color: yellow;">bolle</b> possono formarsi alle estremità del <b style="background-color: lime;">grano</b>, questo significa che il <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">malocchio</span> ha preso la nostra <b><span style="color: red;">testa</span></b> e quindi accuseremo una forte emicrania che potrebbe essere accomp<u>a</u> gnata da vomito. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Se la <b style="background-color: yellow;">bolla</b> invece si forma al centro del <b style="background-color: lime;">grano</b> allora il <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">malocchio</b> è nello <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">stomaco</span></b>, perciò avremo forti fitte alla pancia accompagnate da coliche e anche da vomito. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nei casi più disperati le <b style="background-color: yellow;">bolle</b> possono formarsi su tutta la superficie del <b style="background-color: lime;">chicco di grano</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I sintomi comunque possono essere di diversa natura, anche la pesantezza agli occhi, feb-bre, stanchezza cronica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Finito il rituale si usa far <b style="background-color: #ffe599;">bere un sorso dell'acqua del bicchiere</b>, e in teoria il <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">malocchio</b> do- vrebbe essere svanito e quindi curato. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma alle volte accade che è talmente forte che il rituale va eseguito più volte. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcuni riescono a percepire anche se questa negatività è stata inviata da un uomo o una do<u>n</u> na.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Chi si appresta a togliere il <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">malocchio</b> del povero o della povera malcapitata non è una per-sona a caso. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di solito chi svolge il rituale lo fa perché gli è stato tramandato dai propri avi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E’ un rituale che si tramanda di generazione in generazione infatti, anche se questa pratica con il tempo sta scomparendo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Colui o colei che si accinge ad insegnare a qualcuno questa <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">pratica magica</span> e <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">misteriosa</span> non potrà mai più esercitarla e alcuni sostengono che si può svelare il <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">segreto</span> solo la notte di Natale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ovviamente ognuno è liberissimo di crederci o meno, il <span style="background-color: magenta;">nostro scopo</span> è semplicemente quello di scrivere delle informazioni particolari che possano suscitare un minimo di curiosità a chi legge. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Come ben sappiamo l'<b><span style="color: purple;">occulto</span></b> e la <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: magenta;">magia</span></b> rimangono sempre un <span style="background-color: #b45f06;">mistero</span> e non si sa ancora se esistano o meno, possiamo solo documentarci e con il tempo formulare una opinione.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Però sicuramente è un <b><span style="color: red;">rituale</span></b> che conserva quel non so che di <span style="background-color: lime;">magico e antico</span> …. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Speriamo che queste <span style="background-color: cyan;">tradizioni</span> non svaniscano mai perché fanno parte del nostro passato e quindi della storia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Parliamo di una <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">civiltà</span></b>, quella <b><span style="color: #45818e;">nuragica</span></b>, in cui si svolgevano particolari <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">riti di guarigione</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pare che anche oggi questi luoghi conservino ancora delle forze misteriose che consentono la guarigione di alcuni mali.</span></div>
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<img height="475" src="http://www.ara21.org/ara21jpg/occulto/CIMG2352.JPG" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La Gallura, per esempio è ricchissima di granito e siti archeologici che rappresentano la culla della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina bio-energo-vibrazionale</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A proposito di questo, esiste una storia abbastanza curiosa che può indurre a fare qualche r<u>i</u> flessione, una semplice coincidenza o realmente accaduta? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Si narra che nei primi anni novanta una bambina di Arzachena, a cui i medici avevano ipotiz-zato di </span><b style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">amputare un braccio</span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> come unica soluzione al brutto male che l'aveva colpita:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">l'</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">osteomielite</span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">Una <b style="color: magenta;">(grave infezione dell'osso)</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> e, venne sottoposta a </span><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-small;"><b>nove sedute di terapia</b></span> <b style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">"neolitica"</span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> presso la tomba dei Giganti di Li Mazzani. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Finite queste <span style="background-color: lime;"><b>nove sedute</b></span> la bimba guarì completamente da questo male. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo questo racconto, possiamo introdurci nel misterioso mondo degli effetti terapeutici le-gati alle <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">pietre granitiche</span>, con cui erano edificate le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"tombe degli eroi"</span></b>, ribattezzate più recentemente come <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">"tombe dei Giganti"</span></b>. </span></div>
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<img height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK4GkamIpTxQgJ1m3HNlQSArIyzD7CcWi62x63Fz0AxoJbaNNzsxBiA0428ZyRSTf8ILXIc9zzwfPTqgTH8QpQuTQzRl-Bb1I10njD-aotDZXnSD9g54O-tRloe_q1KPeaSrJ_AEeJHlrH/s640/mancini+3.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per prima cosa è necessario spiegare cosa si intende per <b style="background-color: lime;">sedute neolitiche</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo tipo di pratiche curative ovviamente risale all’<b><span style="color: purple;">età nuragica</span></b>, quindi tra il 3500 e il 1000 a.C. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nella <b><span style="color: blue;">civiltà nuragica</span></b> le pietre avevano un alto valore sacro ma soprattutto erano stretta-mente legate alle <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">conoscenze astronomiche</span> e al <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">culto degli astri</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">Aristotele</span></b>, per esempio, descriveva le <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">antiche tradizioni sarde</b>, le quali prevedevano di visi-tare le <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">tombe degli eroi</span></b> cioè i <b>capi spirituali defunti</b> <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="color: red;"><b>(sacerdoti-sciamani ma anche sacer- dotesse)</b></span></span> per svolgere <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">particolari riti di guarigione</span> per allontanare mali fisici, ossessioni e spiriti maligni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questi luoghi si trascorrevano esattamente 5 giorni e cinque notti, e si dormiva. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa terapia si compiva attraverso il sonno ma soprattutto attraverso i sogni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tutto questo si deve ricollegare alla pietra con cui sono state realizzate queste tombe: il granito, il quale <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">essendo un ottimo trasportatore di energia perché costituito da biossido di silicio</span>, ha un effetto <span style="background-color: yellow;">magnetoterapeutico naturale</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Inoltre queste <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">tombe</span></b>, come quelle <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">dei Giganti di Li Mezzani</span></b>, sono costruite su siti di alto v<u>a</u> lore <span style="color: #38761d;"><b>energetico-vibrazionale</b></span>, a livello di terra ma anche di cosmo. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ancora oggi in tanti sostengono di aver tratto dei benefici da questa energia in particolare all’<b><span style="color: #674ea7;">apparato osseo</span></b>, specialmente chi soffre di <b><span style="color: red;">osteoporosi, cervicale</span></b>, <b><span style="color: blue;">mal di schiena</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">reum<u>a</u> tismi</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #45818e;">periartriti </span></b>o <b><span style="color: #990000;">lombosciantalgie</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I primi benefici si avvertono dopo aver fatto regolari sedute per almeno una settimana, me-glio dieci giorni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bisogna stendersi per una mezz’ora all’<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">interno del corridoio tombale</span></b>, oppure sedersi lungo le <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">panchine dell’esedra</span></b>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">senza incrociare ne braccia ne gambe</span>, per far <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">fluire meglio l’energia e il magnetismo</span> che si sprigionano dal sito. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sensazione che si ha all’inizio, di solito, è di <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">formicolio alle dita delle mani</span> o dei <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">piedi</span>, op-pure si prova un intenso caldo o freddo nella zona da curare. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In alcuni casi si avvertono benefici improvvisi, in altri invece sembra che il dolore peggiori, ma dopo qualche giorno si avverte il miglioramento. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo tipo di trattamento può essere utile anche in caso di <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">ansia</span>, <span style="background-color: cyan;">insonnia</span>, <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">depressione</span>, poiché in molti, dopo aver sostato sopra la <span style="color: #bf9000;"><b>tomba dei Giganti</b></span>, avvertono un grande senso di rilassatezza, ed una propensione al sonno tranquillo.</span></div>
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<img src="http://www.ara21.org/ara21jpg/occulto/Scultura_nuragicartreer4.jpg" /></div>
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<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QmFO-pnWm_s/UOCjMZ74qdI/AAAAAAAAJ4I/XNEnLmRLJTQ/s320/p026_0_1%5B1%5D.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Nel Bosco di S. Giorgio, sempre nella zona archeologica di Palau, alcuni sostengono che è possibile vedere la </span><span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">propria aura</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Questo viene descritto come un luogo di </span><b style="background-color: #fce5cd;">forte magnetismo</b><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, dove in età addirittura </span><b style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #990000;">pre-nuragica</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(3500 a.C.)</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> vennero modellate alcune rocce con fini </span><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">terapeutici e sacri</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Qui si trova una grotta ricavata nel granito dove, se si appoggia la </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">mano sulla roccia</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> è pos- sibile visualizzare la </span><span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">propria aura</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> attraverso le dita. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">All’inizio si manifesta sotto forma di luce chiara; ma dopo un periodo di pratica alcuni riescono a vedere l’</span><span style="background-color: #d5a6bd;">aura</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"> nei suoi diversi colori: </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">verde</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, ad esempio se si hanno forti attitudini terapeu- tiche; </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">blu</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, se si è molto rilassati, </span><span style="background-color: lime;">giallo</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">, se si tratta di un tipo di persona molto razionale. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">In questi luoghi è possibile partecipare ad alcuni rituali.</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://www.ara21.org/ara21jpg/occulto/donnacgrtychh.jpg" width="300" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Questi rituali ricorrono in date particolari, come gli <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">equinozi</span></b> o i <b><span style="color: blue;">solstizi</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Un esempio può essere il <b><span style="color: blue;">solstizio d’autunno</span></b> che ha come data il 23 settembre. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">In pratica il rituale consiste nel recarsi all’alba alla <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">tomba dei Giganti</span></b> per vedere il sorgere del sole, i cui raggi si piazzano perfettamente nel portello della tomba stessa, laddove gli an- tichi mettevano le ossa degli sciamani defunti. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Il rito funebre, infatti, prevedeva che il corpo del morto fosse lasciato scarnificare dai rapaci e che venissero <b><span style="color: #38761d;">sepolte solo le ossa</span></b>, dipinte di<b><span style="color: red;"> ocra rossa</span></b>, simbolo dell’immortalità. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Concetto che spiega perché le <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">tombe dei Giganti</span></b> sono orientate ad est: punto che è simbo- lo di rinascita, in quanto da qui sorge il sole. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">In questi luoghi vengono praticate meditazioni di gruppo guidate e visualizzazioni, per ricari-carsi di </span><span style="background-color: #f1c232;">energia positiva</span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A3w5UMmqz6s/UOCjuhSxCRI/AAAAAAAAJ44/CYpyZ5-Tz_g/s320/caccia%5B1%5D.png" /></div>
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<img height="432" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MuFaHUBGXOU/UOCj9__7cAI/AAAAAAAAJ5A/n3JgcHlon8E/s640/il-paleolitico-L-4%5B1%5D.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<img height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fMILTYp3jos/UOCjg3cN6lI/AAAAAAAAJ4U/2VXCFP9Yw8g/s400/016%5B1%5D.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Parliamo di una </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">civiltà</span></b><span style="background-color: white;">, quella </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: purple;">nuragica</span></b><span style="background-color: white;">, in cui si svolgevano </span><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">particolari riti di guarigione</span><span style="background-color: white;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pare che anche oggi questi luoghi conservino ancora delle forze misteriose che consentono la guarigione dei mali.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">GUERRIERO NURAGICO - bronzetto</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://marcocamedda.blog.tiscali.it/files/2010/09/bronzetti.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Ovvia</span><span style="line-height: 18px;">mente leggendo queste storie ognuno è liberissimo di crederci o meno, il nostro scopo è semplicemente quello di scrivere delle informazioni particolari. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Come ben sappiamo l'<b>occulto</b> e la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">magia</span></b> rimangono sempre un mistero e non si sa ancora se esistano o meno, noi possiamo solo documentarci e con il tempo formulare una nostra opinione. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Dopo questa piccola parentesi, diciamo che possiamo ritornare a parlare della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">civiltà nuragi- ca</span></b> e dei suoi misteri.</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.166667938232422px; text-align: center;"><b> </b></span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px; text-align: center;">La medicina tradizionale in Sardegna</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Il Malocchio</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Il Malocchio e i rimedi tradizionali per curarlo</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Malocchio</span></b> è una pratica malefica che affonda le sue radici nel passato più remoto. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le modalità di trasmissione, come lascia intendere la parola, passa dallo <span style="background-color: yellow;">sguardo</span>, infatti si di-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ce che gli <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>occhi</b></span> abbiano la capacità di trasmettere all’esterno le forze nascoste nel corpo. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si parla di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Malocchio</span></b> anche nella <span style="background-color: cyan;">mitologia dei popoli antichi</span>, lo sguardo rabbioso delle donne</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dell'<b><span style="color: purple;">Illiria</span></b> poteva uccidere. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il gigante <b><span style="color: blue;">Balor</span></b> delle leggende <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><b>celtiche</b></span> poteva addirittura trasformare il suo <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>unico occhio</b></span> in</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">un'arma</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">letale e <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Medusa</span></b> aveva la capacità di tramutare in <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">pietra</span> chiunque incontrasse il</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">suo</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">sguardo.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">potere degli occhi</b> viene attribuito soprattutto agli esseri <b><span style="color: magenta;">umani</span></b> sospettati di <b><span style="color: #990000;">stregoneria</span></b>,</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">in particolar modo alle <span style="background-color: orange;">donne</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcuni involontariamente </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.166667938232422px;">esercitano tale <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">potere</b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">con il semplice atto di posare lo sguardo su di</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">un'altra per</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">son</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">a senza rendersene conto. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I sintomi del <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> sono, a livello fisico, mal di testa frequenti senza averne mai sofferto </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">prima e senza una causa patologica, cattivo umore e sindrome depressiva; possono accadere </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">degli eventi negativi spesso all'interno della famiglia, come ad esempio una immotivato abba<u>n</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dono da parte del partner, un guasto alla macchina o eventi di estrema gravità . </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <span style="background-color: lime;">Rito Magico</span> contro il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Malocchio</span></b> elimina tale influenza ripulendo l'<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Aura</b></span></span>, riportando il soggetto </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nello stato psicofisico di prima, cessando immediatamente gli eventi nefasti di cui era vittima.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Esistono diversi modi per proteggersi dal <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b>, nella <span style="background-color: yellow;">tradizione popolare</span> troviamo un si<u>s</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tema che consiste nell'<span style="background-color: cyan;">inviare un fiore</span> per <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">nove giorni consecutivi</span> alla persona che ci ha fatto</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il maleficio (se si intuisce chi può essere stato). </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il metodo funziona soltanto se i <span style="background-color: cyan;">fiori</span> sono inviati con un sentimento di sincera amicizia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il più delle volte il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> agisce sulla <b><span style="color: #45818e;">sfera sessuale</span></b>: ed è per questo che, secondo una</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">vecchia </span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">usan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">za, <b>toccandosi i genitali</b> si viene protetti dal <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel caso in cui il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> sia stato trasmesso, esistono dei riti atti a debellarlo che varia</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">no </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">a </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">seconda della località. </span><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/JyLb45PtlxA?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questi riti possono essere tramandati soltanto in <span style="background-color: lime;">linea femminile</span>, infatti è solo la <b><span style="color: magenta;">donna</span></b> l'uni-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ca </span></span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">depositaria del segreto della formula</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> e a lei soltanto spetta </span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">esercitare il rito</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> in <b><span style="color: red;">Sardegna</span></b> assume diverse <b>denominazioni</b> a seconda delle località, come <b><span style="color: blue;">ocru </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">malu</span></b> nel nuorese, <b><span style="color: purple;">ogru malu</span></b> nel logudorese e <b><span style="color: #38761d;">ogu mau</span></b> nel campidanese. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ed esistono interessanti espressioni linquistiche locali anche per designare l’avvenuto malefi-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cio: </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">l’</span><b style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">occhio</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">che aggredisce è un</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: black;">occhio cattivo</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">(ogu malu)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">oppure un </span><b style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">occhio che ti si posa</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><b>addos</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">so</b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><b>(ti si ponidi asuba)</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="background-color: white;"> recano danno, oppure che </span><b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">preso d’occhio</b> <b style="background-color: cyan;">(pigau de ogu)</b></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">Malocchio</span></b> è l’<b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">occhio</b> dell’altro, solitamente di chi non fa parte della famiglia e non è quindi le-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">gato da vincoli di sangue, che, una volta giunto alla meta, crea una situazione di difficoltà po<u>r</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tando via un determinato bene, che può essere la bellezza, la salute o la fortuna, che viene </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">perciò <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">mangiato dal<span style="color: black;"> colpo dell’occhio</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;"><b>(manigadu de su corpu ‘e soju)</b></span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nei <b>paesi sardi</b> la <b><span style="color: magenta;">donna</span></b> ha la prerogativa di essere sia soggetto che oggetto del <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b>:</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">è colei che è più esposta al rischio del <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> ma è anche colei che getta il <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> più</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">potente. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ed è sempre in <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">linea femminile</span> che vengono ereditati gli <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">oggetti magici</span>, gli <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">amuleti</span>, che prese<u>r</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">vano dal <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> ed è sempre la <b><span style="color: magenta;">donna</span></b> che gestisce la <b><span style="color: #990000;">vita e la morte</span></b> attraverso la prati-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ca </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">della</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">“medicina dell’occhio”</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La denominazione <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">“medicina dell’occhio”</span></b> è l’unica che si riscontri in maniera diffusa in tutte </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">le </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><b>province sarde</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/aFWpykOXZas?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa pratica si può apprendere sia in famiglia che da estranei. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per diventare <span style="background-color: cyan;">guaritori</span> è necessario essere riconosciuti dai possibili trasmettitori, come pers<u>o</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ne adatte, infatti solo in pochissimi casi il passaggio a tale condizione è avvenuto attraverso </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">prove di verifica o attraverso un vero e proprio rito.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per quanto riguarda il <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">rito terapeutico</span> sono stati registrati ben <span style="background-color: lime;"><b>ventiquattro modi diversi di</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;"><b>esecuzione</b></span>, all’interno dei quali si riscontra la presenza, diversamente combinata dei segue<u>n</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ti elementi: is <b><span style="color: blue;">“brebus”</span></b>, preghiere quali il <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Padre Nostro</span>, l’<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Ave Maria</span>, la <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">recitazione del Credo</span>,</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">che spesso assieme all’uso di <span style="color: orange;"><b>grano</b></span>, <b><span style="color: #45818e;">acqua</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #999999;">sale</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #38761d;">olio</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">orzo</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #ea9999;">riso</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">pietra</span></b>, <span style="color: #8e7cc3;"><b>corno di muflone</b></span>,</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">di <b>cervo</b> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">o di <b><span style="color: purple;">bue</span></b>, l'<b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">occhio di Santa Lucia</span></b>, il <b><span style="color: #990000;">carbone</span></b> e la <b><span style="color: red;">carta</span></b>, portano a </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">conseguire la gua-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">rigione.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">Il <span style="background-color: yellow;">rito</span> va ripetuto da un minimo di <span style="background-color: lime;">tre</span> ad un massimo di <span style="background-color: cyan;">nove volte</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">Per la risoluzione dei casi più gravi in genere è previsto l’intervento di <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">tre diversi operatori</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Altro sistema fondamentale di <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">difesa</span>, quello <span style="background-color: #b4a7d6;">preventivo</span>, è costituito da tutta una serie di og-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">getti come gli <b><span style="color: #990000;">amuleti</span></b> e <b><span style="color: red;">gesti apotropaici</span></b> destinati ad annullare qualunque possibile influsso</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">malefico proveniente dagli altri.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra gli scongiuri rivolti al possibile portatore di <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b> ricordiamo l’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">uso di sputare</span> per allo<u>n</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tanare il <b><span style="color: blue;">male</span></b>, attestato in <b>Sardegna</b> da un <span style="background-color: yellow;">manoscritto anonimo del settecento</span>, toccare un</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">oggetto di ferro</span>, di <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">corno</span> o le <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">parti genitali</span>, <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">bestemmiare al suo passaggio</span>, <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">tirar fuori veloce-</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">mente la punta della lingua per tre volte</span>, oppure fare le <span style="background-color: cyan;">fiche furadas al suo indirizzo</span> <span style="color: magenta;"><b>(di nas-</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b>costo)</b></span>, ecc. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il fare <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">sas ficas</span></b> è tutt'oggi ancora usanza diffusa sia fra gli <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b> che fra le <b><span style="color: magenta;">donne</span></b>, tale uso</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">era ed è certamente noto anche a <b>Cagliari</b>, dove i vecchi tutt'ora ben ricordano il detto: <b><span style="color: blue;">“Ti </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">dexit comenti sa fica in s’ogu”</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(ti giova come la fica nell’occhio)</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oltre alle tecniche gestuali nell’<b>Isola</b> si è sviluppata tutta una serie di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">oggetti apotropaici</span>, di</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tipologia tipicamente mediterranea, che hanno acquisito valori culturali con particolari conno-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tazioni; le ricerche svolte a tal proposito dimostrano, infatti, che gli <b><span style="color: red;">amuleti sardi</span></b>, pur avendo</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">molteplici valenze, sono quasi tutti riconducibili all’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">ideologia</span> del <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">malocchio</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Purtroppo molti <b><span style="color: red;">amuleti</span></b> erano così poveri e deperibili che nessuno ha mai avuto occasione o</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">interesse a conservarli e sono giunti fino a noi solamente attraverso il ricordo dei vecchi; di-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">verso è il discorso riguardante gli <b><span style="color: red;">amuleti</span></b> che erano anche oggetti di <span style="background-color: lime;">oreficeria</span> o costituiti da</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">materiali ritenuti in qualche modo preziosi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La maggior parte di essi ha <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">radici precristiane</span></b> e ha subito un’evoluzione nel tempo; se pri-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ma</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">, ad esempio, erano caratterizzati dall’uso di un determinato materiale, in periodi success<u>i</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">vi il materiale è cambiato, conservando solo similitudini di forma o colori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">Ad es. <b><span style="color: #783f04;">Sa sabegia</span></b>, che era inizialmente <b>tonda</b> prevalentemente in <b>pietra nera</b> o in <span style="color: #e06666;"><b>corallo</b></span>, si</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">è evoluta con l’utilizzazione di materiale non naturale, come il <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">vetro sfaccettato nero</span> o addiri<u>t</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">tura la <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">pasta di vetro policromo</span>, di sicura importazione, il cui uso può essere stato introdotto</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">sia per la difficoltà di reperire e lavorare il materiale originario, sia per una maggior ricercate<u>z</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">za che il nuovo materiale <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">“esotico”</span></b> poteva vantare. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">È certo tuttavia che sostituendo il materiale, l’<b><span style="color: #783f04;">amuleto</span></b> non perdeva né l’eventuale significato</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">simbolico, né la sua <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">funzione apotropaica</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’unica condizione perché l’<b><span style="color: #783f04;">amuleto</span></b> agisca è <b><span style="color: purple;">“aver fede”</span></b>, credere cioè nel suo potere; in al-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">cune zone, infatti, l’efficacia dell’<b><span style="color: #783f04;">amuleto</span></b> è data dal fatto che esso debba essere <b><span style="color: blue;">abbrebau</span></b>,</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">su di esso devono cioè essere stati recitati <b><span style="color: blue;">is brebos</span></b>, ovverossia dicasi: le <b style="background-color: cyan;">“parole e le pre-</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: cyan;">ghiere ma</b></span></span><b style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">gico-religiose”</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nota in <b>Sardegna</b> come <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">anti-malocchio</span></b> per eccellenza, è la <b><span style="color: #45818e;">pietra nera in gavazzo</span></b> o </span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="color: #45818e;">giaet-</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="color: #45818e;">to</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(lignite picea)</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">onice</span></b>, <b>ossidiana</b>; tonda, sempre incastonata in <span style="background-color: orange;">prata</span> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(cioè in argento, pe<u>r</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">ché si credeva avrebbe perso il suo potere se legata in oro)</span>.</span></div>
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<img height="368" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0qMM_Ox0nck/TftkPKRhI-I/AAAAAAAAAc0/QKK8FPBFhLk/s400/DSCF4557.JPG" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #783f04;">sabegia</span></b> simboleggia il <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><b>globo oculare</b></span>, nella fattispecie l’<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>occhio buono</b></span> che si contrappone </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">a quello <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">cattivo</b> attirandone lo sguardo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La sua funzione consiste nel <b><span style="color: red;">salvare</span></b> chi ne è munito, s</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">paccandosi al posto del cuore della </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">persona <b><span style="color: #38761d;">“guardata”</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La terminologia con cui viene identificata è varia e difficilmente localizzabile. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nota come <b><span style="color: #783f04;">sabegia</span></b> nel <span style="background-color: #ffd966;"><b>Campidano di Cagliari</b></span>, se ne è perduta la memoria nel capoluogo, </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dove deve essere stata però usata abbondantemente, tanto che se ne conservava il ricor-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">do fin nei primi decenni del secolo scorso. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con pochissime <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">varianti linguo-fonetiche</span> ritroviamo questo termine nella <b style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Barbagia</b> dove è </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">invece conosciuta come <span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>cocco</b></span>, nella <b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Gallura</b>, nel <b style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">Logudoro</b> e ad <b style="background-color: #ea9999;">Orgosolo</b> è invece general-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">mente noto col nome di <b><span style="color: red;">pinnadellu</span></b>, mentre nell’<b style="background-color: cyan;">oristanese</b>, a <b style="background-color: #e69138;">Desulo</b> e nella <b style="background-color: yellow;">Barbagia di </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">Bel</b></span></span><b style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">vì</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> viene denominato </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="color: magenta;">pinnadeddu</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tradizionalmente <b>nero</b>, l’<b><span style="color: #783f04;">amuleto</span></b> si ritrova talvolta anche <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">rosso</span></b>, di <b><span style="color: #e06666;">corallo</span></b>, specialmente in </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Gallura</b> e in alcuni <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">paesi barbaricini</span>, dove prende il nome di <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: lime;">corradeddu ‘e s’ogu leau</span></b> <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(cora<u>l</u></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">li</span></span></span><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">no del malocchio)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> e dove lo si portava <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b>appeso alla spalla e ricadente sul braccio</b></span>, unito a </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">mazzo con altri <b><span style="color: #783f04;">amuleti</span></b> sempre di <b><span style="color: #e06666;">corallo</span></b> e incastonati in <b><span style="color: blue;">argento</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">In ogni caso la <b><span style="color: #783f04;">sabegia</span></b> mantiene sempre la caratteristica di essere simbolo dell’<b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">occhio</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sa <b><span style="color: #783f04;">sabegia</span></b> veniva appesa alle <b>culle</b>, mentre i bambini più grandicelli la portavano general-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">mente al <b style="background-color: magenta;">polso</b>, legata con un <span style="background-color: lime;"><b>fiocchetto verde</b></span> e veniva loro tradizionalmente regalata dalla </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">nonna</b> o dalla <b><span style="background-color: cyan; color: black;">madrina di battesimo</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.166667938232422px;"><span style="background-color: orange;">Le donne invece la esibivano al collo o appesa al corsetto.</span></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/HgeIml9qY08?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://0.gvt0.com/vi/bzP_UxSrMnQ/0.jpg" height="266" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/bzP_UxSrMnQ&fs=1&source=uds" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bzP_UxSrMnQ&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.166667938232422px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #45818e; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Sa mobadia de sa Stria </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: magenta; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">-</span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #45818e; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #660000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">La malattia della Stria </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Secondo la <b>tradizione popolare</b> la <b><span style="color: purple;">Stria</span></b> è l’<span style="background-color: lime; color: black;">uccello del malaugurio</span> impersonato o dalla <b style="background-color: #f4cccc;">civetta</b> o dal<b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">barb<u>a</u></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><b>gianni</b></span>, con la sua comparsa preannuncia una disgrazia. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ad essa vengono attribuiti poteri malefici che sfociano in una vera e propria malattia se, durante il suo volo, </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">passa sopra la testa di una persona. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gli effetti della cosiddetta <b><span style="color: #45818e;">striatura</span></b> sono riconoscibili negli occhi e nel viso del malcapitato che presenta il </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">pallore tipico dell’<b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black;">itterizia</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Per diagnosticare la malattia è necessario controllare che l’altezza della persona corrisponda alla misura</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">dell’estensione delle sue braccia, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">la misurazione avviene con del filo da imbastire bianco</span>, in caso di squil<u>i</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">brio</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">si procede al <span style="background-color: cyan;">rito di guarigione</span> che cambia da una zona all’altra dell’<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Isola</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In alcune zone si <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">bruciano le piume del rapace notturno riducendole in cenere da versare nel caffè</span> che a<u>n</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">drà somministrato al malato; </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">in altre zone l’<span style="background-color: lime;">operazione si compie nella fase terminale del ciclo lunare e insieme alle piume si brucia a<u>n</u></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">che il filo utilizzato per la misurazione</span>, con il<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;"> fumo che si crea si segna la croce sopra il malato</span> mentre si r<u>e</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">citano i <b><span style="color: blue;">brebus</span></b> <span style="background-color: #bf9000;"><b>(formule magiche)</b></span>, </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">infine le <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">ceneri si mischieranno</span>, come nel caso precedente,... </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">al <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">caf</span></span></span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">fè </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">che il malato dovrà bere a digiuno la </span><span style="background-color: #ffd966; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">mattina seguente</span><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Questa usanza rischia di cadere nell'<span style="color: purple;"><b>oblio</b></span> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(dimenticatoio)</span> perché molte <b><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta;">guaritrici </span></b>non praticano più </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">l’<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">antica</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> per la mancanza di richieste.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 14px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> Il Barbagianni La </span></span><span style="line-height: 12px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Civetta</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r6GXrN8EzSs/Ti2ZepI0ZyI/AAAAAAAAA1k/XAvnmqCfpnQ/s200/babagianni.jpg2.jpg" /> <img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oW9gdWxhwkc/Ti2ZfZyowEI/AAAAAAAAA1o/CC0zhYQGiyM/s200/civetta+copia.jpg" style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">MEDICINA POPOLARE E ANTICHI RIMEDI</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina popolare tradizionale</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>ha i suoi modi di concepire il malessere e i rimedi atti a</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">combatterlo, avvalendosi di particolari rituali che si concretizzano con l’ausilio di elementi a<u>p</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">partenenti alla <span style="background-color: lime;">sfera naturale</span>, come la <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">fitoterapia</span>, talvolta associata a quella sfera da taluni </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">definita <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">“sovrannaturale”</span></b>, dove il <b>curatore</b> entra in contatto con diversi livelli di coscienza </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">appartenente ad <b><span style="color: blue;">“altri mondi”</span></b>, fungendo da collegamento tra questi e il paziente. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per quanto riguarda la <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">fitoterapia</span>, si sa che l’innata paura dell’<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> nei confronti delle <span style="background-color: #e06666;"><b>ma-</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #e06666;"><b>lattie</b></span> e delle <span style="background-color: cyan;"><b>sofferenze corporee</b></span> ha stimolato da sempre la ricerca e lo sfruttamento delle </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">risorse naturali come le <b><span style="color: red;">piante ritenute curative</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;">Le più <b><span style="color: purple;">antiche civiltà</span></b>, già prima che si facesse un esplicito riferimento alla <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">fitoterapia</span> nelle </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Sacre Scritture</b></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;">, conoscevano le <b style="background-color: #ffd966;">proprietà curative e l’uso che si poteva fare di </b></span></span><b style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">alcune</b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #ffd966; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">piante</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">, in seguito le nozioni acquisite furono approfondite e diversificate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;">Per quanto riguarda l’Europa, il <b><span style="color: #45818e;">sapere medico</span></b> fu trasmesso, grazie all’<b style="background-color: orange;">intermediario ara-</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: orange;">bo</b>, dalle <b><span style="color: #38761d;">civiltà egiziana</span></b>, <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">greca</span></b> e <b><span style="color: blue;">romana</span></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;">.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b>[1]</b></span></span><b> </b></span><span style="color: red;">Ecclesiastico 38-4: </span><i><span style="color: black;">“Il Signore fa produrre i rimedi dalla terra: l’uomo assennato non li disprezza”.</span></i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="color: black;">[2]</span></b></span></span><span style="color: red;"> Gli Egiziani avevano una loro scuola medica già 2000 anni prima dei medici greci, un bassorilievo proveniente da Akhenaton</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red;">raffigura una pianta medicinale, la mandragora, largamente usata durante il Medioevo. </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red;">Le conoscenze mediche dell’antico Egitto si diffusero particolarmente in Mesopotamia, dove sono state rinvenute alcune tavolette</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red;">che citano la canapa indiana, della quale si conoscevano le proprietà analgesiche; ma furono soprattutto i Greci e, successivamen-</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red;">te</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px;">, i Romani che ebbero la fortuna di ereditare le nozioni degli Egizi riuscendo a portarle ad un più alto livello.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">In <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Sardegna</span></b> la <span style="background-color: orange;"><b>magia</b></span> ha da sempre permeato i vari contesti della vita dei suoi abitanti, così,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">quando la <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">religione</span> e la <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">scienza</span> hanno fatto la loro comparsa, sono dovute scendere a com-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">promessi soprattutto laddove fosse più difficile <b>estirpare gli appannaggi più radicati</b> di quel </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">periodo mitico</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">Secondo la <span style="background-color: lime;">tradizione sarda</span> esistono persone particolari dotate del cosiddetto <b><span style="color: red;">“dono”</span></b>, cioè</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">la capacità di interagire e influenzare il <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">mondo animale</span> e <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">vegetale</span> e, ovviamente, <b><span style="color: magenta;">umano</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per quanto riguarda la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina tradizionale</span></b>, sono da considerarsi <span style="color: blue;"><b>guaritori</b></span>, coloro ai qua-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">li è stata riconosciuta la <span style="background-color: yellow;">dote del dono</span>, essi applicano le conoscenze trasmesse dai saggi di</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">generazione in generazione dopo aver compiuto un apprendistato, consistente nel saper ri-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">conoscere le <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">piante medicinali</span>, essere in grado di <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">preparare il rimedio</span> e applicarlo sul malato.</span></span></div>
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<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Alv6RbHzBTA/TgTCNoq9AXI/AAAAAAAAAiI/LepJsFlkLXM/s320/Nuraghe+Orolo+013.JPG" /><br />
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b><span style="color: magenta;">Uomo di Oliena</span></b> appartenne senza dubbio al tipo <b><span style="color: blue;">Neanderthal</span></b> che, com'è noto, fu soppiantato misteriosamente da </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">quello di <b><span style="color: #990000;">Cro-Magnon</span></b> solo 30.000 anni fa.</span></span></div>
<img alt="L'uomo di Neanderthal" height="400" src="http://www.ichnusa.net/images/storia/storia_paleolitico.jpg" width="307" /><br />
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<span class="TestoRossoBold" style="color: #d20000; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;">Storia - </span><span class="TestoRossoBold" style="color: #d20000; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;">Neolitico antico (6000-4000 a.C.)</span><br />
<span class="TestoRossoBold" style="color: #d20000; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"> <img height="326" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C4lopNrH0BE/UOCkgVKhk5I/AAAAAAAAJ5I/88eq80iYRD4/s400/la-cottura-nella-preistoria%5B1%5D.jpg" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;" width="400" /></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il passaggio dal <b><span style="color: blue;">Paleolitico</span></b> al <b><span style="color: purple;">Neolitico</span></b>, fu lento e progressivo; tra questi periodi si colloca</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">il <b><span style="color: #660000;">Mesolitico</span></b>, nel quale gli <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b> affinarono l'<span style="background-color: orange;">arte di lavorazione della pietra non più scheg-</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: orange;">giandola</span> ma perfezionandosi fino ad ottenere manufatti più rifiniti e taglienti. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo questo lento periodo di transizione si passò al <b><span style="color: purple;">Neolitico</span></b> che rappresentò una rivolu-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">zione tecnica e culturale. </span></span></div>
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<img height="488" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tGbDO0DvMeM/UOCk4aVmuSI/AAAAAAAAJ5Q/Mm4-eq0pN74/s640/arm%5B1%5D.JPG" style="text-align: -webkit-left;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mentre nel <b><span style="color: blue;">paleolitico</span></b> l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> fu costretto a praticare il nomadismo, soprattutto per cacciare,</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nel <b><span style="color: purple;">Neolitico</span></b> capì, forse per caso, che alcuni animali di piccola taglia, potevano essere allev<u>a</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ti e usati come scorta alimentare. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ancora più importante fu la scoperta dell'agricoltura, avvenuta peraltro in un lunghissimo ar-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">co di tempo. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Essa avvenne molto probabilmente in modo casuale e la perfezionò solamente dopo centi-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">na</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">ia di anni. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Allevamento e agricoltura contribuirono all'aumento della popolazione che, abbandonato il </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">no</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">madismo, cominciò a trovare sistemi di vita più comodi, cominciando a costruire capanne </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">in le</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">gn</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">o, canne e successivamente con mattoni crudi di paglia e fango </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">(ladiri)</span>.</span></div>
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<img height="570" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--FAFs42HMD0/UOCq9NkSuqI/AAAAAAAAJ7M/CcsPsLSQXg8/s640/villaggio%2520neolitico%5B1%5D.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-left;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Così, l'uomo incominciò a chiedersi se dietro alcuni fenomeni naturali ci fosse un essere so-</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">pran</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">naturale e così intuì l'esistenza di un Dio, sviluppando parallelamente il <span style="background-color: lime;">culto dei defunti</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">L'esigenza di conservare i cibi portò alla scoperta della ceramica.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">L'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> <b><span style="color: purple;">neolitico</span></b> perfezionò inoltre la tecnica della lavorazione della pietra creando manufa<u>t</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">ti rifiniti; l'<b>ossidiana</b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(roccia vulcanica effusiva)</span>, permetteva la facile costruzione di utensili e </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">armi. </span></div>
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<img height="345" src="http://www.ichnusa.net/images/storia/storia_neolitico.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-left;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">Questo minerale abbondava nell'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Isola</span></b>, nel <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">monte Arci</span></b> e fu sfruttato fin dal <b><span style="color: purple;">Neolitico antico</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">Il lavoro degli archeologi ha portato alla luce vari siti sparsi in tutta l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Isola</span></b> e all'identificazione</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">di vere e proprie <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">culture</span></b>, come testimonia uno dei ritrovamenti più antichi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">(circa 6000 </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">a.C.)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"> </span><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSd3DDAOxL2MBtG6Su2SW0Q3Ts9E8_D9Nt9_vmj7mCNbfZGiCHdcg" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;"> </span><img alt="downloadman" src="http://congressipastore.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/downloadman_thumb.gif?w=125&h=70" style="color: black; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.18181800842285px; text-align: justify;" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inesce qui</span></span></i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 31 dicembre 2012 alle ore 19,50 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-71752547620704549612012-12-24T20:01:00.001+01:002012-12-30T12:49:59.519+01:00(Scheda 240 - 1) STORIA della MEDICINA PREISTORICA o PRIMITIVA.<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #5b211a; font-size: 24px; text-decoration: initial;"><a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/la-medicina-preistorica/" rel="bookmark" style="color: #5b211a; font-size: 24px; text-decoration: initial;" title="Link Permanente: LA MEDICINA PREISTORICA">LA MEDICINA PREISTORICA</a></b></div>
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<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/la-medicina-preistorica/crisal/" rel="attachment wp-att-1002" style="color: #5b211a; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="crisal" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1002" height="344" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/crisal.gif?w=470" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="crisal" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">Articolo informativo di <a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a> per <a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a> «Centro Servizi Informativi </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">On-line per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo»; che ci addentra in un </span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">per- corso storico narrandoci che:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"durante il corso dei secoli la medicina ha attraversato diversi stadi che, secondo gli storici, sono i seguenti: medicina istintiva, medicina sacerdotale, medicina magica, medicina empirica, medicina scientifica".</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">STORIA DELLA MEDICINA </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #660000; color: #bf9000; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ANTICA, MEDIEVALE e moderna</span></span></span></span></div>
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<img alt="LA MIA PREISTORIA" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GWqMcNoAwJc/TspGghieM6I/AAAAAAAAHls/7rL7WEjQRnQ/s650/BANNER%2BLAMIAPREISTORIA.png" /> <br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">LA MEDICINA PREISTORICA O PRIMITIVA</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: small; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">(</span><strong style="background-color: transparent; font-size: medium; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">prima del 4000 a.C</strong><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: small; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">.)</span></div>
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La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> nasce con l’<b><span style="color: blue;">Uomo</span></b>.<br />
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Si origina dal bisogno innato nella nostra specie di capire e curare le malattie che lo affliggono. </div>
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I<span style="line-height: 22px;">ncisioni e dipinti rupestri, statue, oggetti propiziatori, ossa umane giunte fino a noi permettono di imm<u>a</u> ginare le pratiche mediche dei nostri antenati e, l</span><span style="line-height: 22px;">’osservazione diretta delle popolazioni primitive ci dà al-tre preziose informazioni sulla </span><b style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina preistorica</span></b><span style="line-height: 22px;">. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px;">Residui della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina preistorica</span></b> possono essere osservati ancora oggi nella <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">medicina popolare</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">La Medicina istintiva</span>: <span style="background-color: orange;">fase istintiva o periodo spontaneo</span><br />
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La <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">medicina istintiva</span></b> è il primo stadio della <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> ascrivibile non solo all’<b><span style="color: blue;">Uomo</span></b> ma anche agli ani- mali superiori. </div>
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Al male l’<b><span style="color: blue;">Uomo primitivo</span></b> si oppose con mezzi estremamente semplici e istintivi. </div>
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È fondata sulla osservazione e quindi sulla imitazione e l’esperienza diretta delle <span style="background-color: lime;">“pratiche istintive”</span> degli stessi animali <span style="background-color: cyan;">(esempio: l’animale ferito che cerca refrigerio nell’acqua fredda o che mangia una speci-fica pianta per liberarsi dai parassiti)</span> e sull’accudimento <span style="background-color: yellow;">(esempio: l’aiuto delle donne anziane alla parto-riente e l’istinto di protezione e attenzione rivolte dalla madre al proprio piccolo)</span>.</div>
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<strong style="font-size: x-large;">Medicina sacerdotale o sacra</strong>: <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">fase magico-demoniaca</span><br />
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E’ la forma più antica di <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b>. </div>
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Si basa sul presupposto che le malattie abbiano un’origine magica dovuta all’ira degli dei. </div>
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Influenze astrali negative e demoni maligni sono gli agenti patogeni. </div>
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Le cure consistono in amuleti, talismani e riti magici da parte del <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">sacerdote</span></b>.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;">Medicina magica</span></strong>: <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">fase teistica</span><br />
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Le malattie sono flagelli mandati dagli dei. </div>
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Hanno lo scopo di punire gli <b><span style="color: blue;">Uomini</span></b>, colpevoli di non rispettare il volere delle divinità. </div>
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Per questo la guarigione può essere ottenuta solo attraverso preghiere e riti religiosi. </div>
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Il mago sfrutta una metodologia basata sulla osservazione e sulla esperienza e c<span style="line-height: 22px;">onsapevolezza di poter intervenire direttamente con le proprie forze.</span><br />
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<strong><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">Fase empirica</span></strong></div>
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L’<b><span style="color: blue;">Uomo</span></b> comincia a cercare nella natura le cause e le cure delle sue malattie. </div>
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Per tentativi ed errori seleziona piante e sostanze capaci di guarire i suoi disturbi. </div>
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Queste conoscenze sono tramandate da guaritore in guaritore. </div>
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Il fondamento è quello dell’osservazione, dell’elaborazione e della riproduzione di fenomeni naturali ma manca ancora l’indagine sulle cause di un certo fenomeno. </div>
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L’esperienza dimostrò che molte erbe e piante erano inconfutabilmente dotate di certe proprietà terapeu-tiche. </div>
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Residui di tutte queste concezioni persistono nella <b><span style="color: magenta;">medicina popolare</span></b>.</div>
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<b><span style="color: magenta;">Medicina popolare</span></b> e pratiche che derivano non da teorie scientifiche ma esclusivamente da un’esperie<u>n</u> za radicata nel tempo. </div>
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Sono la <span style="background-color: yellow;">“cura della nonna”</span> e pratiche che pur non avendo nessun fondamento né pratico né teorico ve<u>n</u> gono tuttora attuate, come la magia da parte di fattucchiere.<br />
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<span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: large;"><strong>Patologie</strong></span><br />
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Nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Preistoria</span></b>, la maggior parte delle alterazioni <b><span style="color: #38761d;">ossee</span></b> riscontrate negli <b><span style="color: #660000;">scheletri Umani della preis- toria</span></b> sono di origine traumatica; alcune di esse mostrano addirittura i segni di un tentativo di riduzione e di contenzione. </div>
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Queste <b><span style="color: red;">fratture</span></b> derivano probabilmente dalle aspre lotte che gli esseri <b><span style="color: blue;">umani</span></b> dovevano combattere contro gli animali e contro i loro stessi simili; e non mancano certamente le <b><span style="color: red;">fratture</span></b> di altri segmenti dello <b><span style="color: #660000;">scheletro</span></b> dovute ad incidenti di altra natura <span style="background-color: cyan;">(schiacciamenti, crolli, ecc.)</span>. </div>
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Tra le malattie che hanno lasciato segni sullo <b><span style="color: #660000;">scheletro</span></b> figurano la <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">carie dentale</span>, la <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">piorrea alveolare</span>, le <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">malformazioni ossee</span>, il<span style="background-color: #f6b26b;"> nanismo</span>, il <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">gigantismo</span>, l’<span style="background-color: lime;">anemia mediterranea</span>. </div>
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Molto diffuse erano anche le malattie delle <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">articolazioni</span></b>. </div>
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Anche la <b><span style="color: #990000;">trapanazione del cranio</span></b> fu largamente praticata in <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">epoca preistorica</span></b>.</div>
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" 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" /> </a><br />
<a href="http://katrinmed.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/la-medicina-preistorica/animali-su-roccia/" rel="attachment wp-att-246" style="color: #5b211a; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="animali-su-roccia" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-246" height="126" src="http://katrinmed.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/animali-su-roccia.jpg?w=470" style="border: none; display: inline; float: left; margin: 0px 7px 2px 0px; padding: 4px;" title="animali-su-roccia" width="200" /></a><br />
<a href="http://galleria.videolina.it/medias/1/uid_1296746880022.flv.170.0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://galleria.videolina.it/medias/1/uid_1296746880022.flv.170.0.jpg" style="line-height: 22px;" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Questa è la </span><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="color: red;">"Ruota della Medicina"</b>del</span><span style="color: lime; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">Wyoming</span><span style="line-height: normal;">,</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"> una costruzione preistorica a 3.000 metri slm, sui monti </span><span style="line-height: normal;">americani del Big Horn.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.duepassinelmistero.com/Ruota-della-Medicina1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; font-size: 24.44444465637207px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://www.duepassinelmistero.com/Ruota-della-Medicina1.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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<h1 id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.9em; letter-spacing: -0.05em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Prehistoria - Homo Sapiens - La conquista de la Tierra - 1 de 6"> Prehistoria - Homo Sapiens - La conquista de la Terra - 6 di 6</span></h1>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/THt-QAEjVjE?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">Frammenti d'ocra, pestelli e macine di pietra, conchiglie usate come barattoli per la pittura, trovate ancora al loro posto, come erano state lasciate, migliaia di anni fa: </span><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">è il laboratorio del pittore più vecchio nella storia dell'Uomo</span></strong><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><span style="color: #333333;">ed è stato</span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span></b></span><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">usato dallo sconosciuto artista </span><em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: blue;">ante litteram</span></em><span style="color: #cc0000;"> per produrre e conservare l'ocra, il pr<u>i</u> mo pigmento della storia</span></strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">.</span></span></div>
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<img height="359" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnN8Ogj1_-rrfGpjsDnf2HtphdKX2Mm5jJF1JRVJqB15S8CO3p" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.981481552124023px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: center;">Pitture murali </span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px; text-align: center;">preistoriche</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="537" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQHhym4sVcm4KFZ6jUV5c3zMZqidkipmnQXavY_U50MbHeSz2JY-A" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12.899999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: orange; font-style: normal;">Utilizzazione e sfruttamento delle carcasse animali</span>. <i>Pannello. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12.899999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Santa Maria delle Monache, Isernia.</span></span></div>
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<img height="434" src="http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/multimedia/MiBAC/minisiti/alimentazione/foto/big/008.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' un dato di fatto che la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">storia della medicina</span></b> prende le mosse dalle <span style="background-color: yellow;">pratiche magiche</span> e dall'<span style="background-color: cyan;">empirismo sacerdotale</span>, così nella miseria dei villaggi come nello splendore dei templi affo<u>l</u> lati di malati. </span></div>
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<h1 id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 0.9em; letter-spacing: -0.05em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Prehistoria - Homo Sapiens - La conquista de la Tierra - 1 de 6"> Prehistoria - Homo Sapiens - La conquista de la Terra - 1 di 6</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Maghi</b> e <b><span style="color: #990000;">sacerdoti</span></b>, comunque, tutti accomunati da un unico nobile fine:<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"> il sollievo del malato</span>, magari con l'aiuto della <span style="background-color: cyan;">magia</span>, della <span style="background-color: lime;">suggestione</span> o di <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">droghe misteriose</span>.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un tempo si riteneva che la malattia fosse comparsa sulla <span style="background-color: white;">Terra</span> con l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">Uomo</span></b>, quando questi era ormai <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">disceso dagli alberi</span>, non <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">camminava più sui quattro arti</span> e aveva già fatto delle <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">mani</span> preziosi strumenti di lavoro. </span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/~29701428/salud/mono2.gif" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma gli streptococchi riscontrati tra le rocce del Montana testimoniano l'esistenza di una flora microbica già milioni di anni prima della comparsa dell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">Uomo</span></b> sulla Terra. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oggi le prove offerte dalla <b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">"paleopatologia"</b> - la scienza che studia le antiche malattie dell'essere umano - dimostrano che già un milione di anni fa questi era affetto dalle malattie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alcune di esse scomparvero nel corso dei millenni, altre apparvero successivamente, altre persistono tutt'oggi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molto probabilmente, al male l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">Uomo primitivo</span></b> si oppose con mezzi estremamente semplici, diremmo istintivi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sedava l'<span style="background-color: orange;">arsura della febbre bevendo o bagnandosi nell'acqua fredda dei fiumi</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">lambiva le <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">ferite con la propria saliva</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">metteva a <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">riposo gli arti feriti o malati</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">estraeva dalle sue <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">carni spine e corpi estranei</span>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">si disimpegnava in qualche modo <span style="background-color: lime;">dinanzi al parto</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Praticava insomma quella che alcuni storici chiamano <b><span style="color: red;">"medicina istintiva"</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con il passaggio dell'<b><span style="color: purple;">ominide</span></b><b style="color: magenta;"> </b>all'<b style="color: magenta;">uomo</b>, l'intelligenza e i sentimenti ebbero uno sviluppo più rapido e tumultuoso.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b><span style="color: magenta;">uomo</span></b> cominciò ad avvertire sentimenti di piacere, di dolore, di angoscia, e soprattutto di paura dinanzi ai fenomeni che non sapeva comprendere. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E cominciò a darsi delle spiegazioni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Così, ad esempio, se è vero che la morte può avvenire in seguito ad una ferita inferta da una bestia o da un proprio simile, come può sopravvenire la <b><span style="color: #990000;">morte</span></b> <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"naturale"</span></b> se non sussistono queste condizioni? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche l'essere più forte, imbattuto dalle fiere e dai nemici, può essere ridotto a giacere feb- bricitante nel fondo di una grotta, e poi morire senza versare una goccia di sangue tra urla strazianti o in un sopore letargico: e nessuno può prestargli un pur minimo aiuto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Apparve allora evidente che la <b><span style="color: #990000;">morte</span></b> non da cause violente avviene ad opera di qualche nemico invisibile: e questo nemico non solo se ne sta in agguato alle spalle degli <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b> per aggredirli e soffocarli, ma riesce addirittura a penetrare nell'interno del loro corpo e a straziarne le carni.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sorse così, naturale, il concetto di <span style="background-color: orange;">dèmone</span>, di <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">genio del male</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma era difficile, per l'essere primitivo, pensare ad una determinata malattia senza metterla in rapporto all'intervento di uno specifico genio malefico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Egli concepì allora un universo sempre più affollato di deità, ciascuna delle quali <span style="background-color: yellow;">"specializza- ta"</span> per un dato male, proprio come noi facciamo oggi con i batteri e i virus. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ciascuno specifico di una determinata malattia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">Due acquasantiere </span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;">preistoriche</span><span style="color: #222222; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"> colme dell'acqua caduta dal cielo</span></span></span></div>
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<img height="300" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-f5jPj08UhjkSSDVHpxBvCHGenOKYOT-D2RJr9Mc-IY-TgqRnSA" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non potendosi contro questi <span style="background-color: orange;">dèmoni</span> lanciare sassi o rotear clave, l'unica soluzione ragionev<u>o</u> le sembrò quella di tentare di rabbonirli: con preghiere, offerte, sacrifici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A questo punto era chiaro che, come esistevano deità in grado di apportare le malattie, esis-tevano anche deità in grado di guarirle. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Occorreva quindi trovare il modo di ingraziarsi anche queste ultime, magari ancor prima che quelle cattive prendessero il sopravvento.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' questa la seconda fase dell'<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">evoluzione della Medicina</span></b>, che molti storici chiamano <b><span style="color: #38761d;">"magica, demonistica e sacerdotale"</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per intercedere tra il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">soprannaturale</span> e il <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">mondo umano</span> occorreva però l'intervento di perso-ne eccezionali, quali erano per esempio i sacerdoti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per questo tutte le <b><span style="color: blue;">antiche Civiltà</span></b> considerano la <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>medicina</b></span> attributo del tempio, dove gli un<u>i</u> ci depositari sono i sacerdoti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Più alta era la loro dignità, maggiore era il loro potere di fugare le malattie, anche con le sole parole. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ai sacerdoti di minor rango conveniva invece l'uso di medicinali <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">(i quali anche, del resto, erano rivelati dalla divinità)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A questo <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">secondo periodo</span></b> seguì un <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">terzo</span></b>, nel quale il sacerdote, guidato dalla propria e dal- l'altrui esperienza, andò prendendo sempre più coscienza dei benefici offerti dalla ginnastica, dalla dieta, dal riposo, e soprattutto dalla virtù delle piante salutari, cercando di metterli in pratica. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il sacerdote distinse le erbe buone dalle cattive, quelle capaci di guarire da quelle velenose, limitandosi tuttavia alla semplice constatazione degli effetti, senza tentare di darne una spi<u>e</u> gazione razionale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche le piante entrarono così di diritto in quell'atmosfera religiosa che informava il concetto di malattia, di medico e di <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>medicina</b></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Del resto, erano pur sempre gli dei che facevano nascere quelle piante e quelle erbe, e non di rado essi stessi si nascondevano in quei fiori e in quelle foglie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questa <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina</span></b> <b><span style="color: purple;">"empirica"</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(anche se ancora tutta pervasa dalla religiosità)</span>, già s'era a<u>c</u> cumulato un bagaglio prezioso di notizie e di esperienze sul modo di riconoscere le malattie e di curarle. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Su di essa malati e sacerdoti facevano cieco affidamento.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ma laddove essa falliva, veniva all'istante surrogata dalla magia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il mago interponeva allora nella lotta tra <span style="background-color: orange;">dèmoni</span> e <b><span style="color: magenta;">uomini</span></b>, cercando di sottrarre questi al loro potere, e inventando allo scopo una serie infinita di espedienti, riti, formule magiche e scongiuri, anche facendo nascondere il malato dietro orrende maschere o dipingendolo di vari colori per ingannare il demone.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nel tempo il concetto di malattia andò arricchendosi di un altro elemento: <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">i demoni non solo mandano la malattia per loro ragioni imperscrutabili, ma anche perché il paziente ha peccato</span>. In lui il demone si sostituiva cioè al dio protettore, che a sua volta abbandonava il proprio ospite appunto perché aveva peccato. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I <span style="background-color: #93c47d;">primitivi</span> hanno sempre creduto, e credono tuttora, nelle virtù protettive di alcuni oggetti come amuleti e talismani. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli antichi medici-sacerdoti ne fecero largo uso <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">(ma non è difficile riconoscerlo ancora oggi nel nostro vicino di casa o nel collega di lavoro)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ancora oggi, nella <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">medicina primitiva</span></b> il miglior metodo per cacciar via il demone che si è im-possessato del corpo è quello di spaventarlo con grida e atteggiamenti minacciosi: lo strego- ne mette sul viso maschere orripilanti <b><span style="color: red;">("maschere demofughe")</span></b>, o magari infligge indiretta-mente al demone sofferenze sottoponendo il malato a percosse, fustigazioni, penitenze e digiuni.</span></div>
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<img height="447" src="http://cdn.blogosfere.it/arteesalute/images/Preistoria-illustrata_Cutrona2.jpg" style="line-height: 22px; text-align: start;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I sacerdoti a un certo momento vollero differenziarsi dai maghi e dagli stregoni, per mettere a frutto le esperienze di chi da secoli li aveva preceduti: pur senza rinunciare a placare le forze patogene con preghiere e sacrifici, cercarono di agire direttamente sulla malattia ricor-rendo a mezzi più concreti di sicura efficacia, come le piante e le erbe medicinali. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Successivamente questi sacerdoti-medici differenziarono sempre più le proprie mansioni, si-no a formare due categorie ben distinte: i sacerdoti e i medici.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E ciò che era derivato dall'empirismo o dalla pratica <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"medica"</span></b> di tanti millenni cominciò a rive-larsi qualcosa di più che non pura immaginazione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'esperienza dimostrò che molte erbe e piante erano inconfutabilmente dotate di certe pro-prietà terapeutiche. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E anche se ci vollero millenni, la loro efficacia fu confermata quando furono isolati i relativi principi attivi: chinino dalla china, oppio dal papavero, reserpina dalla rauwolfia, e così via.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La moderna paleopatologia - si è detto - ha permesso di stabilire con ragionevole approssi-mazione di quali mali soffrirono i nostri antichissimi progenitori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo studio dei resti fossili e dei tessuti mummificati, realizzato negli ultimi anni con le apparec- chiature più sofisticate e con i più raffinati metodi di indagine istochimica e immunochimica, ha rivelato l'esistenza di un'ampia serie di patologie. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Essendo i reperti <b><span style="color: red;">ossei</span></b> i più frequenti, la maggior parte di queste malattie, naturalmente, ri-guarda lo <b><span style="color: blue;">scheletro</span></b> o quelle affezioni che possono lasciare per sempre sulle <b><span style="color: red;">ossa</span></b> i loro se-gni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Meno abbondanti sono invece i dati che si riferiscono alle malattie dei <b><span style="color: purple;">tessuti molli</span></b>, il cui stu-dio è consentito quasi esclusivamente dalle <span style="background-color: yellow;">mummie</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Risulta così in primo luogo che le malattie che colpirono i primi abitanti del nostro Pianeta ebbero una frequenza diversa da quella odierna. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In secondo luogo, questa frequenza subì profonde variazioni in rapporto alle diverse aree geografiche e tra un'epoca e l'altra. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Infine, è stato sfatato il concetto che l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">Uomo antico</span></b>, per l'asperità della vita ch'era costretto a condurre, avesse una costituzione eccezionalmente robusta, molto più della nostra.</span></div>
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<img height="329" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-1-cirugia-neolitico.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La maggior parte delle alterazioni <b><span style="color: red;">ossee</span></b> riscontrate negli <b><span style="color: blue;">scheletri della preistoria</span></b> sono di origine traumatica; alcune di esse mostrano addirittura i segni di un tentativo di <span style="background-color: yellow;">riduzione</span> e di <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">contenzione</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Queste <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">fratture</span></b> derivano probabilmente dalle aspre lotte che gli esseri <b><span style="color: magenta;">umani</span></b> dovevano co<u>m</u> battere contro gli animali e contro i loro stessi simili: particolarmente frequenti sono infatti le lesioni craniche dovute a colpi di pietra o di mazza; ma non mancano certamente le<b><span style="color: #bf9000;"> fratture</span></b> di altri segmenti dello <b><span style="color: blue;">scheletro</span></b> dovute ad incidenti di altra natura <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(schiacciamenti, crolli, ecc.)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tra le malattie che hanno lasciato segni sullo <b><span style="color: blue;">scheletro</span></b> figurano la <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">carie dentale</span>, la <span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;">piorrea alveolare</span>, le <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">malformazioni ossee</span>, il <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">nanismo</span>, il <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">gigantismo</span>, l'<span style="background-color: lime;">anemia mediterranea</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Molto diffuse erano anche le malattie delle <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">articolazioni</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche la <b><span style="color: purple;">trapanazione del cranio</span></b> fu largamente praticata in <b><span style="color: #990000;">epoca preistorica</span></b>: di essa vie-ne detto diffusamente nel Capitolo sulla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Medicina precolombiana</span></b>.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Cranio.jpg" width="384" /> </div>
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<img alt="Cráneo de hombre primitivo mostrando dos orificios por trepanación. Pulsa aquí para saber más." height="400" src="http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/~29701428/salud/trepa2.jpg" width="241" /><span style="color: magenta; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Altre indicazioni sulle malattie dell'antichità ci provengono dalle numerose rappresentazioni artistiche lasciateci dai nostri progenitori: graffiti e pitture rupestri, statuette, terrecotte, ecc., <b><span style="color: #45818e;">"documentano"</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">malformazioni dello scheletro</span>, <span style="background-color: cyan;">amputazioni</span>, <span style="background-color: lime;">bambini malati</span>, <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">donne gravide</span> o <span style="background-color: yellow;">partorienti</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gran parlare di sé hanno fatto le <span style="color: blue;"><b>"veneri steatopigie"</b></span>, piccole statuette in pietra calcarea o in steatite, che rappresentano più o meno stilizzata una donnina eccezionalmente grassa, specie in corrispondenza delle natiche, sì da ricordare le donne ottentotte. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Esse risalgono quasi tutte all'<b><span style="color: magenta;">età della renna</span></b>, e sono di provenienza più diversa: ma hanno alcuni caratteri comuni: sono tutte di sesso femminile, mancano di lineamenti al viso e ai piedi <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">(gli arti finiscono quasi sempre a punta)</span>, sono estremamente obese.</span></div>
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<img src="http://medicinadigruppo.altervista.org/Medicina/Img/Fertil~1.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il loro significato non è del tutto chiaro: si pensa ad una vera e propria <b><span style="color: purple;">"razza steatopigia"</span></b>, oppure a obesità vere e proprie o a malattie ghiandolari.</span></div>
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<img alt="Las Venus de Brassempouy y Willenddorf" height="310" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-1-venus-brassempouy-willenddorf.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify;" valign="top" width="100%"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">Evidente es que en la evolución de la humanidad hay diversas culturas con diferente distribución geográfica pero con idénticos postulados, en el Neolíticos y ya desde hace 10.000 a 5.000 años a.C. hay formas de cultura más complejas en Mesopotamia, Africa, en las costas Mediterráneas, en China, India, en las cuales ya encontramos ayudados por la Paleopatología, en los fósiles lesiones como fracturas consolidadas, osteítis, lesiones dentarias, en maxilares, piorrea alveolar, anomalías congénitas, acondroplasia, macrocefalia, acromegalia, enanismo </span><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: x-small;">y</span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;"> muchas otras lesiones, representadas en figurillas del Paleolítico,</span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: yellow;">destacando las representaciones femeninas obesas, como las Venus de Willenddorf, también huellas de metastasis en huesos (Rohlin 1964), </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">Osteoartritis</span></b><span style="color: yellow;"> (Baudovin 1925), </span><b><span style="color: red;">osteomelitis</span></b><span style="color: yellow;"> y muchas otras. M. A. Ruffer (1859 – 1917) definió la Paleopatología como </span><i><span style="color: lime;">"La ciencia de las enfermedades que son demostradas en fósiles"</span></i><span style="color: yellow;"> y es una disciplina desde 1881,</span></span><span style="color: yellow;"> </span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;">en que se dedicó al estudio de las enfermedades del hombre pre – histórico, al análisis de lesiones en fósiles arcaicos, al estudio de restos anatómicos de huesos, dientes, etc., que permiten deducir la edad, tipo de alimentación y de enfermedades. La Paleopatología constituye con métodos propios, el más importante estudio de la Historia de la Medicina, pues nos da fundamentos de las enfermedades padecidas pre – históricamente.</span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: yellow;">Ruffer, Moorel 1923, Jarcho 1966, Ackernech 1963, Rohlin 1964, Stewart 1968, estudiaron y explicaron enfermedades, anomalías, malformaciones, lesiones óseas, exostosis, periostosis, </span><b><span style="color: red;">osteomelitis</span></b><span style="color: yellow;"> en estudio de fósiles y momias que fueron examinadas macroscópicamente, microscópicamente, con Rx, laboratorio y en los últimos años con métodos de investi- gación Histoquímica e Inmunoquímica, se demostró una amplia patología</span></span><span style="color: yellow;"> </span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: x-small;"> </span></td></tr>
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<img alt="Venus de Hagar Qim" height="400" src="http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/2-1-venus-hagar-qim.jpg" width="319" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Attualmente trova credito un'altra ipotesi: poiché queste figure mancano di gambe ben defin<u>i</u> te e gli arti finiscono a punta, potrebbe essersi trattato di <span style="background-color: lime;">statuine simbolo di fecondità</span> e di <span style="background-color: cyan;">abbondanza</span> da infiggere nel terreno dinanzi alla grotta-casa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span><span style="background-color: red;"><span style="color: yellow;">immagine </span></span></span><span style="background-color: red; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14.545454025268555px;"><span style="color: yellow;">preistoria</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.44444465637207px; white-space: nowrap;">Prehistoria - Homo Sapiens - L'evoluzione Umana</b><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.44444465637207px; white-space: nowrap;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">E... non f</span></span></i></span></b><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">inesce qui</span></span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 24 dicembre 2012 alle ore 20,00 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-71645763843258646872012-12-24T14:57:00.001+01:002015-04-20T22:12:09.863+02:00(Scheda 239 - straordinariamente SPECIALE) Le testimonianze Afghane dello scandalo Dawood Military Hospital.<h4 style="background-color: #b5e4fc; font-family: Verdana; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Si guardi alla sola storia della guerra in Afghanistan</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">le testimonianze dello scandalo </span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">Dawood Military Hospital</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo recuperato per vie traverse da </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="color: #6699cc; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a><span style="text-align: justify;"> per i Membri del GRUPPO: </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="color: #6699cc; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="text-align: justify;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line </span><span style="text-align: justify;">per Pazienti Osteomielitici».</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;"><img src="http://s3-ak.buzzfed.com/static/user_images/web05/2012/5/22/17/rebeccaelliott-462-1337721368-0_large.jpg" /><strong style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="user-name notranslate" href="http://www.buzzfeed.com/rebeccaelliott" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ee3322; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank">Rebecca Elliott</a> </span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fonte: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.pukhtoonistangazette.com/images_news/large/pg_674090327.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank">pukhtoonistangazette.com</a> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #111111; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #010336; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; line-height: 13px;">pubblicato il </span><strong style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #010336; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; line-height: 13px;">30 Novembre 2012 </strong><span style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #010336; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; line-height: 13px;">da </span><a href="http://digiland.libero.it/profilo.phtml?nick=antonello.mureddu" style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #3366ff; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; line-height: 13px; text-decoration: initial;">antonello.mureddu</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #111111; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Udite, udite, leggete e guardate, pare che da un'inchiesta esplosiva del </span><span style="background-color: yellow; border: 0px; color: #111111; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Congresso Americano</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #111111; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> che questa settimana ha rivelato nuovi particolari raccapriccianti circa un </span><span style="background-color: cyan; border: 0px; color: #111111; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ospedale Militare americano in Afghanistan</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111;"> che ha mantenuto i pazienti in condizioni come ad </span><b><span style="color: purple;">"Auschwitz"</span></b><span style="color: #111111;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Attenzione alle Immagini seguenti</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222;">L'inchiesta ha rivelato il tenente generale </span><b><span style="color: blue;">William B. Caldwell</span></b><span style="color: #222222;">,</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"> comandante de</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222;">l program </span><b><span style="color: red;">afgano</span></b><span style="color: #222222;"> con un investimento </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">di 11,2 miliardi di dollari...</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Ci sono attualmente due indagini in corso alla ricerca degli abusi</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> nell'</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">ospedale militare di</span><span class="ske03" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Dawood</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">: uno incentrato sulla legge militare </span><strong style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Military Whistleblower Protection Act</strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="color: #222222;">, l'altro in questione sulla decisione politica motivata da </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Caldwell</span></b><span style="color: #222222;"> di ritardare le indagini in ospedale fino a dopo le elezioni del 2010. </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #222222;">Quello che segue è un aspetto molto inquietante all'interno del </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">National Military Hospital Dawood</span></b><span style="color: #222222;">. </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #222222; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">E' stato compilato con testimonianze oculari dirette, da tre colonnelli dell'esercito d</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">egli Stati Uniti</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">, che hanno denunciato lo scandalo, così come mai prima si sono viste foto come quelle pubblicate su <a href="http://www.buzzfeed.com/rebeccaelliott/horror-hospital-the-most-shocking-photos-and-test" style="color: #4d469c; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank">BuzzFeed</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">Le foto e le descrizioni corrispondenti sono state raccolte tra il </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;">personale militare americano in Afghanistan</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">.</span></div>
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<strong style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><em><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Le immagini sono di estrema crudezza</span></em></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il colonnello <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Nicholas Gerald Carozza</span></b>: <b>"I pazienti giacevano nella sporcizia, in alcuni casi muoiono di fame e con piaghe da decubito grottesche. Un paziente era sul punto di mo-rire di fame"</b>.</span></div>
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<img alt="Il colonnello Nicholas Gerald Carozza: " src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/terminal05/2012/7/26/16/enhanced-buzz-23768-1343335033-12.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Ferita non trattata in un paziente.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <img alt="Ferita non trattato un paziente." src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/terminal05/2012/7/26/15/enhanced-buzz-16332-1343330374-5.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="background-color: yellow;">"Le </span><span style="background-color: lime;">Carte dei diritti dei</span></b></span><span style="color: #444444; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="background-color: lime;"> pazienti</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> sono state strappate dalle pareti, e trovate sul pavimento fatta a pezzi"</span></b><span style="background-color: yellow;"> <i><span style="font-size: x-small;">per consentire per la pittura delle pareti.</span></i></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Questo paziente non è stato trattato per tre giorni, ne dato nessun controllo alla ferita, i bendaggi erano sporchi.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">N</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">on gli fu dato alcun analgesico prima del suo intervento, ed è rimasto cosciente. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Personale militare statunitense in Afghanistan</span></b><span style="color: #444444;">, al momento ha descritto il suo intervento in corso in </span><b><span style="color: blue;">"</span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="color: blue;">condizioni</span></b></span><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> semi sterili ".</span></b><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<strong style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444;">Questo paziente è morto 4 giorni dopo di </span><span style="color: red;">peritonite sepsi correlata</span><span style="color: #444444;">, senza essere mai ri-portato in sala operatoria per la cura.</span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #121212;">"</span></span><span style="color: red;"><b>L'ospedale </b><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 24px;"><b>National Military Hospital </b></span></span><strong style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;"></strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: red;">mostra condizioni di trattamento come ad Auschwitz</span><span style="color: #121212; font-weight: normal;">".</span></span></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <img src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web04/2012/7/26/15/enhanced-buzz-13586-1343330345-2.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">I vermi hanno iniziato a cadere dalle ferite di questo paziente. </span></span></div>
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<div style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">E' morto una settimana dopo.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><img alt="Maggots ha iniziato la caduta delle ferite di questo paziente. E 'morto una settimana dopo." src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web04/2012/7/26/16/enhanced-buzz-16678-1343334897-21.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #111111;">Il colonnello </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">Schuyler K. Geller</span></b><span style="color: #111111;">: "Le famiglie dei </span><b><span style="color: #990000;">soldati afghani</span></b><span style="color: #111111;"> hanno venduto le loro aziende per l'assistenza sanitaria della coalizione supportato </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #111111;">dagli </span><b><span style="color: blue;">USA</span></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #111111; line-height: 18px;"> al </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: red;">Daoud Khan Hospital</span></b><span style="color: #111111;">".</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"> <img alt="Il colonnello Schuyler K. Geller: " src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/terminal05/2012/7/26/16/enhanced-buzz-23961-1343334802-12.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #303030;">La </span><b style="color: #303030;">cancrena</b><span style="color: #303030;">, rende questo paziente un candidato per l'</span><b><span style="color: blue;">amputazione</span></b><span style="color: #303030;">. </span></span></span><br style="color: #303030; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #303030;">Il chirurgo si rifiutò di </span><b><span style="color: purple;">"affrontare la questione per giorni"</span></b><span style="color: #303030;">, secondo l'indagine.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli investigatori hanno descritto questa ferita come <b><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; color: #38761d;">"una lesione da decubito sacrale con alto grado di tunneling"</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Non c'erano piani per un intervento chirurgico per il paziente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il colonnello <b><span style="color: #783f04;">Mark Fassl</span></b>: <b><span style="background-color: lime; color: red;">"i soldati ricoverati presentano, ferite a bagno piene di sangue, drenaggio di ferite sporche , feci sul pavimento"</span></b>.</span></div>
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<strong style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><em><span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;">Tutto è stato fotografato e documentato a testimonianza per l'udienza del Comitato di Sorveglianza</span></em></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">"Dispositivo di fissazione esterna. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">Fasce presidiate da 1 settimana, sporco, maleodorante. <br />Il Team di gestione della ferita convocato su insistenza del mentore.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">Vermi trovati tra i purulenti siti di fissaggio del drenaggio"</b>.<br />Col. <b><span style="color: #783f04;">Fassl</span></b>: <b>"Come possiamo consentire a questo tipo di sofferenza di anda-re avanti?".</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #b5e4fc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #111111;">Col. </span><b><span style="color: red;">Geller</span></b><span style="color: #111111;">: </span><b><span style="color: #38761d;">"Oggi, non solo nel 2010 o 2011, le persone ... che hanno perpetrato gli ab<u>u</u> si indicibili ... su soldati afgani, civili e familiari, sono impuniti e s'aggirano per le sale dell'ospedale Daoud Khan impenitenti, indenni e si sono anche arricchiti"</span></b><span style="color: #111111;">.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="Col. Geller: "Oggi, non solo nel 2010 o 2011, le persone ... che hanno perpetrato gli abusi indicibili ... su soldati afgani, civili e familiari camminare per le sale dell'ospedale Daoud Khan impenitenti, indenne, arricchiti, e ancora impuniti. "" src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web03/2012/7/26/13/enhanced-buzz-21718-1343323661-11.jpg" /></div>
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Horror Hospital: The Most Shocking Photos And Testimony From The Dawood Military Hospital Scandal</h1>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: ProximaNovaSemibold, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">If you look at only one story about the Afghan War this year, make it this one.</b> An explosive Congressional investigation revealed horrific new details this week about a U.S. funded military hospital in Afghanistan that kept patients in “Auschwitz-like” conditions. Warning: Graphic images.<span class="buzz_datetime" style="border: 0px; color: #999999; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin: 4px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">posted <time datetime="2012-07-27T20:39:48Z" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">Jul 27, 2012 4:39pm EDT</time></span></div>
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Colonel Mark Fassl: "Open baths of blood draining out of soldiers' wounds, the feces on the floor."</h1>
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<b>"Necrosi non vitali alle estremità, senza piano di gestione medica chiara per questa es-tremità".</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>"Materiale purulento drenante nel sito della fissazione esterna: manca un piano chiaro emperico di destinazione terapia Abx, culture, senza antibiotici"</b>.<br />Rep. <b>John Tierney</b>: <span style="color: magenta;"><b>"Quante persone hanno attraversato tale ospedale e visto quelle con-dizioni e non hanno detto nulla?"</b></span>.</span></span><a href="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web04/2012/7/26/16/enhanced-buzz-16646-1343334921-21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web04/2012/7/26/16/enhanced-buzz-16646-1343334921-21.jpg" /></a></div>
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<strong style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">"Svuotato l'inserimento attraverso traccia nell'avambraccio. </strong><strong style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">No pre-procedura di dolore Rx, in 'camera tecnica non sterile per la cura della ferita"</strong><span style="background-color: #b5e4fc; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <img src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web05/2012/7/26/16/enhanced-buzz-27401-1343334912-6.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #444444;">Col. <b>Carozza</b>: </span><b><span style="color: red;">"La prova è chiara per me che questa era la politica con la p minuscola, </span></b></span><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">la politica che </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">guida</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="color: red;"> carriere personali"</span></b><span style="color: #444444;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: cyan;">"Inizio fase di ulcere da pressione"</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Col. <span style="color: #cc0000;">Geller</span>: <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">"Quando il Col. <span style="color: #38761d;">Pagel</span>, accompagnato da un giovane capitano avvocato del- l'<span style="color: red;">USMC</span>, mi ha chiesto se ci fosse qualche motivo per credere se il LTG <span style="color: blue;">Caldwell</span> ha ritar- dato di proposito le indagini presso l'<span style="color: magenta;">NMH</span>; ho risposto: non ho alcuna ragione di cre-derlo? Lo so per certo"</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #111111;">Col. </span><span style="color: red;">Carozza</span><span style="color: #111111;">: </span><span style="background-color: lime; color: #111111;">"Lt. Gen. </span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: blue;">Caldwell</span></span><span style="background-color: lime; color: #111111;"> urlato in questi tre ufficiali, agitando il dito contro di loro per cercare di portare nel IG DOD".</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Caldwell</span><span style="color: #111111;"> ha risposto: </span></span><span style="background-color: lime; color: #111111;">"Non c'è nulla di sbagliato in questo comando, che non possiamo risolvere"</span><span style="color: #111111;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fonte: </span></span><span style="border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://sin.stb.s-msn.com/i/D9/FC2C7190E07B1FAB806EA5C188FE75.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank">sin.stb.s-msn.com</a></span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #111111;">Col. </span><span style="color: red;">Carozza</span><span style="color: #111111;">: "</span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px;">Secondo la denuncia di alcuni soldati americani, il generale dell'esercito Americano impediva loro di rivolgersi ai servizi di ispezione generale del Pentagono sui problemi riguardanti l'ospedale, mentre molti dei feriti dell'esercito Afghano morivano per malnutrizione o per le mancate cure nell'ospedale USA, nell'indifferenza dello staff sanitario, con trattamenti stile </span><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: purple;">"Auschwitz"</span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px;"> e i fondi stanziati per le medicine che spar<u>i</u> vano misteriosamente.</span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">".</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"> <img alt="Col. Carozza: "Generale Caldwell ha avuto la richiesta ritirata e rinviata a dopo le elezioni e poi, dopo l'elezione, ha cercato di intimidire i suoi subordinati in un consenso che non deve andare avanti a tutti."" src="http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web05/2012/7/26/22/enhanced-buzz-2339-1343357010-3.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fonte: </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?source=imglanding&ct=img&q=http://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/P1-BC309_AFSTAR_G_20110902171529.jpg&sa=X&ei=tvgSUMq-Jsrd0QHK_YDYCA&ved=0CAkQ8wc&usg=AFQjCNHxM7G9xTNQBBTcGEPG6C_SImzc_A" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank">google.com</a></span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 32px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="color: red;">Dichiarazioni del Comitato di Sorveglianza udienza </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #121212; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 32px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">Colonel Geller Statement, Dawood National Military Hospital, Afghanistan</span><br />
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<span style="color: magenta;">Le foto più scioccanti e le testimonianze dello scandalo </span></span></h4>
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<span style="color: magenta;">Dawood Military Hospital</span></span></h4>
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Statements from the House Oversight Committee Hearing</span></span></h1>
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<span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><span class=" yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: auto; font-size: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Open Lower Leg Fracture Reduction"><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">Fine</span></span></i></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 24 dicembre 2012 alle ore 14,58 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-51858057537311370372012-12-24T14:47:00.001+01:002012-12-24T14:47:07.642+01:00(Scheda 238 - Parte VIII) Parlasi casi di studio interessati da Ilizarov.<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">L'Allungamento degli </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">arti </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">e la loro ricostruzione </span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">col trattamento </span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ilizarov</span><span style="font-size: 12.222222328186035px;"> </span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Alcuni casi di studio interessati da Ilizarov</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="color: #6699cc; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a><span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;"> per </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="color: #6699cc; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo». </span></div>
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<span class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo signore di 67 anni ha avuto una caduta in casa. </span></span></div>
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<span class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Presenta una <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura sottotrocanterica</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(sotto anca)</span> del <b><span style="color: #990000;">femore</span></b> sinistro. </span></span></div>
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<span class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">E' stato operato e la <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">fissazione</span></b> è stata effettuata utilizzando un <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">chiodo endomidollare </span></b>.</span></span></div>
<span class=""> <img height="400" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/obi1.jpg" width="300" /><br /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">Purtroppo ha sviluppato l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> ed è stato nuovamente operato nel corso del quale un </span></span><br />
<span class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">fissatore esterno</span></b> è stato applicato per contenere l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I raggi X mostrano la presentazione in allentamento di <b><span style="color: purple;">viti</span></b>, di <b><span style="color: blue;">sclerosi nel sito di frat</span></b></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">tura</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">sequestro</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(morto osso necrotico)</span> <span style="background-color: lime;">(freccia rossa)</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ora aveva una <b><span style="color: red;">pseudoartrosi infetta rigida</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Di scarico del <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">seno</span></b>, <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">dolore</span> e <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">zoppia</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche questa volta si fissa </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">anca dinamico</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">con <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">piastra di chiusura</span> e <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">vite</span></b>.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: small;">Alla presentazione.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alla presentazione aveva ancora l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b>, scarico <b style="background-color: orange;">seni</b> con <b>pus drenante out</b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(frecce rosse)</span>. Zoppica dolorosamente. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Depressione. Mancanza di fiducia.</span></div>
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<strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; position: relative;">Raggi X al momento della presentazione</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333;">La </span><b style="color: #333333;">FDG-PET</b><span style="color: #333333;"> ha mostrato </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> proprio sotto la </span><b style="color: #333333;">piastra</b><span style="color: #333333;"> e in </span><b><span style="color: #990000;">antero-laterale del femore</span></b> <b><span style="color: #990000;">prossimale</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class=""><span style="color: #333333;">Le frecce mostrano </span><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">granuli di solfato di calcio caricati con antibiotici</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333;">Queste palline aiutare nella </span><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">eluizione di alte dosi di antibiotico</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> a livello locale per la zona </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">infetta</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Questo aiuta a migliorare il controllo delle </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: magenta;">infezioni</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> ed evita la necessità di dare </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">antibiotici</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> per via endovenosa per lungo tempo </span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: #333333;">(il periodo raccomandato in </span><b><span style="color: red;">osteomielite</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> è di 4-6 settimane di antibiotici IV)</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">Il vantaggio di utilizzare i </span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: #333333;">pellets solfato di calcio</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"> è che viene completamente assorbito in cir- ca 6 settimane di tempo, evitando così la necessità di un intervento chirurgico.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;">Hip sostituzione</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa signora di 54 anni, fumatrice, ha avuto una scivolata ed è caduta sul fianco. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">C'era una <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b> del <b><span style="color: #990000;">collo del femore</span></b> sul lato sinistro. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="">Le opzioni in una situazione del genere sono per fissare sia la <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b> o sostituire il <span style="background-color: cyan;">giunto</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="">delle due metà <span style="background-color: lime;">(endoprotesi solo la sfera del giunto viene sostituito)</span> o completa <span style="background-color: yellow;">(Total</span></span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> Hip</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Replacement-botthe, palla e presa di corrente vengono sostituiti)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dal momento che l'<b>articolazione</b> dell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">anca</span></b> era normale prima della <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b>, è stato deciso </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: orange;">(con la consultazione del paziente)</span> per fare una <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissazione</span></b> e cercare di salvare l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">anca</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">riduzione chiusa</span> e <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">percutaneus fissaggio a vite spongiosa</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(mini-invasiva)</span> è stato fatto.</span></div>
<img height="317" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/thr2.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000; font-size: small; position: relative;">Due mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b> sembrava essere sulla buona strada per guarire. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Stava camminando bene anche se ancora con il deambulatore.</span><br />
<img height="348" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/thr3.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #e69138; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #674ea7; font-size: small; position: relative;">3 mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una notte, nel sonno ha improvvisamente sentito un dolore forte all'<b><span style="color: magenta;">anca</span></b>, ma tutto poi sem-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">brò </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ok, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">così ha continuato a camminare sulla gamba. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Tornò a controllo dopo un paio di giorni di zoppia e riferì di non essere in grado di camminare </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">come prima. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I raggi X in quel momento mostrarono questa immagine, dove le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">viti</span></b> avevano tagliato fuori </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">palla <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">(testa del femore)</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa fu la causa del suo dolore, <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">zoppia</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">accorciamento</span></b>.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/thr4.jpg" /><br />
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #ea9999; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: small; position: relative;">Posta protesi totale d'anca</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'immagine x-ray dopo <b><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta;">protesi totale d'anca</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La presa <span style="background-color: lime;">(coppa acetabolare)</span> è stata fissata con <b><span style="color: #38761d;">cemento osseo</span></b> mentre lo <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">stelo femorale</span></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">non è cementato. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La lunghezza dell'arto è stata ripristinata.</span><br />
<img height="513" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/thr5.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; font-size: small; position: relative;">2 mesi dopo THR</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2 mesi dopo l'intervento il paziente cammina bene.</span><br />
<img height="640" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/thr6.jpg" width="305" /><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"> Sostituzione del ginocchio</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">70 anni, si presenta con dolore in entrambe le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">ginocchia</span></b> a destra più che a sinistra, difficoltà</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">nel camminare, inchinandosi su entrambe le gambe. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La radiografia mostra l'<b><span style="color: red;">artrosi</span></b> del <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">ginocchio</span></b>, la <b>distruzione della cartilagine articolare</b>, <b><span style="color: #b45f06;">de-</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">formità in varo</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le immagini a destra mostrano l'aspetto clinico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Vi era una grave <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">incurvamento</span> delle <b><span style="color: #a64d79;">gambe</span></b> e guardando di lato vi era una forte <span style="background-color: lime;">defor</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">mità in</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">flessione</span> <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">(ginocchia piegate)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Entrambe le <span style="background-color: lime;">deformità</span> aggiungono svantaggio meccanico alla <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">cartilagine articolare</span></b> distrutta.</span></div>
<img height="313" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/tkr1.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ecco le radiografie dopo l'intervento chirurgico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">cementato PFC ginocchio sigma totale</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(si tratta di un componente metallico seduta sul</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">femore inferiore, un vassoio metallico tibiale e un inserto in polietilene in mezzo)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> è stato </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fat-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">to. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">rotula</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(rotula)</span> non è stata sostituita e così la <span style="background-color: cyan;">superficie articolare</span> non ha mostrato danni. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I punti della pelle sono ancora visti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'immagine a destra mostra la <span style="background-color: yellow;">riduzione della deformità in flessione</span>, ma non la completa ris<u>o</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">luzione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo perché solo una parte della <span style="background-color: cyan;">deformità in flessione</span> era dall'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b>, il resto era dal <b><span style="color: purple;">tess<u>u</u></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: purple;">to </span></b></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: purple;">molle</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, che gradualmente si <b><span style="color: blue;">allunga</span></b> con esercizi.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12px;"> <img height="400" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/tkr2.jpg" width="316" /></span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: yellow; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000; font-size: small; position: relative;">3 mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico</span></strong></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'aspetto a 3 mesi dall'intervento. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le <span style="background-color: orange;">deformità</span> sono risolte, confrontare con il lato non operato. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il range di movimento è buono e più importante, non c'è dolore.</span></div>
<img height="409" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/tkr3.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #ea9999; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: blue; font-size: x-small; position: relative;">3 mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico</span></strong></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I raggi X dopo 3 mesi di un intervento chirurgico. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: orange;">deformità in flessione</span> è risolta. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il lato non operato mostra anche i danni, ma il paziente non è sintomatico su quel lato così </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">non c'è bisogno di un intervento chirurgico fino a tale termine.</span></div>
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/tkr4.jpg" /><br />
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<span class="" style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"> Osteotomia intra articolare</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo signore di 43 anni ha avuto un incidente.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Si è presentato con dolore al <b><span style="color: purple;">ginocchio</span></b> destro. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: #e06666;">piastra</span></b> e le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">viti</span></b> erano state rimosse circa 2 mesi prima. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I nuovi x-ray hanno mostrato una <b><span style="color: blue;">malunited frattura</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(frattura uniti in posizione errata)</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">del-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">tibia</span></b> <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">superiore</span></b> come mostrato nella foto qui sopra - le <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>linee rosse</b></span> mostrano le <b style="background-color: yellow;">linee</b> di </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b> con il passo <span style="background-color: lime;">(freccia gialla)</span> nella porzione articolare del <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">condilo laterale</span></b>.</span></div>
<img height="430" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/iao1.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una <b><span style="color: red;">intra-articolare osteotomia</span></b> è stata eseguita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questa procedura viene ricreata la <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b> lungo la <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura configurazionale originale</span></b> e </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">quindi viene fissato nella posizione corretta e desiderata. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In questo caso il <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissaggio</span></b> è stato fatto usando <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">piastra di bloccaggio</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(con le viti blocca</span></span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">no la</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">piastra prevedendo tenere ulteriori e stabilità)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> e </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">viti da spongiosa</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
<img height="400" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/iao2.jpg" width="374" /><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="20" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #f1c232; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000; font-size: small; position: relative;">1 anno</span></strong></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La radiografia a 1 anno dopo la ricostruzione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b> è guarita bene. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Vi è un <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">gradino articolare</span> ora. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b><span style="color: red;">osteoporosi </span></b>delle <b><span style="color: #38761d;">ossa</span></b> ha ridotto notevolmente.</span></div>
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/iao3.jpg" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I quadri clinici mostrano allineamento eccellente e funzione alla fine di 1 anno.</span></div>
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<img height="371" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/iao4.jpg" style="font-size: 12px;" width="640" /></div>
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<h1 style="color: #009933; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"> Alta osteotomia tibiale (HTO)</span></h1>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le foto cliniche a piena lunghezza x-ray prima dell'intervento, mostrano una <span style="background-color: orange;">deformità</span> in <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">varo</span></b> significativo in entrambe le <b><span style="color: magenta;">tibie</span></b>. <br />Il lato destro è stato operato prima poiché era più doloroso. <br />La <b style="background-color: yellow;">linea gialla</b> sulla radiografia mostra l'<b><span style="color: #990000;">asse portante</span></b>, che passa attraverso la parte interna <br />del <b><span style="color: purple;">ginocchio</span></b>. <br />Il <b>rosso</b> e le <b><span style="color: #38761d;">linee verdi</span></b> indicano l'angolazione <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">varo</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(incurvamento della gamba)</span>.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><img height="478" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto4.jpg" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="632" /><br />
<span style="background-color: #c9d7f1; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Durante l'intervento l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> viene tagliato <b><span style="color: red;">(osteotomia tibiale alta)</span></b> ed il <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissatore</span></b> è applicato.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto5.jpg" /></a><a href="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">Due settimane dopo l'intervento chirurgico i</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">l vuoto nella <b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b> aumenta la distrazione continua, modificando l'angolo con esso.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al termine di 3 settimane di <span style="background-color: orange;">distrazione</span> della <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">correzione</span> è completata e gli angoli sono con-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fer</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">mate dalla lunghezza x-ray. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">asse portante</span></b> è ora passa per il centro della giunzione del <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">ginocchio</span></b> rispetto al lato inte<u>r</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">no </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">prima dell'intervento chirurgico.</span><br />
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<strong><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: small;">7 settimane</span></strong><img height="428" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto8.jpg" style="font-size: 12px;" width="640" /><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: lime; color: blue; font-size: x-small;">10 settimane</span></strong><img height="444" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hto9.jpg" style="font-size: 12px;" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">12 settimane dopo l'intervento chirurgico il divario <span style="background-color: orange;">distrazione</span> è consolidata bene e <b><span style="color: red;">osteoto-</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">mia</span></b> è guarita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche se un piccolo spazio è visto sulla <span style="color: #783f04;"><b style="background-color: white;">corteccia mediale</b></span> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(bordo interno sulla foto a sinis-</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">tra)</span>, gli altri 3 lati sono guariti bene e il paziente cammina comodamente a pieno carico.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">4 settimane dopo la rimozione, i</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> raggi X e i quadri clinici 4 settimane dopo la <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">rimozio</span></b></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">ne</span><span style="color: #990000;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">del</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">fissatore</span></b>, mostrando un'eccellente <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">correzione</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b> è guarita bene. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il paziente cammina bene senza problemi sul lato destro. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il lato sinistro è anche significato da <b><span style="color: magenta;">artrosi mediale</span></b> <b><span style="color: magenta;">vano</span></b> e <span style="background-color: orange;">riduzione</span> dello <span style="color: black;">spazio</span><b style="color: #3d85c6;"> articolare</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">alongwith varo</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">deformità</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6 mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico i</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> raggi X 6 mesi dopo l'<b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia tibiale alta</span></b>, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">mostran-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">do un'eccellente correzione del lato destro, con il mantenimento dello <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">spazio articolare</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il lato sinistro è anche più preoccupante, ed è previsto l'intervento chirurgico al più presto</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: #009933; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Ilizarov Hip ricostruzione</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">A seguito di </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b><span style="color: black;"> e interventi chirurgici in età pediatrica questa ragazza di 27 anni ha av<u>u</u></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">to la distruzione della </span><b><span style="color: #990000;">testa del femore</span></b><span style="color: black;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">In conseguenza di che aveva una zoppia molto male e <b style="background-color: lime;">accorciamento</b> della gamba sinistra. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">Ha avuto anche una </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: black;">iper-estensione deformità</span><span style="color: black;"> alla </span><b><span style="color: purple;">tibia prossimale</span></b><span style="color: black;"> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(il ginocchio sarebbe tor-</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">na</span></span></span><span style="background-color: cyan; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">re indietro ogni volta che camminava)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"> e l'</span><b><span style="color: blue;">equinismo fisso della caviglia</span></b><span style="color: black;"> a causa di </span><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">accorci<u>a</u> mento</span></b><span style="color: black;"> . </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">Un </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Ilizarov Hip ricostruzione</span></b><span style="color: black;"> è stato fatto per l'</span><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">anca</span></b><span style="color: black;"> sinistra e nel 2° stadio la </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: black;">deformità</span><span style="color: black;"> del </span><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">ginocchio</span></b><span style="color: black;"> e del </span><b><span style="color: #bf9000;">piede equino</span></b><span style="color: black;"> sono stati affrontati.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>X-ray dopo chirurgia</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: blue;">Ilizarov Hip ricostruzione</span></b> consiste di una <b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia doppia</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Uno al livello della <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">tuberosità ischiatica</span> dare supporto al <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">bacino</span> e una a <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">livello distale</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">per</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">correggere il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">valgismo</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">accorciamento</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anche se l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> appare a zig-zag, l'<span style="background-color: lime;">asse portante</span> è centralizzato e la <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">gamba</span></b> guarda dritto </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">al fuori. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ancora più importante se si prende cura di limp sgradevoli.</span></div>
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<span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #c9d7f1; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; position: relative;">La xray a sinistra mostra il divario distrazione (freccia rossa) per compensare l'accorciamento. </span><span style="font-size: 12px;">La radiografia a destra mostra la formazione di nuovo osso nella fessura distrazione (freccia verde).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Prima della rimozione e</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ntrambe le <b><span style="color: red;">ostetomies</span></b> sono guarite. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il divario <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">distrazione</span> è ben consolidato.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dopo la rimozione del <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissatore</span></b> l</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">a lunghezza raggi X stanno mostrando una buona</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">correzione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: magenta;">tibia</span></b> ha anche qualche <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">accorciamento</span></b>, che è stato affrontato nel 2° stadio.</span></div>
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<span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><span class=" yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: auto; font-size: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Open Lower Leg Fracture Reduction"><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">Fine</span></span></i></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 24 dicembre 2012 alle ore 14,47 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-542497987027262831.post-78602637893610456932012-12-23T21:32:00.002+01:002012-12-23T21:32:09.763+01:00(Scheda 237 - Parte VII) Parlasi casi di studio interessati da Ilizarov.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">L'Allungamento degli </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">arti </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">e la loro ricostruzione </span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">col trattamento </span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ilizarov</span><span style="font-size: 12.222222328186035px;"> </span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><h1 style="color: #009933; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Articolo informativo di </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/g.pinnademarrubiu" style="color: #6699cc; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: blue;">Giuseppe Pinna</span></a><span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;"> per </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/330655240305104/" style="color: #6699cc; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="color: magenta;">S. O. S. - “Osteomielitici d’Italia” - Onlus</span></a><span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;"> «Centro Servizi Informativi On-line </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">per Osteomielitici e Pazienti dell’Ospedale CODIVILLA-PUTTI di Cortina d’Ampezzo».</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"> Ilizarov Correzione - Tibia prossimale</span></h1>
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<img height="501" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/proximal01.jpg" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-center;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Prossimale Tibia</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">deformità</span> nella <span style="color: purple;"><b>tibia prossimale</b></span> è stata corretta con la correzione graduale e con<b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> fis</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">sat<u>o</u></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">re </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ilizarov</span></b> ad <span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">anello</span> e <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">cerniere</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La prima applicazione del </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">fissatore</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> fu eseguita in modo storto, per imitare la <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">deformità</span> delle </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>ossa</b></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Con distrazione graduale a 1 mm/ giorno, il <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">fissatore</span></b> viene regolato e si sposta nell'</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">osso</span></b> per</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">creare un vuoto nel sito <b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(taglio dell'osso)</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il divario mostrato nella x-ray e il sito di <b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b> è correzione della <span style="background-color: #f6b26b;">deformità</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'immagine a destra mostra la correzione ottenuta in termini di angolo e lunghezza. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'aspetto <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d;">fuzzy in gap osseo</span></b> è dovuto alla formazione di <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d;">nuovo osso nel gap</span></b>.</span></div>
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<img height="468" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/proximal02.jpg" style="font-size: 12px;" width="640" /></div>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Prossimale Tibia.</span></strong></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ecco gli ottimi risultati <b><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d;">ossei</span></b> e funzionali dopo la correzione di entrambi i lati.</span></td></tr>
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<span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal; position: relative;"> Ilizarov Correzione - femore distale</span></h1>
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<span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal; position: relative;"><img height="477" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/distal-femur01.jpg" style="color: black; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un paziente con <b><span style="color: magenta;">Hypophosphatemic Rachitismo</span></b>, con <span style="background-color: orange;">deformità</span> sia <b><span style="color: #990000;">femore</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(osso della </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">coscia)</span> e <b><span style="color: purple;">tibia</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;">(osso della gamba)</span> su entrambi i lati. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo è un vero spaccato di <span style="background-color: orange;">deformità</span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Valgo</span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">allineamento</span> su un lato e l'<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">allineamento</span> in <b><span style="color: blue;">varo</span></b> dall'altro.</span></div>
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<img height="251" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSDjkY2Nf5QxyvaBiX58cqsbS9pX-xKexrLAGzm50oNHhsyrIeSTA" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli x-ray e la lunghezza aiutano a identificare la singola <span style="background-color: orange;">deformità</span> del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">segmento osseo</span></b> e,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l'esempio dell'immagine x-ray sulla destra mostra una <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">valgo</span></b> nel <b><span style="color: #990000;">femore distale</span></b> (l'angolo </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">esterno del <b><span style="color: #990000;">femore</span></b> vicino al <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">ginocchio</span></b> è minore del campo normale). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">linee verdi</span> contrassegnare le <span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">linee comuni</span> dell'<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">anca</span></b> e del <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">ginocchio</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: cyan;">linea rossa</span> indica l'<b><span style="color: #45818e;">asse meccanico</span></b> <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">(cuscinetto asse carico)</span> del <b><span style="color: #990000;">femore</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">linea blu</span> segna il normale angolo del <b><span style="color: #990000;">femore distale</span></b> all'<span style="background-color: #ead1dc;">articolazione</span> del <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">ginocchio</span></b>.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTDUbf4HnavtrvJ-8qXmQ9_x9DQetB9gghw0uqWUq2vDihLkq3Lhw" width="300" /> <img src="http://www.gauchercare.com/~/media/Images/GaucherCare/Shared/gc_hc_signs_symptoms%202.gif" style="font-size: 12px;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">anelli</span> sono applicati in modo storto al limitare interno dell'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'apparato è fissato all'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> con <b><span style="color: blue;">fili</span></b> e <b><span style="color: purple;">perni filettati</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo <b><span style="color: red;">iuxta-articolari hings</span></b> è stato <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissato</span></b> all'<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">anello di centraggio distale</span> sul <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: purple;">ginocchio</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un'<span style="background-color: cyan;">asta distrazione o motore</span> è applicato sul <span style="background-color: orange;">lato cancave della deformità</span>, e la <span style="background-color: cyan;">distrazio-</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">ne</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">è fatta al passo di 1 mm/ day. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La regola dei <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">triangoli simili</span> viene applicata e un passo di distrazione 1 mm/ day e viene </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">calcolato l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> richiedendo più <span style="background-color: cyan;">distrazione al motore</span>.</span></div>
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<img height="418" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/distal-femur02.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-left;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al completamento della <span style="background-color: yellow;">correzione</span> dell'<b><span style="color: #45818e;">asse meccanico</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f1c232;">(cuscinetto asse di carico)</span> è </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">tornato </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">normale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo spostamento dei <b><span style="color: #38761d;">segmenti ossei</span></b> <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">(traduzione)</span> alla <b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b> è verificato secondo la </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">re-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">go</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">la <b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia 2</span></b>, cioè quando l'<b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b> è lontano dalla <span style="background-color: lime;">(correzione dell'angolazione ACA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">asse - il piano delle cerniere qui)</span>, il risultato è un po' </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">traduzione</span> presso l'<b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Lo spazio nel sito <b><span style="color: red;">osteotomia</span></b> si sta riempiendo di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">nuovo osso</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(rigenerato)</span>.</span></div>
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<img height="472" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/distal-femur03.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Quando la <span style="background-color: yellow;">correzione</span> è necessaria in entrambi gli arti, si può programmare la <span style="background-color: yellow;">correzione</span> di </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">un <b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> alla volta in modo che il paziente possa continuare a camminare. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Per tagliare tempo totale di trattamento del paziente, la regola generale seguita è quella di</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">operare su un<b><span style="color: #990000;"> femore</span></b> e, una volta che la <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">distrazione</span> è finita, quindi si procede sulla <b><span style="color: purple;">tibia</span></b> a<u>l</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l'altro latoin modo che il paziente può <b>iniziare il carico sul lato operato</b> prima mentre la </span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">di<u>s</u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">trazione</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> continua per lato operato successivamente. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gli ottimi risultati funzionali alla fine del trattamento deve essere l'obiettivo di ogni paziente.</span></div>
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<img height="400" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/distal-femur04.jpg" style="color: black; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-right;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Le <span style="background-color: yellow;">cicatrici</span> visibili sono i siti di inserimento del <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissatore</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">L'incisione effettiva per tagliare l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> è di circa 1-1,5 cm e richiede solo due punti di sutura. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Con il tempo anche queste <span style="background-color: yellow;">cicatrici</span> come quelle del <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissatore</span></b>, diventano più chiare.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #009933; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> - Hexapod Correzione - </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #009933; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Displasia metafisaria</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questa giovane ragazza della Nigeria ha avuto una <span style="background-color: orange;">deformità complessa</span> della <b><span style="color: purple;">tibia superi<u>o</u><br />re</span></b>.<br />C'era un <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">valgo</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(curva verso l'esterno)</span>, <b><span style="color: red;">recurvatum</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(avanti curva)</span> e la <b><span style="color: blue;">rotazione interna</span></b> <span style="background-color: #ffd966;">(in <br />di piedi - il piede si affaccia verso l'interno quando la rotula si trova rivolta in avanti)</span>.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">correzione</span> è stata fatta usando <b><span style="color: #990000;">Hexapod fissatore esterno</span></b>, sistema - che è a sei <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">assi</span></b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sistema di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">correzione</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sei <b><span style="color: blue;">puntoni</span></b> sono connessi all'<span style="background-color: yellow;">anello</span> del <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissatore Ilizarov </span></b>ed i valori vengono inseriti in un </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">software per computer. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il software fornisce quindi un programma sul processo di <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">correzione</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'immagine a destra è uno screenshot del software. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'immagine al centro <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(secondo da sinistra)</span> indica il <b><span style="color: #990000;">fissatore</span></b> con <b><span style="color: blue;">Hexapod puntoni</span></b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"><img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hexapod2.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'aspetto x-ray e clinica dopo la correzione completa. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: magenta;">gamba</span></b> destra è simile a quella di sinistra in apparenza. </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Su x-ray l'<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">asse</span></b> è ben corretto.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"><img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/hexapod3.jpg" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="font-size: x-large; font-weight: normal;"> Infezione - Femore</span></span></h1>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">Osteomielite acuta</span></b> - L'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> dell'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> e della <b><span style="color: purple;">cavità midollare</span></b> è comune nei bambini pic-<br />coli nella fascia di età di 3-14 anni.<br />L'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> si presenta come un forte dolore nella parte interessata e febbre alta. <br />Questa giovane ragazza di 12 anni è stata diagnosticata come affetta da <b><span style="color: red;">osteomielite acuta</span></b>. <br />È stata trattata da qualche altra parte con <b>I & S</b> e <span style="background-color: yellow;">fori multipli</span>.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur01.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> è persistente e non vi è la formazione di <b><span style="color: #38761d;">nuovo osso</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(involucro)</span> attorno all'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">(sequestro)</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b>morti necrotico</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al momento della presentazione l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> <b><span style="color: magenta;">infetto</span></b> era <span style="background-color: #ea9999;">indebolito e rotto</span> <span style="background-color: lime;">(frattura patolo</span></span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">gica)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<b><span style="color: red;">osteoporosi disuso</span></b> dell'<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>osso</b></span> è evidente nella <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">porzione inferiore</span> del <b><span style="color: #990000;">femore</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il modo di apparizione sui raggi X può rappresentare un quadro confuso di qualche tipo di </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #a64d79;">tumore</span> <span style="color: #38761d;">osseo</span></b>.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12px;"><img height="480" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur03.jpg" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="20" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: yellow; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: small; position: relative;">Bone Scan</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Una scintigrafia fatta, mostra la zona di <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'intero albero è stato <b><span style="color: magenta;">infettato</span></b> sulla superficie interna posteriore.</span></td></tr>
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<img height="408" src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur04.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<tr><td align="left" height="20" valign="top"><span style="background-color: cyan; color: blue; font-size: small;"><b>MRI</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: blue;">MRI</span></b> ha mostrato una notevole quantità di <b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> nei <span style="background-color: lime;">tessuti molli</span> del <span style="background-color: yellow;">manifesto-late-</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">rale</span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">con l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione midollo</span></b>.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur05.jpg" /><br />
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<tr><td align="left" height="20" valign="top"><strong><span style="background-color: lime; color: red; font-size: small;">Intra-Operative</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nei bambini con <b><span style="color: red;">Osteomielite</span></b>, il corpo cerca naturalmente di controllare l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b>, circon-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">dando l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso <span style="background-color: cyan;">morto</span></span></b> da nuovo <b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso <span style="background-color: yellow;">sano</span></span></b>, formando una </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sorta di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> guscio sopra l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso <span style="background-color: cyan;">morto</span></span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A poco a poco poi per un periodo di mesi o anni l'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso <span style="background-color: cyan;">morto</span></span></b> viene <b>riassorbito</b> o <b><span style="color: #660000;">escluso</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">a<u>t</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">traverso <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">rotture nella pelle</span> chiamate <span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">seni</span>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La foto che è stata scattata durante l'intervento chirurgico, mostra l'aspetto del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">nuovo osso</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;">(involucro)</span>, che è <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">rosa</span> e nel <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">dissanguamento</span> è <b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso <span style="background-color: cyan;">morti</span></span></b> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">(sequestro)</span>, che è <b style="background-color: purple;"><span style="color: white;">bianco avorio</span></b>, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">non sanguina.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur06.jpg" /><br />
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<tr><td align="left" height="20" valign="top"><strong><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-size: small;">Intra-Operative</span></strong></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'immagine a sinistra mostra il posizionamento di <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">perle di cemento antibiotici </span></b>nella ferita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questi sono realizzati durante l'intervento utilizzando una <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">polvere ad ampio spettro </span></b></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">anti-</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">biotico</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> mescolato con <b><span style="color: #38761d;">cemento osseo</span></b> <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>(PMMA)</b></span>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">perle</span></b> sono poi concatenate in<b> fili di acciaio inossidabile</b> per la facilità di rimozione. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'immagine a destra mostra l'<b><span style="color: purple;">asta</span></b> <span style="background-color: orange;"><b>(Rusch Nail)</b></span> su cui viene applicato un <b style="background-color: #ffd966;">rivestimento</b> di </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">spes</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sore del <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">cemento antibiotico</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'idea alla base del <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">cemento antibiotico</span></b> è che permette un <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">lento rilascio di antibiotico</span></b> in </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ambito locale. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questo crea una <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">elevata concentrazione di antibiotico</span></b> in ambito locale senza effetti coll<u>a</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">terali sistemici associati. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">cemento</span></b> permette di <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">leeching dell'antibiotico</span></b> per 4-6 settimane, momento in cui </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">l'</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">infe-</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta;">zione</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> si stabilizza. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Un altro vantaggio è quello di evitare a lungo termine l'<b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">intra-venosa antibiotico</span></b> <span style="background-color: lime;">(la durata</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: lime;">con</span></span><span style="background-color: lime; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">sigliata in <i><span style="color: red;">osteomielite</span></i> è di circa 6 settimane di antibiotici per via endovenosa)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur07.jpg" /><br />
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<tr><td align="left" height="20" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: #b4a7d6; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000; font-size: small; position: relative;">Post operativo raggi X</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Il <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">post-op raggi X</span></b> mostra la posizione dello <b><span style="color: #990000;">stelo</span></b> <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">cemento antibiotico</span></b> e <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">perline</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La <b><span style="color: blue;">frattura</span></b> è stata ridotta dopo la rimozione del <b><span style="color: #38761d;">tessuto osseo <span style="background-color: cyan;">morti</span></span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L'<span style="background-color: orange;">estremità</span> del <b><span style="color: purple;">chiodo</span></b> è nella <b><span style="color: #990000;">porzione inferiore del femore</span></b> ed è appena prossimale alla </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">piastra di crescita</span>.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur08.jpg" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">I siti di incisione visti un paio di giorni dopo l'intervento chirurgico</span>.</span><img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur09.jpg" /><br />
<span class="" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">I raggi X a 2 mesi dopo l'intervento hanno compiuto buoni progressi di guarigione, la risolu-</span><br />
<span class="" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">zione dell'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> completamente ed il miglioramento della qualità dell'<b><span style="color: #38761d;">osso</span></b> globale. </span><br />
<span class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le <b><span style="color: #674ea7;">viti</span></b> nel <b><span style="color: #990000;">collo del femore</span></b> sono state applicate, perché ha sviluppato un dell'<b><span style="color: purple;">epifisi</span></b> della </span></span><br />
<span class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">testa del femore scivolato</span></b> <span style="background-color: cyan;">(slittamento della cartilagine di accrescimento della sfera dell'anca)</span>.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12px;"><img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur010.jpg" /></span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; width: 700px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" height="20" valign="top"><strong><span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; background-color: blue; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; position: relative;">5 Mesi Messaggio Op</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">La X-ray immagini 5 mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Questi stati prelevati prima della rimozione delle <b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">perline cemento antibiotico</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le <b><span style="color: blue;">fratture</span></b> sono guarite bene, l'<b><span style="color: magenta;">infezione</span></b> è risolta, senza alcun segno di recidiva e senza </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">segni di <b><span style="color: #990000;">allentamento degli impianti</span></b>.</span><br />
<img src="http://www.ilizarov.in/images/infection-femur011.jpg" /><br />
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<span class="goog-text-highlight" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><span class=" yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: auto; font-size: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Open Lower Leg Fracture Reduction"><b style="font-size: 32px; line-height: 52px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;"> </span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">Fine</span></span></i></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.18181800842285px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Pubblicato su Blogger oggi 23 dicembre 2012 alle ore 22,32 da: Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiu</span></span></div>
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Giuseppe Pinna de Marrubiuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11824777978663575103noreply@blogger.com0